Cognitive Abilities of Araneophagic Jumping Spiders
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Molecular Phylogeny, Divergence Times and Biogeography of Spiders of the Subfamily Euophryinae (Araneae: Salticidae) ⇑ Jun-Xia Zhang A, , Wayne P
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2013) 81–92 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Molec ular Phylo genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Molecular phylogeny, divergence times and biogeography of spiders of the subfamily Euophryinae (Araneae: Salticidae) ⇑ Jun-Xia Zhang a, , Wayne P. Maddison a,b a Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 b Department of Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 article info abstract Article history: We investigate phylogenetic relationships of the jumping spider subfamily Euophryinae, diverse in spe- Received 10 August 2012 cies and genera in both the Old World and New World. DNA sequence data of four gene regions (nuclear: Revised 17 February 2013 28S, Actin 5C; mitochondrial: 16S-ND1, COI) were collected from 263 jumping spider species. The molec- Accepted 13 March 2013 ular phylogeny obtained by Bayesian, likelihood and parsimony methods strongly supports the mono- Available online 28 March 2013 phyly of a Euophryinae re-delimited to include 85 genera. Diolenius and its relatives are shown to be euophryines. Euophryines from different continental regions generally form separate clades on the phy- Keywords: logeny, with few cases of mixture. Known fossils of jumping spiders were used to calibrate a divergence Phylogeny time analysis, which suggests most divergences of euophryines were after the Eocene. Given the diver- Temporal divergence Biogeography gence times, several intercontinental dispersal event sare required to explain the distribution of euophry- Intercontinental dispersal ines. Early transitions of continental distribution between the Old and New World may have been Euophryinae facilitated by the Antarctic land bridge, which euophryines may have been uniquely able to exploit Diolenius because of their apparent cold tolerance. -
A Novel Trade-Off for Batesian Mimics Running Title
Out of the frying pan and into the fire: A novel trade-off for Batesian mimics Running title: Salticids that mimic ants and get eaten by ant specialists Ximena J. Nelson*†, Daiqin Li§ and Robert R. Jackson† *Department of Psychology, Animal Behaviour Laboratory, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Email: [email protected] Phone: 61-2-98509232 Fax: 61-2-98509231 §Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore †School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Key words: Ants, Batesian mimicry, myrmecophagy, predation, spiders, trade-off Abstract A mimicry system was investigated in which the models were ants (Formicidae) and both the mimics and the predators were jumping spiders (Salticidae). By using motionless lures in simultaneous-presentation prey-choice tests, how the predators respond specifically to the static appearance of ants and ant mimics was determined. These findings suggest a rarely considered adaptive trade-off for Batesian mimics of ants. Mimicry may be advantageous when it deceives ant-averse potential predators, but disadvantageous in encounters with ant- eating specialists. Nine myrmecophagic (ant-eating) species (from Africa, Asia, Australia and North America) and one araneophagic (spider-eating) species (Portia fimbriata from Queensland) were tested with ants (5 species), with myrmecomorphic (ant-like) salticids (6 species of Myrmarachne) and with non-ant-like prey (dipterans and ordinary salticids). The araneophagic salticid chose an ordinary salticid and chose flies significantly more often than ants. P. fimbriata also chose the ordinary salticid and chose flies significantly more often than myrmecomorphic salticids. However, there was no significant difference in how P. -
Ecology and Behavior of the Giant Wood Spider in New Guinea
Ecology and Behavior of the Giant Wood Spider Nephila maculata (Fabricius) in New Guinea MICHAEL H. ROBINSON and BARBARA ROBINSON SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 149 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These pub- lications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. -
Zootaxa, New Cocalodine Jumping Spiders From
