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Amanita Subgenus Amanita

Amanita Subgenus Amanita

GSMNP ATBI

Amanita subgenus

Amanita Pers. Amanita section Amanita () Amanita section Vaginatae

Amanita subgenus Lepidella Key to Sections Section List Amanita section Lepidella Bibliography Amanita section Amidella Back to Top Amanita section Phalloideae

Amanita section Validae

Amanita of GSMNP - 1 Key to Sections of the Amanita GSMNP T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita Pers. (Amanitaceae)

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Amanita of GSMNP - 2 Taxa of Amanita section Amanita in Park GSMNP ATBI Amanita agglutinata (B. & C. in B.) Lloyd (t.b.w.) Schw. (Peck) Sacc. Amanita sensu Jenkins (t.b.w.) section Amanita monticulosa (B. & C.) Sacc. (t.b.w.) Amanita Peck (L.:Fr.) Pers. var. persicina Jenkins (t.b.w.) Key to Amanita (section) (Peck) E. J. Gilb. List of Amanita (section) Key to Sections Amanita pubescens sensu Coker (t.b.w.) Section List Amanita roseitincta (Murr.) Murr. Bibliography Amanita velatipes Atk. Back to Top Amanita wellsii (Murr.) Sacc. (t.b.w.) Amanita sp. S1

sect. Amanita - 1 Key to Amanita section Amanita in the Park GSMNP T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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sect. Amanita - 2 Amanita farinosa Schw. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. farinosa - 1 Amanita frostiana (Peck) Sacc. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. frostiana - 1 Amanita multisquamosa Peck GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. multisquamosa - 1 Amanita parcivolvata (Peck) E. J. Gilb. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. parcivolvata - 1 Amanita roseitincta (Murr.) Murr. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. roseitincta - 1 Amanita velatipes Atk. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. velatipes - 1 Amanita Sp. S1 GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amanita

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A. sp. S1 - 1 Taxa of Amanita section Vaginatae in Park GSMNP Amanita arkansana Rosen ATBI sensu auct. amer. Pomerleau Amanita murrilliana Sing. Amanita Amanita pachysperma Atk. section Amanita recutita sensu Coker (t.b.w.) Vaginatae Tulloss Amanita spreta (Peck) Sacc. (t.b.w.) Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae sensu lato Key to Sections Amanita sp. 21 (t.b.w.) Section List Amanita sp. S3 Bibliography Back to Top Amanita sp. S6 (t.b.w.) Amanita sp. S7 (t.b.w.) Amanita sp. V3

sect. Vaginatae - 1 Key to Amanita section Vaginatae in the Park GSMNP T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Vaginatae

Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

sect. Vaginatae - 2 Amanita arkansana Rosen GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Vaginatae

Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. arkansana - 1 Amanita fulva sensu auct. amer. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Vaginatae

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A. fulva sensu auct. amer. - 1 Amanita jacksonii Pomerleau GSMNPNote: This species is often called “,” but this name applies to a European species. ATBI BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.

Amanita section Vaginatae

Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. jacksonii - 1 Amanita murrilliana Sing. GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Vaginatae

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A. murrilliana - 1 Amanita pachysperma Atk. GSMNPGo to Technical Description. ATBIBRIEF DESCRIPTION: This very small, gray- capped species may be easily overlooked because are not expected to be so small. The cap is 15 - 27 mm wide, darkest in the center, and has marked grooves extending from the margin 40% of the distance to the center. Its Amanita white (23 - 50 × 3 - 6 mm) has a little, frag- section ile skirt at first; but this may be lost with age. The is membranous and cup-like. The print is white. It appears to be symbiotic with and might also occur with . Vaginatae Its known range extends through the east coast states of the U.S. from Massachusetts to North Carolina. The species is named for its , which are unusually large for an Amanita—(9.5-) 10.5 - 16.2 (-20.0) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) µm. —R. E. Tulloss Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. pachysperma - 1 1. Amanita pachysperma Atk. 1918. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57: 354. GSMNP Illus.: Tulloss. 1993. Mycotaxon 49: Figs. 5-8. ATBIEtymology: pachys (παχυζ) + spermus (σπερµυζ), stout-seeded—for the unusually large spores of this species. Go to Brief Description. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. : 15 - 27 mm wide, light gray to gray (5B2), sometimes with dark gray disk, convex Amanita and umbonate at first, then planoconvex, finally with central depression, dull, slightly section sticky or dry; context white, unchanging when cut or bruised, 1 - 1.5 mm thick, thinning rapidly to a point about half-way to margin, then a membrane; margin sulcate to tubercu- Vaginatae late-striate (0.35 - 0.45R), nonappendiculate, sometimes slightly decurved; absent or as an irregular patch, membranous, white, often with its surface impregnated with sand. Key to Vaginatae LAMELLAE: narrowly adnate or adnexed to barely free, subdistant to subcrowded to List of Vaginatae crowded, pure white both in mass and in side view, 2.5 - 3 mm broad, occasionally anasto- mosing; lamellulae truncate to subtruncate to subattenuate, of variable length, unevenly Key to Sections distributed. Section List STIPE: 23 - 50 × 3 - 6 mm, pure white, not changing when cut or bruised, narrowing Bibliography upward, not flaring or only slightly flaring at apex, faintly longitudinally striate (lens), Back to Top somewhat floccose or fibrillose (lens), with its surface occasionally breaking up into girdle- like formations, fragile; base rounded or obconic; context white, occasionally pale reddish brown in very base, unchanging when cut or bruised, solid to stuffed to hollow, in the latter cases with a central cylinder 1 - 1.5 mm wide; white, superior to median, mem- branous, fragile, small, often lost; universal veil as a small cup or saccate, slightly greater than 1 mm thick at midpoint between point of attachment and topmost point of limb, pure

A. pachysperma - 2 white, somewhat leathery, not fragile, 7 - 13 mm from stipe base to highest point of limb, 5 - 8 mm across. GSMNP Odor of adusta1 Fr. (Singer collection) or odorless (Tulloss 8-6-88-A & Tulloss ATBI7-17-91-C). Taste not recorded. MACROCHEMICAL TESTS: Phenol - maroon (Singer collection). : 20± µm thick; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 5.5 µm wide, dom- inantly subradially arranged, tightly interwoven, partially to totally gelatinizing, with a Amanita slightly browner tint than adjacent pileus context; vascular hyphae not distinguishable. PILEUS CONTEXT: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3.0 - 8.0 µm wide, occasionally section up to 17.5 µm wide and then with walls thickened (0.5 - 0.8 µm thick); acrophysalides plen- Vaginatae tiful, thin-walled, ellipsoid to clavate to narrowly clavate, up to 68 × 39 µm; vascular hyphae 1.8 - 12.0 µm wide, common, branching. : bilateral, with wcs = 30 - 40 µm, with central stratum sometimes partially obscured by inflated or partially inflated cells of the subhymenium; with divergent elements exiting central stratum at a Key to Vaginatae shallow angle, sometimes at an angle of about 45° or more to central stratum when reach- List of Vaginatae ing bases of basidia; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.5 - 6.0 µm wide, some with Key to Sections rather frequent swollen intercalary segments; divergent, terminal, inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae 1.5 - 3.8 µm wide, locally common, branching; clamps present. Section List SUBHYMENIUM: wst-near = 30 - 55 µm; wst-far = 55 - 60 µm; filamentous, undifferenti- Bibliography ated hyphae frequently branching and short-segmented outside the central stratum; elon- Back to Top gate, intercalary, subinflated to inflated hyphal segments frequent, sometimes in short chains, sometimes clavate, sometimes narrowly subfusiform to bacilliform, up to 75 × 21 µm, thin-walled, sometimes arising in central stratum and with major axis roughly paral- lel to same, curving away from the central stratum smoothly until reaching an angle of 30° - 45° to it and giving rise to short elements near the bases of basidia, with end nearest

1 A. pachysperma - 3 Described by Kibby and Fatto (1990) as ``often of old wine casks.'' basidia sometimes recurved slightly; short hyphal segments (including a variable number inflated) dominant near basidia bases with many running at shallow angle to central stra- GSMNPtum; in some regions, small inflated cells (up to 29 × 18.5 µm, but mostly smaller, e.g., 9.0 ATBI× 8.5 µm) locally dominant in three to six layers; with basidia arising from inflated cells or from the end or the side of an uninflated to partially inflated hyphal segment; clamps observed. BASIDIA: 24 - 56 (-67) × 8.0 - 14.5 (-15.5) µm, thin-walled, at times with base curved to one side, dominantly 2-sterigmate, occasionally 4- or 1-sterigmate, with sterig- mata up to 13.8 × 3.8 µm; clamps and proliferated clamps prominent, frequent. UNIVER- SAL VEIL: On pileus: absent in material studied. At stipe base, exterior surface: a very Amanita thin layer of tightly interwoven hyphae with a few ventricose gaps here and there; filamen- section tous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 7.5 µm wide, sublongitudinally oriented, often collaps- ing and slightly gelatinized; vascular hyphae 4.8± µm wide, scarce. At stipe base, interior: Vaginatae filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae, 2.2 - 7.2 µm wide, often in fascicles, plentiful; inflated cells dominating, terminal, single, subglobose to ovoid to elongate to ellipsoid to subpyriform up to 105 × 63 µm; vascular hyphae 4.0± µm wide. At stipe base, inner surface: Key to Vaginatae like the interior except elements collapsed and gelatinized. STIPE CONTEXT: longitudi- List of Vaginatae nally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 10.2 µm wide, dominating, branching; acrophysalides thin-walled, up to 191 × 47 µm; vascular hyphae common, 3.0 - Key to Sections 6.5 µm wide, branching; clamps common. PARTIAL VEIL:1 extensively gelatinized; with Section List surface having irregularly scattered pits (evidently due to loss of inflated cells) up to 56 × Bibliography 36 µm; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae with co-parallel orientation; internal inflated Back to Top cells not observed; vascular hyphae not distinguishable due to gelatinization. : [204/10/5] (9.5-) 10.5 - 16.2 (-20.0) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) µm, (L = (11.3-) 11.7 - 14.5 µm; L' = 13.1 µm; W = (8.1-) 8.6 - 9.7 µm; W' = 9.0 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.26 -

1 No tissue assignable to the partial veil could be located on specimens of the holotype. In his study, Jenkins (1982) found “exclusively filamentous hyphae 3 - 8 µm diam.” The data A. pachysperma - 4 presented here are from a flake on the stipe of Tulloss 8-6-88-A. 1.75 (-2.10); Q = (1.30-) 1.31 - 1.64; Q' = 1.48), inamyloid, thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid to elongate, occasionally cylindric, sometimes subfusiform, usually at least some- GSMNPwhat adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, often quite broad (e.g., 3.2 µm ATBIacross); contents granular to guttulate; white in deposit. Habitat and distribution: Occurring in July and August, western North Carolina to east- ern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, solitary to subgregarious, in grass near mature Quercus (Singer collection) or in packed loamy soil near Quercus sp. and Rhododendron maximum (Tulloss 8-6-88-A) or in pine-oak barrens dominated by with sev- Amanita eral species of Quercus as scrub (Tulloss 7-17-91-C) or in mixed woods with Quercus present (Tulloss 7-25-92-D). The holotype was collected in mixed deciduous and section coniferous forest. Vaginatae Collections examined: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT—Litchfield Co. - Washington Twp., N of Washington Depot, Bee Brook Pk., 25.vii.1992 B. Eldering s.n. [Tulloss 7-25-92-D]. MAS- SACHUSETTS—Suffolk Co. - Cambridge, Observatory Park, vii.1942 M. & R. Singer s.n. (FH; field notes in F). NEW JERSEY—Middlesex Co. - Jamesburg Co. Pk., ca. Helmetta, Key to Vaginatae R. E. Tulloss 7-17-91-C. NORTH CAROLINA—Watauga Co. - Blowing Rock, 19.viii- List of Vaginatae 19.ix.1899 G. F. Atkinson 3711 (holotype, CUP-A). RHODE ISLAND—Washington Co. - Key to Sections near Kingston, 6.5 km S of University of Rhode Island campus, 6.vii.1988 Rick Van de Poll s.n. [Tulloss 8-6-88-A]. Section List DISCUSSION Bibliography The investigations reported in this paper were undertaken as a result of my finding a Back to Top packet containing material of the present taxon marked “A. biovigera type” in FH. Dr. C. Bas, L, advised me that the name first appeared in (Singer, 1951 [“1949”]: 387). The cita- tion is in a list of taxa assigned to Amanita section Ovigerae Sing. and consists entirely of the following: “A. biovigera Sing. [A. strangulata (Fr.) Quél. sensu Bres. non al.].” Dr. Bas pointed out to me that, because Bresadola's description was in Latin, the brief quotation just cited results in a valid publication of A. biovigera. Dr. Bas was very generous in send- A. pachysperma - 5 ing me notes that he had prepared on the subject several years ago. He had examined potential syntypes of A. biovigera among Bresadola's collections at S and found this mate- rial to have 4-sterigmate basidia. The composite from his spore measurements is as fol- GSMNPlows: [25/3/3] (10.8-) 11.2 - 13.9 (-14.4) × (8.2-) 8.3 - 11.5 (-11.7) µm, (L = 11.7 - 12.9; L' = ATBI12.4 µm; W = 8.6 - 10.4 µm; W' = 9.8 µm; Q = (1.07-) 1.08 - 1.45 (-1.51); Q = 1.18 - 1.35; Q' = 1.27). (It should be noted that the specimen with Q of 1.18 was annotated “juvenilis” by Bresadola.) The description of Bresadola (1927: 18 & Tab. XVIII) includes an umbrinous (but not dark) pileus 80 - 100 mm wide and a stipe 120 - 160 × 11 - 15 mm. [The color of the pileus in the accompanying plate is between Light Brownish Olive and Buffy Olive or a lit- tle lighter (due to uneven application of pigment in the illustration).] It became clear that Amanita A. biovigera cannot be the correct name of its apparently once-intended type. During a section visit to F, I was shown and given permission to copy Dr. Singer's original field notes, which give a good account of the fresh material of the Observatory Park collection. Vaginatae Jenkins (1982) reported a study of the holotype collection of A. pachysperma that matches my observations on the Singer material in every detail except for the fact that basidial clamps had not been observed. Re-examination of the holotype revealed relatively common Key to Vaginatae clamps and proliferating clamps. The holotype is in poor condition—reduced to fragments List of Vaginatae that are somewhat difficult to handle. For this reason, repetition of a complete anatomical study of the type was not attempted. Spore size and shape as well as the structure of the Key to Sections lamella trama and subhymenium were examined in the type and, along with macroscopic Section List characters, were emphasized in determining the recent collections. Bibliography The shortest spores of any collection examined were those from Tulloss 8-6-88-A (L = 11.3 - Back to Top 11.7 µm). Tulloss 8-6-88-A was collected during a dry, hot period in which the daytime temperature in Rhode Island regularly rose to over 38° C. The of A. pachys- perma are quite small and, as such, particularly liable to the impact of environmental stresses. Therefore, it seems reasonable that such conditions might cause production of smaller spores than usual. In the same regard, Tulloss 7-25-92-D was collected in the wet and relatively cool July of 1992, the Q and L values calculated for this specimen (1.63 and 14.4 µm respectively) were the second highest recorded for both of the variables. A. pachysperma - 6 As has been noted by Jenkins (1986), the of A. virginiana and A. pachysperma are very similar. I decided against using figures showing the interior structure of the uni- GSMNPversal veils of all three taxa treated in this paper because they are essentially identical. ATBIAmanita pachysperma differs from the other two taxa treated herein in at least six charac- ters: • pigmentation of the pileipellis • closeness of lamellae (those of A. pachysperma being most crowded) • size and shape of spores Amanita • completeness of the outer layer of the universal veil (that of A. pachysperma section nearly completely covering the interior, while the interior is commonly exposed between parallel fascicles of hyphae in the other two taxa) Vaginatae • quantity of vascular hyphae in the pileus context (common in A. pachysperma, scarce or absent in the other two taxa) Key to Vaginatae • amount of inflation in elements of the subhymenium (frequently, more elements inflated in A. pachysperma) and of the lamella trama (terminal, divergent, inflated List of Vaginatae cells absent in A. pachysperma). Key to Sections It must be noted that in the sections of A. virginiana lamella trama in which the greatest Section List degree of inflation was seen, the similarity to the lamella trama of A. pachysperma was Bibliography striking; a shallower angle of divergence and occasional, divergent, terminal, inflated cells were the differences. Based on limited observations, it appears that the partial veil of A. Back to Top pachysperma is lost more readily than the partial veils of the other two taxa. —R. E. Tulloss Go to Brief Description. Return to top of Technical Description.