Zootaxa 2021: 1–22 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) New cocalodine jumping spiders from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Cocalodinae) WAYNE P. MADDISON Departments of Zoology and Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Six new species and three new genera of cocalodine jumping spiders are described. Restricted to New Guinea and nearby areas, the Cocalodinae are basal salticids, outside the major salticid clade Salticoida. The new genera are Yamangalea (type species Y. frewana, new species), Tabuina (type species T. varirata, new species) and Cucudeta (type species C. zabkai, new species). In addition to these type species, described are the new species Tabuina rufa, Tabuina baiteta, Cucudeta uzet, Cucudeta gahavisuka, and Allococalodes madidus. The first description of females of the genus Allococalodes is provided. Natural history observations and photographs of living specimens are provided for all five genera of cocalodines. Key words: Araneae, Salticidae, Cocalodinae, jumping spider Introduction Among the salticid spiders endemic to New Guinea and nearby islands are the unusual genera Cocalodes Pocock and Allococalodes Wanless, notable for having a median apophysis on the male palp, widespread in spiders (Coddington 1990) but rare in salticids. Having a median apophysis indicates these genera are outside both of the two major clades of salticids, the Salticoida (Maddison & Hedin 2003) and the Spartaeinae (Wanless 1984). This puts these two genera among the sparse basal lineages of the family, and raises the possibility that they are an isolated, relictual group with only two body forms (Cocalodes, an elongate foliage dweller, and Allococalodes, more robust but with only two specimens previously described). -
Salticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Islands Off Australia
1999. The Journal of Arachnology 27:229±235 SALTICIDAE (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE) OF ISLANDS OFF AUSTRALIA Barbara Patoleta and Marek ZÇ abka: Zaklad Zoologii WSRP, 08±110 Siedlce, Poland ABSTRACT. Thirty nine species of Salticidae from 33 Australian islands are analyzed with respect to their total distribution, dispersal possibilities and relations with the continental fauna. The possibility of the Torres Strait islands as a dispersal route for salticids is discussed. The studies of island faunas have been the ocean level ¯uctuations over the last 50,000 subject of zoogeographical and evolutionary years, at least some islands have been sub- research for over 150 years and have resulted merged or formed land bridges with the con- in hundreds of papers, with the syntheses by tinent (e.g., Torres Strait islands). All these Carlquist (1965, 1974) and MacArthur & Wil- circumstances and the human occupation son (1967) being the best known. make it rather unlikely for the majority of Modern zoogeographical analyses, based islands to have developed their own endemic on island spider faunas, began some 60 years salticid faunas. ago (Berland 1934) and have continued ever When one of us (MZ) began research on since by, e.g., Forster (1975), Lehtinen (1980, the Australian and New Guinean Salticidae 1996), Baert et al. (1989), ZÇ abka (1988, 1990, over ten years ago, close relationships be- 1991, 1993), Baert & Jocque (1993), Gillespie tween the faunas of these two regions were (1993), Gillespie et al. (1994), ProÂszynÂski expected. Consequently, it was hypothesized (1992, 1996) and Berry et al. (1996, 1997), that the Cape York Peninsula and Torres Strait but only a few papers were based on veri®ed islands were the natural passage for dispersal/ and suf®cient taxonomic data. -
Diversity of Simonid Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae) in India
IJBI 2 (2), (DECEMBER 2020) 247-276 International Journal of Biological Innovations Available online: http://ijbi.org.in | http://www.gesa.org.in/journals.php DOI: https://doi.org/10.46505/IJBI.2020.2223 Review Article E-ISSN: 2582-1032 DIVERSITY OF SIMONID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE: SALTICINAE) IN INDIA Rajendra Singh1*, Garima Singh2, Bindra Bihari Singh3 1Department of Zoology, Deendayal Upadhyay University of Gorakhpur (U.P.), India 2Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India 3Department of Agricultural Entomology, Janta Mahavidyalaya, Ajitmal, Auraiya (U.P.), India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 01.09.2020 Accepted: 30.09.2020 Published: 09.10.2020 Abstract: Distribution of spiders belonging to 4 tribes of clade Simonida (Salticinae: Salticidae: Araneae) reported in India is dealt. The tribe Aelurillini (7 genera, 27 species) is represented in 16 states and in 2 union territories, Euophryini (10 genera, 16 species) in 14 states and in 4 union territories, Leptorchestini (2 genera, 3 species) only in 2 union territories, Plexippini (22 genera, 73 species) in all states except Mizoram and in 3 union territories, and Salticini (3 genera, 11 species) in 15 states and in 4 union terrioties. West Bengal harbours maximum number of species, followed by Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Out of 129 species of the spiders listed, 70 species (54.3%) are endemic to India. Keywords: Aelurillini, Euophryini, India, Leptorchestini, Plexippini, Salticidae, Simonida. INTRODUCTION Hisponinae, Lyssomaninae, Onomastinae, Spiders are chelicerate arthropods belonging to Salticinae and Spartaeinae. Out of all the order Araneae of class Arachnida. Till to date subfamilies, Salticinae comprises 93.7% of the 48,804 described species under 4,180 genera and species (5818 species, 576 genera, including few 128 families (WSC, 2020). -
Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters. -
Speculative Hunting by an Araneophagic Salticid Spider
SPECULATIVE HUNTINGBY ANARANEOPHAGICSAL TICID SPIDER by ROBERT J.CLARK , DUANE P.HARLAND and ROBERT R.JACKSON 1,2) (Departmentof Zoology,University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand) (Acc.3-VII-2000) Summary Portia mbriata ,anaraneophagic jumping spider ( Salticidae),makes undirected leaps ( er- raticleaping with no particulartarget being evident) in the presence of chemicalcues from Jacksonoidesqueenslandicus ,anothersalticid and a commonprey of P. mbriata. Whether undirectedleaping by P. mbriata functionsas hunting by speculation is investigatedexperi- mentally.Our rsthypothesis, that undirected leaps provoke movement by J.queenslandicus , wasinvestigated using living P. mbriata andthree types of luresmade from dead, dry arthro- pods (P. mbriata, J.queenslandicus and Muscadomestica ).When a living P. mbriata made undirectedleaps or aspring-drivendevice made the lures suddenly move up and down, sim- ulatingundirected leaping, J.queenslandicus respondedby wavingits palps and starting to walk.There was no statisticalevidence that the species from which the lure was made in u- enced J.queenslandicus ’responsein these tests. Our second hypothesis, that J.queenslandi- cus revealsits location to P. mbriata bymoving, was investigated by recording P. mbriata’s reaction to J.queenslandicus when J.queenslandicus reactedto luressimulating undirected leaping.In these tests, P. mbriata respondedby turning toward J.queenslandicus and waving its palps. Keywords: Portia mbriata , Jacksonoidesqueenslandicus ,jumpingspiders, predation, spec- ulativehunting. 1) Correspondingauthor; e-mail address: [email protected] 2) WethankPhil T aylorand David Blest for useful discussion and valuable comments on the manuscript.Financial support was provided by theNational Science Foundation ( GrantBNS 861078)and the Marsden Fund of New Zealand(Grant UOC512). c KoninklijkeBrill NV ,Leiden,2000 Behaviour137, 1601-1612 ® 1602 CLARK, HARLAND&JACKSON Introduction Ageneralproblem facing predators is howto locate prey(Curio, 1976). -
Visual Perception in Jumping Spiders (Araneae,Salticidae)
Visual Perception in Jumping Spiders (Araneae,Salticidae) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at the University of Canterbury by Yinnon Dolev University of Canterbury 2016 Table of Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................... iii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Innate pattern recognition and categorisation in a jumping Spider ........................................................... 9 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................... -
Predatory Behavior of Jumping Spiders
Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annu Rev. Entomol. 19%. 41:287-308 Copyrighl8 1996 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF JUMPING SPIDERS R. R. Jackson and S. D. Pollard Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand KEY WORDS: salticids, salticid eyes, Portia, predatory versatility, aggressive mimicry ABSTRACT Salticids, the largest family of spiders, have unique eyes, acute vision, and elaborate vision-mediated predatory behavior, which is more pronounced than in any other spider group. Diverse predatory strategies have evolved, including araneophagy,aggressive mimicry, myrmicophagy ,and prey-specific preycatch- ing behavior. Salticids are also distinctive for development of behavioral flexi- bility, including conditional predatory strategies, the use of trial-and-error to solve predatory problems, and the undertaking of detours to reach prey. Predatory behavior of araneophagic salticids has undergone local adaptation to local prey, and there is evidence of predator-prey coevolution. Trade-offs between mating and predatory strategies appear to be important in ant-mimicking and araneo- phagic species. INTRODUCTION With over 4000 described species (1 l), jumping spiders (Salticidae) compose by Fordham University on 04/13/13. For personal use only. the largest family of spiders. They are characterized as cursorial, diurnal predators with excellent eyesight. Although spider eyes usually lack the struc- tural complexity required for acute vision, salticids have unique, complex eyes with resolution abilities without known parallels in animals of comparable size Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1996.41:287-308. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org (98). Salticids are the end-product of an evolutionary process in which a small silk-producing animal with a simple nervous system acquires acute vision, resulting in a diverse array of complex predatory strategies. -
Evidence for Nanocoulomb Charges on Spider Ballooning Silk
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 102, 012403 (2020) Evidence for nanocoulomb charges on spider ballooning silk E. L. Morley1,* and P. W. Gorham 2,† 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom 2Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Rd., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA (Received 10 December 2019; revised 5 March 2020; accepted 6 March 2020; published 9 July 2020) We report on three launches of ballooning Erigone spiders observed in a 0.9m3 laboratory chamber, controlled under conditions where no significant air motion was possible. These launches were elicited by vertical, downward-oriented electric fields within the chamber, and the motions indicate clearly that negative electric charge on the ballooning silk, subject to the Coulomb force, produced the lift observed in each launch. We estimate the total charge required under plausible assumptions, and find that at least 1.15 nC is necessary in each case. The charge is likely to be nonuniformly distributed, favoring initial longitudinal mobility of electrons along the fresh silk during extrusion. These results demonstrate that spiders are able to utilize charge on their silk to attain electrostatic flight even in the absence of any aerodynamic lift. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.102.012403 I. INTRODUCTION nificant upward components to the local wind velocity distri- bution; whether actual wind momentum spectra provide the The phenomenon of aerial dispersal of spiders using required distributions is still unproven, particularly for takeoff strands of silk often called gossamer was identified and stud- conditions. Even so, recent detailed observations of spider ied first with some precision by Martin Lister in the late 17th ballooning analyzed exclusively in terms of aerodynamic century [1], followed by Blackwall in 1827 [2], Darwin [3]on forces [12] provide plausible evidence that larger spiders can the Beagle voyage, and a variety of investigators since [4–7]. -
Spiders at the Cinema
ACADEMIA Spider ecology, behavior, and learning Behavioral Ecology Spiders at the Cinema Focus on extremely receptive sensory organs allow MACIEJ BARTOS them to perceive those signals accurately, There are plenty Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection helping them construct complex webs and of spiders that are University of Łódź remotely localize insects flying or scuttling as colorful as the [email protected] nearby. Eyesight and sensory organs used prettiest butterflies, Dr Maciej Bartos studies the behavior of jumping spiders to perceive chemical stimuli also play an have better eyesight important role in orientation and commu- than many birds or In spite of severe brain size limitations, nication between individuals. Most spiders’ mammals, and exhibit many spiders are able to solve simple eyes, like those of insects, are not more complex behavior complex problems, recognize their prey capable of perceiving complex images. They than many higher allow them to notice motion, changes in light animals. Pictured: with great accuracy, and learn new intensity, and to a lesser degree allow them American Cardinal hunting techniques to identify a partner or prey. As such the jumper (Phiddippus majority of spiders exhibit relatively simple cardinalis) To most people, spiders are hairy crea- behavior. However, not tures that lurk in dark corners behind the all spiders are limited by cupboard. They are widely disliked, and low acuity of vision. in some people even trigger panic fuelled There is in fact a large by tales of the creatures’ terrible venom. group of diurnal spiders However, arachnophobia can be cured: those whose world is domi- afflicted simply need to find out more about nated by visual stimuli.