A. pachysperma - 7 Amanita sinicoflava Tulloss GSMNPNote: Prior to its description, this species was often determined as “ .” ATBI Amanita fulva Go to Technical Description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Amanita sinicoflava has a Chinese yellow or “curry powder colored” or yellow-olivaceous or olive-tan cap is 25 - 66 Amanita mm wide. Grooves run inward from the cap edge for about 40% of the radius. Warts or section patches of pallid to grayish volva are often left on the cap, but can be washed off easily by rain. Vaginatae This has a whitish stem (60 - 135 × 4 - 12 mm) decorated with somewhat darker fibrils. The stem lacks both a membranous ring Key to Vaginatae and a bulb. The volval remnants are saccate List of Vaginatae and submembranous and becoming progres- Key to Sections sively grayer with age beginning from the top of the sac and working downward. The gills of this Section List species turn grayer as the mushroom ages. The Bibliography very plentiful short gills appear approximately Back to Top squarely cut off on the end nearest the stem. The is white. The species is proba- bly symbiotic with oak, , and diverse coni- fers and is distributed widely in the northeastern and north central United States and, probably, in southeastern Canada— fruiting from late June to October. It is expected to be found in the Park. —R. E. Tulloss. A. sinicoflava - 1 2. Amanita sinicoflava Tulloss. 1988. Mycotaxon 32: 421. GSMNP Illus.: Phillips. 1991. Mushr. N. Amer.: 19 (bottom). Illus.: Kibby. 1993. Illus. Guide Mushr. Other Fung. N. Amer.: 87 (bottom). ATBI Illus.: Bessette et al. 1997. Mushr. NE North Amer.: 274 (upper right). Go to Brief Description. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (incomplete). Etymology: sinicoflava, Chinese yellow—a common color for the pileus. Amanita PILEUS: 25 - 66 mm wide, from pale olive-tan to olive-yellow to curry to brownish olive section sometimes darker in disk (4B3, browner than 4B3, 4-5C4, 4-5C8, browner than 4C4, browner than 4C8, much more olive than 5C4, 5F7-8 (over disk in one specimen), 6D4), Vaginatae sometimes pigmentation developing/darkening after rupture of universal veil, occasionally paler to cream at margin, at first ovoid with umbo, expanding to broadly subcampanulate to convex to plano-convex with decurved margin, always retaining small pronounced umbo, Key to Vaginatae dull, subviscid to dry; context (1-) 2.5 - 4 mm thick at disk, white to off-white, sometimes darker or yellowish under disk, unchanging, thinning evenly for about 60 - 80 per cent of List of Vaginatae the radius, then very thin to margin; margin striate ((0.3R-) 0.4R (-0.5R)); universal veil Key to Sections not present or rarely as one or very few small whitish to sordid patches graying with age. Section List LAMELLAE: close to subcrowded, 4 - 7.5 mm broad, free to narrowly adnate, occasionally Bibliography with minute decurrent tooth, white to off-white to cream occasionally with faint orangish tint in mass, white to pale cream in side view, unchanging, after drying cream to pale tan Back to Top sometimes with darker margin to light brown (between 3A3 and 4A3 to 4A3 to 4-5A4 to 5B4-5 to 5C-D4), with edge minutely fimbriate (lens); lamellulae in many ranks most longer than half pileus radius, truncate to subtruncate to subtruncate with small to broad attenuate tooth at attachment to pileus. STIPE: 60 - 135 × 4 - 12 mm, white to off-white to pale cream to grayish, palest toward apex, becoming yellowish to tannish to brownish from handling, narrowing upward, flaring A. sinicoflava - 2 at apex, with surface longitudinally striate or faintly so at least near base, fibrillose for most of length, fibrils concolorous with pileus or paler or slightly sordid, coloring/darken- GSMNPing with exposure and handling, minutely punctate/pulverulent near apex, occasionally ATBIwith faint lines at apex; context white, unchanging to rarely becoming brownish, larvae tunnels concolorous to rarely sordid tan, hollow with occasional white, cottony stuffing, with central cylinder 3 - 5.5 mm wide; exannulate; universal veil white to whitish at first becoming gray with exposure or handling, sometimes with small rusty or brick-red spots, interior pale orangish or pinkish becoming gray, submembranous to membranous, saccate to limbate, at first flaring above a constriction at about mid-height of sac with interior lon- Amanita gitudinally pleated above point of constriction, collapsing on stipe with age, occasionally in section large patches or smears or a ring on lower stipe and leaving only lower portion or very little of sac, highest point of limb reaching 26 - 39 mm from stipe base; limbus internus thin, Vaginatae fibrillose, cottony at about point of constriction of sac, rarely seen. Odorless. Taste not recorded. MACROCHEMICAL TESTS: Spot test for tyrosinase (L-tyrosine) - positive (only tested Key to Vaginatae stipe context and stipe surface). Test voucher: Tulloss 8-16-85-C. List of Vaginatae PILEIPELLIS: 40 - 70 µm thick, colorless for 5 - 10 µm at surface, but lacking differenti- Key to Sections ated suprapellis, with yellow-orange intracellular pigment in remainder of tissue; filamen- Section List tous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 5.0 µm wide, densely interwoven, subradially arranged, ± Bibliography often at least partially gelatinized; vascular hyphae 2.0 µm wide, occasionally branching, sinuous, infrequent. PILEUS CONTEXT: branching, undifferentiated, filamentous to Back to Top inflated hyphae, 2.1 - 16.1 µm wide, interwoven; acrophysalides to 63 × 26 µm; branching, vascular hyphae 2.1 - 12.2 µm wide, plentiful. LAMELLA TRAMA: bilateral; wcs = ? µm; subhymenial base containing branching hyphae and intercalary inflated cells (clavate to ellipsoid, up to 28 × 16.8 [28.4 - 69 × 17.6 - 45 µm] µm), with elements diverging at angles up to ?°; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 14.0 µm wide, ?; divergent, terminal, inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae 2.8 - 6.6 µm wide, branching, common. SUB- A. sinicoflava - 3 : wst-near = (10-) 15 - 25 µm; wst-far = (40-) 50 - 55 µm; branching structure of short uninflated or partially inflated hyphal segments and occasional inflated cells, with GSMNPbasidia arising from elements of all types (least often from inflated cells). BASIDIA: (41-) ATBI49 - 63 × 12.6 - 16.8 (-21) µm, clavate to broadly clavate, 4-spored to rarely 1- or 2-spored, thin-walled; no clamps seen. UNIVERSAL VEIL: On stipe base, exterior surface: occasion- ally with somewhat scattered remnant patches of a layer (one or two hyphal diameters thick) of longitudinally arranged, undifferentiated, filamentous hyphae up to 7 µm wide. On stipe base, interior: tissue becoming slightly denser toward inner surface; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.1 - 5.6 (-7.0) µm wide, branching, interwoven loosely, sometimes Amanita anastomosing; inflated cells plentiful, globose to subglobose to ellipsoid, terminal singly or section (occasionally) in chains of two (rarely three), often with colorless partially inflated subter- minal segment (holotype), difficult to reinflate in older specimens, 19 - 45 (-60) × 15 - 39 (- Vaginatae 46) µm, with walls thin to slightly thickened; vascular hyphae up to 10.5 µm wide, branch- ing, scattered, singly or in tangled clusters; no clamps seen. On stipe base, inner surface: occasionally having remnants such as those on exterior surface, but here gelatinizing or Key to Vaginatae nearly entirely gelatinized. STIPE CONTEXT: longitudinally acrophysalidic; branching, List of Vaginatae filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 5.6 µm wide; acrophysalides very long and nar- row to 635 × 50 µm; vascular hyphae 5.6 - 9.1 µm wide, occasional, branching; no clamps Key to Sections observed. All tissues pale yellow in ammonium hydroxide. Section List BASIDIOSPORES: [645/33/25] (8.0-) 9.1 - 12.1 (-15.4) × (7.0-) 8.4 - 11.5 (-15.4) µm, (L = Bibliography (9.5-) 9.8 - 11.4 (-11.7) µm; L' = 10.6 µm; W = (8.7-) 9.0 - 10.6 (-10.8) µm; W' = 10.0 µm; Q = Back to Top 1.0 - 1.14 (-1.26); Q = 1.04 - 1.09 (-1.10); Q' = 1.06), inamyloid, thin-walled, hyaline, globose to subglobose to occasionally broadly ellipsoid, frequently slightly adaxially flattened; con- tents guttulate; apiculus sublateral to rarely lateral, truncate conic to cylindric, can be rather large relative to spore size; white in deposit. Habitat and distribution: Solitary to occasionally subgregarious, at 10-1,000+ m elev. Maine, U.S.A.: In mixed woods of Abies, Picea, and Thuja (Bigelow 3963). Massachusetts, U.S.A.: In thin layer of damp loam over rock in moss under A. balsamea (Tulloss 8-17-86-A) A. sinicoflava - 4 or in loam under Acer, Fraxinus, Betula papyrifera, and scattered Fagus grandifolia (Tulloss 8-15-86-C). Michigan, U.S.A.: In canadensis and northern for- GSMNPest (Shaffer 3783). New Jersey, U.S.A.: With B. lutea f., T. canadensis, Tilia sp., and ATBIUlmus sp. (Tulloss 6-15-85-A, 10-6-85-A, -E) or in typical Quercus-Pinus rigida barrens (Tulloss 8-28-85-D) or in sandy soil of woods dominated by , Q. alba, Q. velu- tina, Rhododendron, and Spirea (Tulloss 8-28-85-F). New York, U.S.A.: In duff over acid, glacial out-wash sands under T. canadensis, F. grandifolia, and Prunus sp. (Tulloss 8-22- 87-E) or in wet loam in mixed deciduous woods composed of Acer sp., Carya sp., Quercus coccinea and Q. rubra (Tulloss 8-18-86-C). West Virginia, U.S.A.: At 990 m elev. In moist Amanita loam of mixed forest locally dominated by F. grandifolia, T. canadensis, A. balsamea, and section Acer (Tulloss 8-31-96-A). Collections examined: U.S.A.: MAINE—Aroostook Co. - ca. Guerrette, “state game pre- Vaginatae serve,” 13.vii.1956 H. E. Bigelow 3963 (MICH). Cumberland Co. - Wolf Neck St. Pk., 16.x.1988 Moselio Schaechter s.n. [Tulloss 10-16-88-MS1]. [Hancock Co. - W of Pickerel Pond, 11.viii.1991 Stachula s.n. [Tulloss 8-11-91-E]. Penobscot Co. - University of Maine, Key to Vaginatae 12.viii.1991 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-91-C.] MASSACHUSETTS—Berkshire List of Vaginatae Co. - Adams, M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 8-15-86-C (paratype, L); Balance Rock St. Pk., 15.viii.1986 R. Roper s.n. [Tulloss 8-15-86-L] (paratype); Cheshire, Camp Mohawk, Key to Sections 15.viii.1986 S. Sheine s.n. [Tulloss 8-15-86-F] (paratype); Mt. Greylock summit, R. E. Section List Tulloss 8-17-86-A (paratype). Border Hampshire & Hampden Cos. - Mt. Tom St. Res., Bibliography 27.ix.1986 Ellen Greer s.n. [Tulloss 9-27-86-EG8] (paratype). MICHIGAN—Marquette Co. - Sullivan Creek area, 12.vii.1968 N. Smith & T. Gilliam [TG 165] (MICH). Ontonagon Co. Back to Top - Porcupine Mtns. St. Pk., Government Peak Trail, 24.viii.1962 R. L. Shaffer 3783 (MICH as “A. vaginata”). [MINNESOTA—?. NEW HAMPSHIRE—Hillsborough Co. - Harris Cen- ter, 18.viii.1989 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-18-89-C].] NEW JERSEY—Mercer Co. - Hopewell, R. E. Tulloss 7-6-81-B (paratype), 7-7-81-C (paratype), 7-18-84-D (paratype). Monmouth Co. - Shark River Co. Pk., 8.vii.1984 Susan Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 7-8-84-F] (paratype), R. E. Tulloss 8-28-85-D (paratype), 8-28-85-F (paratype), Bruce Vansant s.n. A. sinicoflava - 5 [Tulloss 8-3-86-H] (paratype). Sussex Co. - Stokes St. For., M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 6-15-85-A (paratype); Stokes St. For., Kittle Field Recreation Area, 6.x.1985 NJMA mem- ber s.n. [Tulloss 10-6-85-A] (holotype, NY)[, M. A. & R. E. Tulloss 9-28-97-A]; Wallpack GSMNPCenter, 6.x.1985 Neal Macdonald s.n. [Tulloss 10-6-85-E] (paratype). NEW YORK—Essex ATBICo. - North Elba, 21.viii.1987 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-L] (paratype, DTJ). Franklin Co. - Floodwood, 22.viii.1987 Joe Arnold s.n. [Tulloss 8-22-87-E] (paratype); Har- rietstown, 21.viii.1987 Smith s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-K] (paratype, DTJ). Hamilton Co. - Raquette Lake, 21.viii.1987 Bill Roody s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-N] (paratypes: RET; TBORG; XAL). Otsego Co. - Arnold St. For., 16.viii.1985 R. M. Fatto s.n. [Tulloss 8-16-85-C] (paratype). Schenectady Co. - Mariaville, M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 8-18-86-C (paratype). Amanita PENNSYLVANIA—Pike Co. - Pocono Environmental Educ. Ctr., M. A. King & R. E. section Tulloss 6-20-81-A (paratype), 6-20-81-H (paratype)[, 24.vi.1989 Hanna Tschekunow s.n. [Tulloss 6-24-89-B]]. VERMONT—Bennington? Co. - NEMF '81 site, 30.viii.1981 NEMF Vaginatae participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-30-81-A] (paratype). Pownal Co. - NEMF '81 site, 29.viii.1981 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-81-D] (paratype). VIRGINIA—Grayson Co. - Grayson Highlands St. Pk., Cabin Crk. Tr., 9.ix.1986 Robert S. Williams 323 (paratype).[ WEST Key to Vaginatae VIRGINIA—Tucker Co. - Canaan Valley St. Pk., E. terminus Abe Run Tr., jct. w/ Deer Run Tr., 31.viii.1996 R. E. Tulloss 8-31-96-A.] List of Vaginatae DISCUSSION Key to Sections There are two taxa which closely resemble A. sinicoflava macroscopically: A. mortenii Section List Knudsen & Borgen (from Greenland) and A. submembranacea (Bon) Gröger (subalpine, Bibliography from ). Back to Top Amanita mortenii may be distinguished from A. sinicoflava by the following characters: • The occasional presence of small, ochraceous flakes on the exterior, upper surface of the volval sac. • Thick-walled, acrophysalides throughout the context of pileus and stipe, lamella trama, and the universal veil. These are easily seen if the tissue is stained with

A. sinicoflava - 6 Congo Red and viewed with an oil immersion lens at 1000×. The wall thickness is 1.0-1.2 µm. GSMNP • Many thick-walled hyphae throughout the . Often the cell walls of ATBI such hyphae are not as thick as the walls of the inflated cells. • A cellular subhymenium. • Shorter acrophysalides in the stipe context. • A thicker pileipellis. Amanita • Generally narrower and possibly more plentiful, vascular hyphae. section • Basidia slightly longer. Vaginatae • Spores slightly larger. Amanita submembranacea may be distinguished from A. sinicoflava by the following char- acters: Key to Vaginatae • In the volva of A. submembranacea, a broken, thin fibrillose-felted to submembra- List of Vaginatae nous outer layer is visible to the naked eye in many, well-preserved exsiccata; rem- Key to Sections nants of the outer layer superimposed on the grayish unbroken inner volval layer may give the appearance of bits of flaking paint on old canvas. This character is Section List completely absent in A. sinicoflava. Bibliography • The spores of A. submembranacea are about the same size as, or slightly larger Back to Top than, those found in A. sinicoflava. Spores of “A. subalpina” may be as large as 12- 17 × 12-15 µm (Moser, 1983). • A cellular subhymenium. • Shorter acrophysalides in the stipe context. • A thicker pileipellis. A. sinicoflava - 7 • Slightly longer basidia in most specimens. GSMNPIn addition to the two taxa examined in detail above, there are a number of others which require mention because of some similarity to A. sinicoflava. The illustrated as A. ATBIstrangulata (Fries) Quélet by Merlo & Traverso (1983) has pileus coloration which is simi- lar to, although paler than, that of A. sinicoflava. This European entity is distinguish- able—at least by its larger spores (12-14 µm in diameter) and its smaller ratio of striation length to pileus radius. The literature contains five other taxa in Amanita section Vaginatae with globose cells Amanita dominant in the universal veil and globose to subglobose spores. The universal veil in A. sinicoflava is similar to that of A. ceciliae of Europe (Corner & Bas, 1962 and Bas, 1984) section and “A. inaurata” sensu Peck of (description and discussion under A. cecil- Vaginatae iae (Jenkins, 1986)). However, A. sinicoflava can be distinguished from either of these fungi by its pileus with olive tones, a smaller habit, and a commonly more robust universal veil frequently appearing as a constricted, saccate volva on the stipe base rather than as warts on the pileus which latter occurrence is more common in A. ceciliae and “A. inaurata” Key to Vaginatae sensu Peck The acrophysalides in the stipe of A. sinicoflava are up to twice as long as those List of Vaginatae of “A. inaurata” sensu Peck (Jenkins, 1986). Amanita cinctipes Corner & Bas (Corner & Key to Sections Bas, 1962) of southeast Asia has a universal veil similar to that of A. ceciliae, but some- times appearing in small pyramidal warts on the pileus; its spores are reported to be Section List smaller than those found in A. sinicoflava; A. cinctipes lacks an umbo; and its coloration is Bibliography said to tend to grayish tones. Amanita craseoderma Bas (Bas, 1978) of the Amazon region Back to Top has even smaller spores than A. cinctipes, a “very dark brownish grey” pileus, and consid- erably narrower basidia than A. sinicoflava. The pileus of A. craseoderma lacks an umbo. Amanita groenlandica Bas ex Knudsen & Borgen has a larger pileus than A. sinicoflava with shorter (0.1-0.2R) marginal striations, no umbo, and frequently a patch or patches of universal veil. Knudsen & Borgen (1987) also describe A. groenlandica as “relatively short- stemmed” and robust—another difference.

A. sinicoflava - 8 Three additional Western Hemisphere species of Amanita exhibit a universal veil some- what similar to that in A. sinicoflava—A. antillana Dennis of Trinidad (Dennis, 1952 and GSMNPBas, 1978), A. coacta Bas of the Amazon region (Bas, 1978), and A. constricta Thiers & ATBIAmmirati of California (Thiers & Ammirati, 1982). However, all exhibit an average Q greater than that (1.06) seen in A. sinicoflava—1.2 in A. antillana, 1.3 in A. coacta, and approximately 1.2 in A. constricta. The closest of these to A. sinicoflava is the last named which can have a submembranous universal veil; however, A. constricta is further distin- guished from A. sinicoflava by a gray-brown to hair brown pileus, red staining in the uni- versal veil when moist, and striations that represent only about 0.2R (Thiers & Ammirati, Amanita 1982). section It should be noted that the collections of A. sinicoflava made in the Coastal Plain ecological region (those from New Jersey's Mercer and Monmouth counties) had, with but one excep- Vaginatae tion, smaller spores than all other collections examined. I conjecture that this is due, at least in part, to the rapid loss of surface moisture due to the soil of the Monmouth County collection region being entirely composed of sand. Unlike many radicating species of Key to Vaginatae Amanita section Lepidella which occur in the Coastal Plain, basidiocarps of A. sinicoflava List of Vaginatae sit high in the soil—even to the extent of the volval sac being almost entirely above ground. This fact can be confirmed even in exsiccata because one finds fragments of leaves (and Key to Sections almost no sand at all) attached to the surface of the very bottom of the stipe. Section List In the field in eastern North America, A. sinicoflava is distinguished from taxa close to A. Bibliography vaginata (Bull. per Fr.) Vittadini and A. fulva by pileus coloration. Moreover, these taxa Back to Top do not exhibit the graying, submembranous to membranous volval sac of A. sinicoflava. The prominent orange-rusty stains frequently found on the volva of A. fulva do not occur in A. sinicoflava. —R. E. Tulloss Go to Brief Description. Return to top of Technical Description.

A. sinicoflava - 9 Amanita vaginata sensu lato GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Vaginatae

Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. vaginata sensu auct. amer. - 1 Amanita sp. S3 GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Vaginatae

Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. sp. S3 - 1 Amanita sp. V3 GSMNPNote: Often wrongly determined to be Amanita (B. & Br.) Bas, a Eurasian species. ATBIceciliae Go to Technical Description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Amanita sp. V3 has a 55 - 82 mm wide, brown to pale brown cap that is often darkest in the center. Sometimes the margin is Amanita very pallid. Grooves run inward from the cap edge for about one-third of the radius. Warts or small section patches of pallid to grayish volva are often left on the cap, but can be washed off easily by rain. This Vaginatae mushroom has a whitish stem (85 - 106 × 6 - 10 mm) decorated with bits of pallid to grayish volva. The stem lacks both a membranous ring and a Key to Vaginatae bulb. Sometimes the volval remnants form a nar- List of Vaginatae row ring near the stem base. The gills of this spe- cies turn grayer as the mushroom ages. The very Key to Sections plentiful short gills appear squarely cut off on the Section List end nearest the stem. The spore print is white. Bibliography The species is probably symbiotic with oak, beech, and and is distributed widely in the north- Back to Top eastern and north central United States and, prob- ably, in southeastern Canada—fruiting from late June to October. It is expected to be found in the Park. —R. E. Tulloss.

A. sp. V3 - 1 3. Amanita sp. V3 GSMNP = sensu auct. amer. orient. non Amanita ceciliae (B. & Br.) Bas. 1984. Persoonia 12: 192. ATBI Go to Brief Description. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (incomplete). PILEUS: 55 - 82 mm wide, pallid brown with umbrinous tint (5B3 or 6C3—washed out brown, not tan) or grayish brown with disc browner (becoming darker with age?), some- Amanita times pale cream over marginal striations, broadly campanulate, tacky to subviscid, sub- section shiny to slightly metallic; context white, sordid under pileipellis in disc, not changing when cut or bruised, ? mm thick at stipe, thinning evenly for half distance to margin, then mem- Vaginatae branous; margin striate (0.2 - 0.4R), nonappendiculate; universal veil as warts and small or (occasionally) large patches with pallid edges, whitish at first, then gray to grayish brown to dark gray to blackish gray, floccose-subpulverulent, detersile; pileipellis apparently very Key to Vaginatae thin. List of Vaginatae LAMELLAE: free, lacking decurrent line on stipe apex, close to subcrowded, off-white (near stipe) and sordid (near pileus margin) or entirely sordid white in mass, sordid white Key to Sections (near stipe) and pale gray (near pileus margin) or entirely sordid white in side view, gray- Section List ing with age, 10± mm broad, with white or whitish and minutely flocculose edge; lamellu- Bibliography lae truncate, of widely varying lengths, plentiful, unevenly distributed. Back to Top STIPE: 85 - 106 × 6 - 10 mm, white to off-white, becoming faintly brownish from handling, narrowing upward, not flaring at apex, with white to grayish flocculence in upper half, with appressed silky patches below becoming dark fibrils on pallid ground, very base with white appressed cottony surface and short white pseudorhizae; context white, not changing when cut or bruised, hollow with central cylinder ? mm wide containing sparse white cot- tony material; exannulate; universal veil in loose patches easily left in soil, located against A. sp. V3 - 2 stipe 10± mm from base, pale gray to gray, not plentiful or as dark gray ring above white, GSMNP“strangulate” zone. Odor none. Taste pleasant, slightly nutlike. ATBIMACROCHEMICAL TESTS: none recorded. PILEIPELLIS: ? µm thick, with strongly gelatinized surface; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 7.2 µm wide, dominantly subradially oriented, densely packed, light yellowish brown in mass; vascular hyphae 1.8 - 16.5 µm wide, rather common, prominent, yellow to Amanita yellow-brown, including occasional coils and twists, infrequently branching. PILEUS CONTEXT: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae ? µm wide, ?; acrophysalides ?; vascular section hyphae ? µm wide, ?. LAMELLA TRAMA: bilateral; wcs = 30 - 55 µm; subhymenial base Vaginatae containing inflated cells (e.g., 24 × 21 µm, thin-walled, subglobose to elongate), with angle of divergence ?; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae ? µm wide, ?, with inflated interca- lary segments (e.g., 54 × 21 µm) in central stratum, with subhymenial base including unin- flated and partially inflated hyphal segments, and inflated intercalary cells dominantly Key to Vaginatae divergent at angles between 30° and 60°, with the divergent inflated cells subfusiform to List of Vaginatae ellipsoid to ovoid to broadly clavate (up to 82 × 33 µm, but most smaller than 55 × 28 µm) Key to Sections and with walls up to ? µm thick; divergent, terminal inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae ? µm wide, ?. SUBHYMENIUM: w -near = 15 - 40 µm; w -far = 35 - 60 µm; con- Section List st st ± Bibliography sisting of 3 inflated cells or uninflated or partially inflated hyphal segments arranged in branching structure with those nearest bases of basidia having major diameter perpendic- Back to Top ular to central stratum, with basidia arising (terminally or laterally?) from uninflated or partially inflated short hyphal segments or (terminally) from branched elements or from small inflated cells. BASIDIA: 40 - 69 × 11.6 - 16.5 µm, 4-sterigmate; clamps not? observed. UNIVERSAL VEIL: On pileus: with all elements eventually collapsing and gela- tinizing; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.2 - 7.8 µm wide, plentiful to locally domi- nant, loosely interwoven, frequently branching, often with yellowish (sometimes rather A. sp. V3 - 3 sordid yellow) subrefractive walls, with walls thin to (often) 0.5 µm thick; inflated cells hyaline, colorless to (more commonly) pale brown at first (brown in mass), then colorless to GSMNPpale yellowish to pale grayish to pale brown to yellowish brown to brown, plentiful to ATBIlocally dominant [in immature specimen (Stephenson 93-04), strongly dominant], termi- nal, singly or (occasionally) in chains of two, globose to subglobose to subpyriform to ovoid to ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid to broadly clavate to clavate to peanut-shaped, up to 64 × 52 µm (but with major diameter rarely > 55 µm), with walls thin or up to 1.0 µm thick (not easily noted once gelatinization begun); vascular hyphae very infrequent or absent, 2.8 - 6.3 µm wide, otherwise like those of pileipellis. From ring on stipe base: as on pileus, Amanita except having slightly larger proportion of filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae and some- section what smaller inflated cells. From patch on stipe: as on pileus, with inflated cells up to 66 × 56 µm. STIPE CONTEXT: longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated Vaginatae hyphae ? µm wide, ?; acrophysalides ?; vascular hyphae 6.3 - 10.5 µm wide, branching, common (at least near surface). BASIDIOSPORES: [80/4/4] (7.7-) 9.4 - 12.0 (-14.2) × (7.0-) 8.8 - 11.2 (-13.5) µm, (L = 10.0 - Key to Vaginatae 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.5 µm; W = 9.3 - 10.5 µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.11 (-1.12); Q = List of Vaginatae 1.04 - 1.07; Q’ = 1.06), hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, globose to subglobose, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral to nearly lateral, cylindric; prominent (up to 3.2 × Key to Sections 3.0 µm); contents monoguttulate with numerous small additional granules; white in Section List deposit. Bibliography Habitat and distribution: Solitary to subgregarious. New Jersey: In wet loam of mixed Back to Top deciduous forest including Acer, Betula, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ovata, Fagus grandi- folia, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus. Virginia: In moist loamy clay of road bank under Q. alba, Q. sp. (of scarlet oak/pin oak group), Pinus strobus, P. virginiana, and Cor- nus florida. West Virginia: At 900 - 1220 m elev. In forest or in forest of mixed Quercus spp. and other hardwoods or in old growth Abies forest with Betula lutea f. or in wet soil of mixed forest including Tsuga canadensis, F. grandifolia, , Betula, Acer, etc. A. sp. V3 - 4 Collections examined: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT—Tolland Co. - Gay City St. Pk., R. E. Tulloss 8-31-97-Na, -Nb. MASSACHUSETTS—Worcester Co. - Worcester, Broad Meadow GSMNPBrook Wildlife Sanctuary, 13.viii.1993 Joe Arnold s.n. [Tulloss 8-13-93-A]. NEW JER- ATBISEY—Monmouth Co. - Shark R. Co. Pk., C. Conover, S. E. K. & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss] 8- 30-98-C. Warren Co. - Stephens St. Pk., 4.viii.1996 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 8- 4-86-K]. VIRGINIA—Bath Co. - Douthat St. Pk., R. E. Tulloss 6-16-92-A. WEST VIR- GINIA—Berkeley Co. - Hedgeville, “Sleepy Hollow,” 1.viii.1976 U. Weiss s.n. (BPI 14460B). Marion Co. - Mill Fall Run, 5.x.1993 S. L. Stephenson & D. Binion [Stephenson] 93-04 (FWVA). Randolph Co. - Gaudineer Scenic Area, 26.ix.1992 R. P. Bhatt, S. L. Amanita Stephenson & A. Kumar A6 (FWVA). Tucker Co. - Canaan Valley St. Pk., Abe Run Tr., ca. section E terminus & jct. w/ Deer Run Tr., R. E. Tulloss 6-25-96-A. —R. E. Tulloss. Vaginatae Go to Brief Description. Return to top of Technical Description. Key to Vaginatae List of Vaginatae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. sp. V3 - 5 Taxa of Amanita section Lepidella in Park GSMNP ATBI Peck (t.b.w.) Amanita altifissura Jenkins (t.b.w.) Amanita atkinsoniana Coker (t.b.w.) Amanita Amanita canescens Jenkins (t.b.w.) section Amanita chlorinosma (Austin) Lloyd (t.b.w.) Lepidella Amanita cinereoconia Atk. f. cinereoconia (t.b.w.) Amanita cinereopannosa Bas (t.b.w.) Key to Lepidella (E. J. Gilb. & Kühner) E. J. Gilb. (t.b.w.) List of Lepidella Amanita crassifolia Bas (t.b.w.) Key to Sections Section List Amanita daucipes (Mont.) Lloyd (t.b.w.) Bibliography Amanita hesleri Bas (t.b.w.) Back to Top Amanita inodora (Murr.) Bas (t.b.w.) Amanita longipes Bas ex Tulloss & Jenkins (t.b.w.) Amanita marginata Jenkins (t.b.w.) Amanita microlepis Bas (t.b.w.) sect. Lepidella - 1 Amanita nitida sensu Coker (t.b.w.) GSMNP Amanita onusta (Howe) Sacc. (t.b.w.) ATBI Amanita pelioma Bas (t.b.w.) Amanita polypyramis (B. & C.) Sacc. (t.b.w.) Amanita praelongispora (Murr.) Murr. (t.b.w.) Amanita Amanita ravenelii (B. & C.) Sacc. (t.b.w.) section Amanita rhoadsii (Murr.) Murr. (t.b.w.) Lepidella Amanita rhopalopus Bas f. rhopalopus (t.b.w.) Amanita rhopalopus f. turbinata Bas (t.b.w.) Key to Lepidella Amanita roanokensis Coker (t.b.w.) List of Lepidella Key to Sections Amanita tephrea Bas nom. prov. (t.b.w.) Section List Amanita sp. S2 (t.b.w.) Bibliography Back to Top

sect. Lepidella - 2 Key to Amanita section Lepidella in the Park

T.b.w.

3 Taxa of Amanita section Amidella in Park GSMNP ATBI Amanita peckiana C. H. Kauffm. in Peck (t.b.w.) Amanita volvata (Peck) Lloyd Amanita sp. 41 Amanita Amanita sp. 50 (t.b.w.) section Amanita sp. N39 (t.b.w.) Amidella

Key to Amidella List of Amidella Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

sect. Amidella - 1 Key to Amanita section Amidella in the Park GSMNP T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amidella

Key to Amidella List of Amidella Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

sect. Amidella - 2 Amanita volvata (Peck) Lloyd GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amidella

Key to Amidella List of Amidella Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. volvata - 1 Amanita sp. 41 GSMNPBRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Amidella

Key to Amidella List of Amidella Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

A. sp. 41 - 1 Taxa of Amanita section Phalloideae in Park GSMNP ATBI Atk. (t.b.w.)

Amanita brunnescens Atk.1 (t.b.w.)

Amanita citrina sensu auct. amer.1 (t.b.w.) Amanita f. lavendula (Coker) Veselý1 (t.b.w.) section Amanita gwyniana Coker (t.b.w.) Phalloideae Amanita hygroscopica Coker (t.b.w.) Amanita longitibiale Tulloss, Pérez-Silva & Herrera (t.b.w.) Key to Phalloideae List of Phalloideae Amanita magnivelaris Peck (t.b.w.) Key to Sections Amanita pseudoverna (Murr.) Murr. (t.b.w.) Section List sensu auct. amer. (t.b.w.) Bibliography Back to Top Amanita virosa sensu Coker (t.b.w.) Amanita sp. S4 (t.b.w.) Amanita sp. S9 (t.b.w.)

1 sect. Lepidella - 1 Recent DNA sequencing work indicates this species might best be placed in section Validae. Key to Amanita section Phalloideae in the Park GSMNP T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Phalloideae

Key to Phalloideae List of Phalloideae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

sect. Lepidella - 2 Taxa of Amanita section Validae in Park GSMNP ATBI Amanita excelsa sensu Coker (t.b.w.) Amanita excelsa sensu Jenkins (t.b.w.) Atk. var. flavoconia (t.b.w.) Amanita Amanita flavorubens (B. & Mont.) Sacc. (t.b.w.) section Amanita franchetii sensu Jenkins (t.b.w.) Validae Amanita rubescens sensu auct. amer. (t.b.w.) Amanita rubescens (Pers.:Fr.) Per. var. alba Coker (t.b.w.) Key to Validae Amanita salmonescens Tulloss (t.b.w.) List of Validae Key to Sections Amanita spissa sensu Coker (t.b.w.) Section List Amanita spissa var. alba Coker non Rick etc. (t.b.w.) Bibliography Amanita submaculata Peck (t.b.w.) Back to Top Amanita sp. 18 (t.b.w.) Amanita sp. N5 (t.b.w.)

sect. Validae - 1 Key to Amanita section Validae in the Park GSMNP T.b.w. ATBI

Amanita section Validae

Key to Validae List of Validae Key to Sections Section List Bibliography Back to Top

sect. Validae - 2 Bibliography GSMNP Acosta, S. and G. Guzmán. 1984. The known from the state of Zacatecas ATBI (Mexico). Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 125-158. Aroche, R. M., J. Cifuentes and F. Lorea. 1984. Distribution, biology, and confirmation of in Mexico. presentation to MSA 1984 Annual Meeting, August 4-9, 1984. _____, _____, _____, P. Fuentes, J. Bonavides, H. Galicia, E. Menéndez, O. Aguilar and V. Amanita Pers. Valenzuela. 1984. Toxic and edible mushrooms in a community of the Valley of Mexico. (Amanitaceae) Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 291-318. _____, M. Villegas, J. Cifuentes, F. Lorea and J. Bonavides. 1984. New data on the distri- bution and of Amanita phalloides in Mexico. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 275-281. Key to Sections Atkinson, G. F. 1918. Preliminary notes on some new species of . Proc. Amer. Phi- Section List los. Soc. 52: 354-356. Top of Bibliography Ayala, N. and G. Guzmán. 1984. The fungi of the peninsula of Baja California, I. The Back to Top known species. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 73-91. Bandala-Muñoz, V. M., G. Guzmán and L. Montoya-Bello. 1988. Especies de macromicetos citadas de México, VII. , parte II (1972-1987). Rev. Mex. Micol. 4: 205-250. Bas, C. 1965. The genus Squamanita. Persoonia 3: 331-359. _____. 1969. Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepi- della. Persoonia 5: 285-579. _____. 1978. Studies in Amanita—I. Some species from Amazonia. Persoonia 10: 1-22. _____. 1982. Studies in Amanita—II. Persoonia 11: 429-442. _____. 1984. On the correct name of `Amanita inaurata Secr.' Persoonia 12: 192-193. Amanita Bibliography - 1 _____ and A. A. R. de Meijer. 1993. Amanita grallipes, a new species in Amanita subsec- tion Vittadiniae from southern Brazil. Persoonia 15: 345-350. GSMNP _____, Th. W. Kuyper, M. E. Noordeloos, and E. C. Vellinga. 1988. Flora Agaricina Neer- ATBI landica 1. viii+182 pp. _____, _____, _____, and _____. 1990. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 2. vi+137 pp. Beardslee, H. C. 1919. A new species of Amanita. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 34: 198-199. _____. 1936. A new Amanita and notes on Boletus subalbellus. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Amanita Pers. 52: 105-106 & pl. 14. Chinchilla S., E. F. and E. Pérez-Silva. 1987 (1986). Consideraciones taxonómicas sobre (Amanitaceae) (Agaricales) de México. Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mexico Bot. 57: 37-43.

Key to Sections Cifuentes Blanco, J., M. Villegas Ríos, and L. Pérez Ramírez. 1985. Description of macro- fungi little known in Mexico. Rev. Mex. Micol. 1: 413-422. Section List _____, _____, and _____. 1993. Hongos macroscópicos. Historia Natural del Parque Ecolo- Top of Bibliography gico Estatal Omiltemi, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México. I. Luna Vega & U. J. Llorente Back to Top Bousquets, eds. (CONABIO-UNAM): 59-126. Cleland, J. B. 1924. Australian fungi: notes and descriptions—No. 5. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 48: 236-252. _____. 1927. Australian fungi: notes and descriptions—No. 6. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 51: 298-306. _____. 1931. Australian fungi: notes and descriptions—No. 8. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 55: 152-160. _____. 1933. Australian fungi: notes and descriptions—No. 9. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 57: 187-194.

Amanita Bibliography - 2 _____. 1934. Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia. Harri- son Weir, Adelaide. 178 pp. GSMNP _____ & E. Cheel. 1914. The Hymenomycetes of New South Wales. The Agricultural ATBI Gazette New South Wales 25: 885-888, 1045-1049. _____ & _____. 1919. Australian fungi: notes and descriptions—No. 3. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 43: 262-315, pl. xxviii-xxix. _____ & _____. 1923. Australian fungi: notes and descriptions—No. 4. Transactions of the Amanita Pers. Royal Society of South Australia 47: 58-78. Coker, W. C. 1917. The amanitas of the eastern United States. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. (Amanitaceae) 33: i + 1-88. _____. 1927. New or noteworthy basidiomycetes. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 43: 129-145.

Key to Sections Cole, M., B. Fuhrer & A. Holland. 1984. A Field Guide to the Common Genera of Gilled Fungi in Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. revised edition. 11 pp. & pl. Section List Cooke, M. C. 1889. New Australian fungi. Grevillea 18: 1f., 30-31, 72f., 113f. Top of Bibliography Corner, E. J. H. 1947. Variation in the size and shape of spores, basidia and cystidia in Back to Top basidiomycetes. New Phytologist 46: 195-228. _____ and C. Bas. 1962. The genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya. Persoonia 2: 241- 304. Fraiture, A. 1993. Les amanitopsis d'Europe (genre Amanita, Agaricales, Fungi). Syn- thèse critique de la littérature. Opera Bot. Belg. 5: 1-130. Gentilli, J. 1953. Amanitas from King's Park, Perth. Western Australian Naturalist 4(2-3): 25-34, 59-63. Gilbert, J.-E. 1940 & 1941. Amanitaceae. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27. xx+427 pp. + pl.

Amanita Bibliography - 3 Gispert, M., O. Nava and J. Cifuentes. 1984. Comparative study of the popular knowledge of macrofungi in two human communities from Sierra del Ajusco, Mexico. Bol. Soc. Mex. GSMNP Micol. 19: 253-273. ATBI Guzmán, G. 1975. New and interesting species of Agaricales in Mexico. Studies on the Higher Fungi. H. Bigelow & H. D. Thiers, ed. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 51: 99-118 + pl. 24- 30. _____. 1980. Identificación de los hongos. 2nd reprinting. (Limusa, México, D.F.). xii+452 pp. Amanita Pers. _____. 1981. Distribution of Amanita nauseosa. Mycotaxon 12: 522-524. (Amanitaceae) _____. 1982. New species of fungi from the Yucatan Peninsula. Mycotaxon 16: 249-262. _____. 1983. Los hongos de la península de Yucatán. II. Nuevas exploraciones y adiciones micológicas. Biótica 8: 71-100. Key to Sections _____. 1987. A special case of a mortal poisoning by mushrooms in the State of Veracruz Section List (Mexico). Rev. Mex. Micol. 3: 203-209. Top of Bibliography _____ and L. Villarreal. 1984. Studies of fungi, lichens and myxomycetes from Cofre de Back to Top Perote, Veracruz, I: Introduction to the mycoflora of the region. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 107-124. Guzmán-Dávalos, L. and F. Trujillo Flores. 1984. Fungi from the state of Jalisco, IV. New records. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 319-326. Hamly, D. H. 1949. The Ridgway color standards with a Munsell notation key. J. Optic. Soc. Amer. 39: 592-599. [See Ridgway (1912), below.] Herrera, T. and E. Pérez-Silva. 1984. Descripcion de algunas especies del genero Amanita. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 265-273.

Amanita Bibliography - 4 Hutchison, L. J., R. C. Summerbell and D. W. Malloch. 1988. Additions to the mycota of North America and Québec: arctic and boreal species from Schefferville, Northern GSMNP Québec. Naturaliste Canad. 115: 39-56. ATBI Hongo, T. 1953. Larger fungi of the provinces of Omi and Yamashiro 4. Journal of Japa- nese Botany 28: 69-75. _____. 1957. Notes on Japanese larger fungi 10. Journal of Japanese Botany 32: 141-146. _____. 1959. The Agaricales of Japan I—(1). Memoirs of Shiga University 9: 47-94. Amanita Pers. _____. 1961. On some agarics of Japan 4. Memoirs of Facul. Lib. Arts (Amanitaceae) Educ., Shiga University 11: 39-42. _____. 1967. Notulae Mycologicae (6). Memoirs of Shiga University 17: 89-95. _____. 1969. Notes on Japanese larger fungi (20). Journal of Japanese Botany 44(8): 230- Key to Sections 238. Section List _____. 1970. Notulae Mycologicae (9). Memoirs of Shiga University 20: 49-54. Top of Bibliography _____. 1971. Notulae Mycologicae (10). Memoirs of Shiga University 21: 62-68. Back to Top _____. 1974. Two new species of Amanita from Castanopsis forests in Japan. Travaux mycologiques dédiés à R. Kühner. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon: 189-193. _____. 1974. Notulae mycologicae (13). Memoirs of Shiga University 24: 44-51. _____. 1975. Notulae mycologicae (14). Memoirs of Shiga University 25: 56-63. _____. 1977. Notulae mycologicae (15). Memoirs of Shiga University 27: 20-25. _____. 1978. Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (28). Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 19: 455-456. _____. 1982. The amanitas of Japan. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 33: 116-126. _____. 1983. Notulae mycologicae (18). Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga Univer- Amanita Bibliography - 5 sity, Natural Science 33: 37-41. _____ and K. Yokoyama. 1978. Mycofloristic ties of Japan to the continents. Memoirs of Shiga University 28: 76-80. GSMNP Imai, S. 1933. Studies on the of Japan I. Volvate agarics in Hokkaido. Bot. ATBI Magazine, Tokyo. 47: 423-32. _____. 1938. Studies in the Agaricaceae of Hokkaido. I. Journal Fac. Agri. Hokkaido Impe- rial University 43: 1-31. _____. 1939. Studia agaricacearus Japonicarum. I. The Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 53: Amanita Pers. 392-399. Imazeki, R. and T. Hongo. 1957. Coloured illustrations of fungi of Japan. I. Osaka. 1: (Amanitaceae) viii+181 pp. _____ and _____. 1965. Coloured illustrations of fungi of Japan. Osaka. 2: x+239 pp.

Key to Sections _____ and _____. 1987. Colored illustrations of mushrooms of Japan 1. (Hoikusha, Osaka). viii+325 pp., 72 pl. [In Japanese.] Section List _____, Y. Otani and T. Hongo. 1988. Fungi of Japan. (Yama-Kei, Tokyo). 624 pp. [In Japa- Top of Bibliography nese.] Back to Top _____ and S. Toki. 1955. Contribution to the knowledge of Japanese Agaricales (I). Bull. Gov. Forest. Exp. Sta. 79: 1-14. Ingalls, D. H. H. 1991. Remarks on Mr. Wasson’s Soma. J. Amer. Orient. Soc. 91(2): 188- 191. Ito, S. 1959. Mycological flora of Japan. (Yokando, Tokyo). 2(5): iv+658 pp. Jackson, H. A. C. 1979. Mr. Jackson's mushrooms. M. Cazort, ed. (National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa). 161 pp. Jenkins, D. T. 1977. A taxonomic and nomenclatural study of the genus Amanita section Amanita for North America. (Bibliotheca Mycologica (57), Vaduz). 126 pp. Amanita Bibliography - 6 _____. 1978a. A study of Amanita types. I. Taxa described by C. H. Peck. Mycotaxon 7 23- 44. GSMNP _____. 1978b. A study of Amanita types II. A. ocreata Peck. Mycotaxon 7: 371-372. ATBI _____. 1979. A study of Amanita types. III. Taxa described by W. A. Murrill. Mycotaxon 10: 175-200. _____. 1982. A study of Amanita types IV. Taxa described by G. F. Atkinson. Mycotaxon 14: 237-246. Amanita Pers. _____. 1986. Amanita of North America (Mad River, Eureka). 1998 pp. _____ and R. H. Petersen. 1976. A neotype specimen for Amanita muscaria. Mycologia 68: (Amanitaceae) 463-469. Justice, J. 1984. Arkansas' mushroom. Arkansas Naturalist 2(5): 1-3. Key to Sections Knudsen, H. and T. Borgen. 1987. Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, , , Section List Paxillaceae and Pluteaceae in Greenland. Arctic and alpine mycology II. G. A. Laursen, J. F. Ammirati and S. A. Redhead, eds. (Plenum, New York): 235-253. Top of Bibliography Kornerup, A. and J. H. Wanscher. 1978. Methuen handbook of colour. (Methuen, London). Back to Top 252 pp. Kotlaba, F. and Z. Pouzar. 1964. ?. Feddes Rep. 69: 131-142. [n.v.] Kulkarni, S. M. 1992. Amanita konkanensis: a new species of Agaricales. Biovigyanam 18(1): 56-58. Kumar, A., T. N. Lahkanpal and S. L. Stephenson. 1990. Ecological studies of some macro- fungi in the northwestern Himalayas. Nova Hedwigia 50 (3-4): 535-547. _____, R. P. Bhatt and T. N. Lahkanpal. 1990. The Amanitaceae of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. x+160 pp. Laferrière, J. E. 1991. Mountain Pima ethnomycology. J. Ethnobiol. 11: 159-160. Amanita Bibliography - 7 _____ and R. L. Gilbertson. 1992. Fungi of Nabogame, Chihuahua, Mexico. Mycotaxon 44: 73-87. GSMNP Lindgren, J. E. 1998a. Amanitas of the Pacific Northwest. (N. Amer. Mycol. Assoc.). 10 pp. ATBI [Slide presentation script.] _____. 1998b. ?? Logemann, H., J. Argueta, G. Guzmán, L. Montoya Bello, V. M. Bandala Muñoz, and R. de León Chocooj. 1987. Envenenamiento mortal por hongos en Guatemala. Rev. Mex. Micol. Amanita Pers. 3: 211-216. López Ramírez, M. A. 1981. Hongos comestibles de la región de Xalapa, Veracruz. thesis (Amanitaceae) for professional license in biology. 52 pp. + 6 tbl. + 22 pl. Mao, Xiao-lan. 1990. Taxonomic study on the genus Amanita from Xizang, China. Acta mycologica sinica 9(3): 206-217. Key to Sections _____. 1991. Distribution patterns of Amanita in Xizang (Tibet). Acta mycologica sinica 10 Section List (4): 288-295. Top of Bibliography Marchand, A. 1972. Champignons du nord et du midi. (Soc. Mycol. Pyrénées Médit., Per- Back to Top pignan). 1: 282 pp. [I find the spore measurements and other microscopic data in this work to be more in concert with my own observations than such data in other European works aimed at the general public.] _____. 1973. Champignons du nord et du midi. (Soc. Mycol. Pyrénées Médit., Perpignan). 2: 273 pp. Marr, C. D. 1979. Laccase and tyrosinase oxidation of spot test reagents. Mycotaxon 9: 244-276. _____, D. W. Grund and K. A. Harrison. 1986. The taxonomic potential of laccase and tyro- sinase spot tests. Mycologia 78: 169-184.

Amanita Bibliography - 8 Matsuda, I. and T. Hongo. 1955. Larger fungi from the sand dunes in Niigata-Prefecture (1). Journal of Japanese botany 30(5): 148-153(?). GSMNP Miller, O. K., Jr. 1992 [“1991”]. New species of Amanita from Western Australia. Cana- ATBI dian Journal of Botany 69: 2692-2703. _____. 1992. Three new species of Amanita from Western Australia. Mycologia 84(5): 679- 686. Montiel-Arcos, E., L. López, and G. Guzmán. 1984. El genero Amanita en el Estado de Amanita Pers. Morelos. Biótica 9(3): 223-242. Moreno Fuentes, A. 1993. Estudio fungístico de los macromicetos en el Municipio de (Amanitaceae) Bocoyna, Chihuahua, México. tésis profesional, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. 73 pp. Munsell Color. 1975. Munsell soil color charts. Baltimore. unpaginated.

Key to Sections Nagasawa, E. and T. Hongo. 1984. New taxa of Amanita: Three new species and one new form from western Japan. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 25: 367-376. Section List _____, _____. 1985. Some agarics from the San-in District, Japan. Memoirs of the National Top of Bibliography Science Museum, Tokyo 18: 73-88. Back to Top Pegler, D. N. 1986. Flora of Sri Lanka. Kew Bulletin Additional Series xii: vi + 519 pp. Peng, Y.-b. and L.-h. Liu. 1981. A new species of Amanita. Acta Microbiologica Sinica 21: 152-153, pl. I. Pérez-Silva, E. and R. M. Aroche Alfonso. 1983. Chromatographic and taxonomic evalua- tion of Amanita citrina (Agaricales). Mycologia 75: 1030-1035. _____ and T. Herrera. 1991. Iconografía de macromicetos de México. Publicaciones espe- ciales 6. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología). 136 pp. _____, _____ and G. Guzmán. 1970. Introducción al estudio de los macromicetos tóxicos de México. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 4: 49-53. Amanita Bibliography - 9 Petch, T. 1910. Revisions of Ceylon fungi 2. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 4: 373-444. GSMNP _____. 1924. Revisions of Ceylon fungi 7. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 9: 119-184. Pomerleau, R. 1966. Les amanites du Québec. Naturaliste Canad. 93: 861-887. ATBI _____. 1980. Flore des champignons au Québec. (Les Editions La Presse, Montréal). xvi+653 pp. _____. 1984. A propos du nom scientifique de l'oronge américaine. Naturaliste Canad. 111: 329-330. Amanita Pers. Purushothama, K. B. and K. Natarajan. 1987. Amanita flavfloccosa—an addition to (Amanitaceae) Indian agaric flora. Curr. Sci. 56: 1073-1074. [n.v.] Quintos, M., L. Varela and M. Valdés. 1984. Contribution to the study of the higher fungi, mainly the ectomycorrhizal species from the state of Durango (Mexico). Bol. Soc. Mex. Key to Sections Micol. 19: 283-290. Section List Reid, D. A. 1978. New species of Amanita (fungi) from Australia. Victorian Naturalist 95: 47-49. Top of Bibliography _____. 1980. A monograph of the Australian species of Amanita Persoon ex Hooker Back to Top (Fungi). Austral. J. Bot. Suppl. Ser. 8: 1-96. _____. 1987. New or interesting records of British hymenomycetes VII. Notes of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 44(3): 503-540. Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. (Published by the author, Washington, D. C.). iv+44 pp. + 43 pl. Ridley, G. S. 1991. The New Zealand species of Amanita (Fungi: Agaricales). Aust. Sys. Bot. 4: 325-354. _____. 1993 Limacella macrospora Stevenson and L. wheroparaonea, a new species, from New Zealand (Fungi, Agaricales, Amanitaceae). Aust. Sys. Bot. 6: 155-159. Amanita Bibliography - 10 Rodríguez-Scherzer, G. and L. Guzmán-Dávalos. 1984. The higher fungi from the Bio- sphere Reserves of Michilia and Mapimi, State of Durango (Mexico). Bol. Soc. Mex. GSMNP Micol. 19: 159-168. ATBI Romagnesi, H. 1984. Contribution à la solution du problème d’Amanita verna Bull. Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 100(2): 237-241. Rossman, A. Y., R. E. Tulloss, T. E. O’Dell, and R. G. Thorn, eds. 1998. Protocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of fungi in a Costa Rican Conservation Area. (Parkway Publ., Boone, NC). xviii+195 pp. Amanita Pers. Santiago, C., J. Cifuentes, and M. Villegas. 1984. Contribution to the knowledge of Aman- (Amanitaceae) ita subgenus Amanita in Mexico. Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 19: 93-105. Santiago-Martínez, G., A. Kong-Luz, A. Montoya Esquivel, and A. Estrada-Torres. 1990. Micobiota del Estado de Tlaxcala. Rev. Mex. Micol. 6: 227-243. Key to Sections Sathe, A. V. and J. Daniel. 1980. Agaricales (Mushrooms) of Kerala State in Agaricales of Section List South West India. A. V. Sathe, S. Deshpande, S. M. Kulkarni and J. Daniel, eds. (Maha- Top of Bibliography rashtra Assoc. for the Cultivation of Science, Pune): 75-108. Back to Top _____ and S. Deshpande. 1979?. Agaricales of Maharashtra. Advances in Mycology and Plant Pathology ?: 81-88. _____ and _____ 1980. Agaricales (Mushrooms) of Maharashtra State in Agaricales of South West India. A. V. Sathe, S. Deshpande, S. M. Kulkarni and J. Daniel, eds. (Maha- rashtra Assoc. for the Cultivation of Science, Pune): 9-42. [n.v.] _____ and S. M. Kulkarni. 1980. Agaricales (Mushrooms) of Karnataka State in Agaricales of South West India. A. V. Sathe, S. Deshpande, S. M. Kulkarni and J. Daniel, eds. (Maharashtra Assoc. for the Cultivation of Science, Pune): 43-73. [n.v.] _____ and K. C. Sasangan. 1977. Agaricales from South West India—III. Biovigyanam 3: 119-121. Amanita Bibliography - 11 Sazanova, N. A. 1993. On the macromycetes flora of the Anadyr River Basin. Mikol. Fito- patol. 27(3): 7-16. [In Russian] GSMNP Schalkwijk-Barendsen, H. M. E. 1991. Mushrooms of western Canada. (Lone Pine, Edmon- ATBI ton, Alberta). 415 pp. Shao Li-p'ing, Shen Jui-hsiang, Chang Su-hsuän, Hsiang Ts'un-t'i and T'anm Sung-shan eds. 1984. Chen chün fen lei hsueh (Classification of mycology). Pei-ching: Chung-kuo lin yeh ch'u pan she. 370 pp. [In Chinese.] Amanita Pers. Singer, R. 1957. Fungi mexicani, series prima--Agaricales. Sydowia 11(1-6): 354-374. Smith, H. V. 1945 [“1944”]. The genus Limacella in North America. Pap. Michigan Acad. (Amanitaceae) Sci. 30: 125-147, pl. I. Stevenson, G. 1962. The Agaricales of New Zealand 2. Amanitaceae. Kew Bulletin 16: 65- 74. Key to Sections Tan, H.-C. and R.-J. Wu. 1986. The ecological and geographical distribution of 108 species Section List of macromycetes from the subtropical, evergreen, broad-leaved forests in China. Myco- Top of Bibliography taxon 25: 183-194. Back to Top Tan T. K. 1990. A guide to tropical fungi. Singapore Science Centre. 144 pp. Teng, S. C. 1936. Additional fungi from China III. Sinensia 7(5): 529-569. Thiers, H. D. 1982. The Agaricales of California. 1. Amanitaceae, (Mad River, Eureka). pp. + unnumbered plates. _____ and J. F. Ammirati, Jr. 1982. New species of Amanita from western North America. Mycotaxon 15: 155-166. Tulloss, R. E. 1984. Distribution and taxonomic notes on Amanita mutabilis. Mycologia 76: 555-558. _____. 1988. Amanita sinicoflava: A new species from eastern North America. Mycotaxon 32: 421-431. Amanita Bibliography - 12 _____. 1989. Amanita ristichii: a new species from New England with basidia dominantly 2-spored. Mycotaxon 35: 363-369. GSMNP _____. 1989a. Amanita eburnea—a new species from Central America. Mycotaxon 36: 1-7. ATBI _____. 1990. Amanita salmonescens—a new species from the southeastern United States. Mycotaxon 38: 125-132. _____. 1990a. Amanita crenulata—History, taxonomy, distribution, and poisonings. Myco- taxon 39: 393-405. Amanita Pers. _____. 1991. Amanita morrisii—history, taxonomy, and distribution. Mycotaxon 40: 281- 286. (Amanitaceae) _____. 1993. Amanita pachysperma, Amanita subvirginiana, and Amanita virginiana (tax- onomy and distribution) with notes on description of the lamella trama in Amanita. Mycotaxon 49: 449-475. Key to Sections _____. 1993a. A curatorial problem with certain amanitas. Inoculum 43(3): 7. Section List _____. 1994. Type studies in Amanita section Vaginatae I: Some taxa described in this Top of Bibliography Century (studies 1-23) with notes on description of spores and refractive hyphae in Back to Top Amanita. Mycotaxon 52: 305-396. _____. 1997. Assessment of similarity indices for undesirable properties and a new tripar- tite similarity index based on cost functions. In: Mycology in Sustainable Development: Expanding Concepts, Vanishing Borders. M. E. Palm and I. H. Chapela, eds. (Parkway Publishers, Boone, North Carolina): 122-143. _____. 1998 [“1997”]. Provisional world key to species closely related to with notes on the slender Caesar’s mushrooms of eastern North America. McIlvainea 13(1): 46-53. _____. 1998a. Notes on and phenetically related taxa and preliminary findings concerning some material determined as Amanita crocea in Mexico and the Amanita Bibliography - 13 U.S.A. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 40(2-3): 447-455. _____ and T. Borgen. 1996. Amanita mortenii—a correction. Emendation was inappropri- ate. Mycotaxon 59: 419-425. GSMNP _____ and A. E. Franco-Molano. 1998?. Studies on Amanita in Colombia—supplement I. ATBI Mycotaxon ?: to appear. _____ and Halling, R. E. 1997. Type studies of Amanita morenoi and Amanita pseu- dospreta and a reinterpretation of crassospores in Amanita. Mycologia 89: 278-288. _____ and D. T. Jenkins. 1985. Validation of Amanita longipes. Mycotaxon 22: 439-442. Amanita Pers. _____ and _____. 1986. Notes on distribution of . Mycotaxon 26: 81-83. _____ and D. P. Lewis. 1994. Amanita westii—taxonomy and distribution. a rare species (Amanitaceae) from states bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Mycotaxon 50: 131-138. _____ and J. E. Lindgren. 1994. Amanita novinupta—a rubescent, white species from the Key to Sections western United States and southwestern Canada. Mycotaxon 51: 179-190. Section List _____ and F. Massart. 1998. Quelques observations courtes et preliminaires sur Amanita asteropus and Amanita aestivalis. Doc. Mycol. 27(109-110): 73-76, 119, pl. 5(figs. A-D). Top of Bibliography _____ and E. Moses. 1995. Amanita populiphila—a new species from the central United Back to Top States. Mycotaxon 53: 455-466. _____, C. L. Ovrebo, and R. E. Halling. 1992. Studies on Amanita (Agaricales) from Andean Colombia. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 66: 1-46. _____, E. Pérez-Silva, and T. Herrera. 1995. Amanita longitibiale—a new species of Aman- ita section Phalloideae from central Mexico and southeastern U.S.A. Mycotaxon 54: 195- 202. ____, Stephenson, S. L., R. P. Bhatt, and A. Kumar. 1995. Studies of Amanita (Amanita- ceae) in West Virginia and adjacent areas of the mid-Appalachians. Preliminary results. Mycotaxon 56: 243-293.

Amanita Bibliography - 14 _____ and G. Wright. 1989. Amanita protecta—a new species from coastal Southern Cali- fornia. Mycotaxon 34: 615-622. GSMNP _____, A. M. Young, and A. E. Wood. 1995. Amanita murinoflammeum—a new species ATBI from dry forests of eastern Australia. Mycotaxon 56: 295-302. Villarreal, L. and G. Guzmán. 1986. Production of the wild edible mushrooms in the for- ests of Mexico (part III). Rev. Mex. Micol. 2: 259-277. Wang, Y.-c. 1973. Two new species of Agaricales. Acta Microbiologica Sinica 13: 7-10. Amanita Pers. Wasson, R. G. 1968. Soma: divine mushroom of immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. xiv + 381 pp. (Amanitaceae) _____. 1971. The Soma of the Rig Veda: What Was It? J. Amer. Orient. Soc. 91(2): 169-187. Watling, R. 1971. Chemical tests in agaricology. Methods in . C. Booth, ed. Key to Sections (Academic Press, London) 4: 567-597. Section List _____ and N. M. Gregory. 1980. Larger fungi from Kashmir. Nova Hedwigia 33: 493-564. Top of Bibliography Weber, N. S., Smith, A. H. 1985. A field guide to southern mushrooms, (Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor). viii+280 pp. Back to Top Xie Zhixi, Wang Yun and Wang Bai. 1986. Illustrations of agarics of Changbai Mountains, China. Jinlin Scientific and Technological Press. 288 pp. Yang, C. L. 1992. Amanita caesarea (Scop.:Fr.) Pers. ex Schw. Edible Fungi of China 11(6): front cover illustration. Yang, Z. L. 1994. Studies of the genus Amanita from southwestern China (I). Mycotaxon 51: 459-470. _____. 1997. Die Amanita-Arten von Südwestchina. Biblioth. Mycol. 170: i-ii, 1-240.

Amanita Bibliography - 15

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