Naturstoffe Im Chemieunterricht: Chemie Mit Pilzen

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Naturstoffe Im Chemieunterricht: Chemie Mit Pilzen Neue experimentelle Designs zum Thema Naturstoffe im Chemieunterricht: Chemie mit Pilzen DISS,RTATI.N 0ur ,rlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium 1Dr. rer. nat.2 vorgelegt dem Rat der Chemisch -Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultt der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt Jena von Jan-Markus Teuscher ge oren am 11.08.1972 in (arl-Mar)-Stadt Gutachter: 1: Prof. Dr. Volker Woest, Arbeitsgruppe Chemiedidaktik 2: Dr. Dieter Weiß, Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Tag der öffentlichen Verteidigung: 25.05.2011 Inhaltsverzeichnis S e i t e 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. 5 Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................................. 5 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung ................................................................................................. 7 2 Biologische Grundlage ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Betrachtung der Pilze im Wandel der Zeit .................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Vorgeschichtliche Zeit ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Europäisches Altertum – Anfänge der Naturwissenschaft ................................... 9 2.1.3 Mittelalterliche Scholastik .................................................................................. 11 2.1.4 Kräuterbücher der Renaissance .......................................................................... 11 2.1.5 Anfänge der Mikroskopie ................................................................................... 12 2.1.6 Systematik, Morphologie, Entdeckung der pflanzlichen Sexualität .................. 13 2.1.7 Beginn der modernen biologischen Nomenklatur .............................................. 14 2.1.8 Tafelwerke des 18. Jahrhunderts ........................................................................ 14 2.1.9 Begründung der Mykologie ............................................................................... 15 2.1.10 Romantische Naturphilosophie .......................................................................... 15 2.1.11 Zunehmende Spezialisierung ............................................................................. 16 2.1.12 Entwicklungsbiologie, Entdeckung der Symbiose ............................................. 17 2.1.13 Jüngste Vergangenheit und Gegenwart .............................................................. 18 2.2 Einordnung und Definition der Pilze ......................................................................... 18 2.3 Morphologie .............................................................................................................. 19 2.4 Fortpflanzung und Verbreitung ................................................................................. 20 2.5 Ernährung .................................................................................................................. 21 2.6 Systematik ................................................................................................................. 22 3 Chemie der Pilze .............................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Erste chemische Pilzanalysen .................................................................................... 27 3.2 Inhaltsstoffe der Pilze ................................................................................................ 33 3.2.1 Mineralstoffe ...................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2 Kohlenhydrate und deren Derivate .................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Proteine, Aminosäuren und andere Stickstoffverbindungen .............................. 37 3.2.4 Lipide, Fette, Fettsäuren ..................................................................................... 39 3.2.5 Giftstoffe ............................................................................................................ 42 3.2.6 Aromastoffe ........................................................................................................ 52 3.2.7 Farbstoffe ........................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Abbau von Biopolymeren durch Pilze....................................................................... 63 4 Pilze im Unterricht ........................................................................................................... 67 4.1 Pilze im Biologieunterricht ........................................................................................ 67 4.1.1 Behandlung der Pilze im Lehrplan Biologie ...................................................... 67 4.1.2 Weiterführende Ansätze zur Behandlung der Pilze im Biologieunterricht ........ 69 4.2 Pilze im Chemieunterricht ......................................................................................... 72 4.2.1 Behandlung der Pilze im Lehrplan Chemie ....................................................... 72 4.2.2 Ansätze zur Behandlung der Pilze im Chemieunterricht ................................... 72 5 Schulexperimente mit Pilzen ............................................................................................ 81 5.1 Nachweis von allgemeinen Grund- und Nährstoffen in Pilzen ................................. 85 5.1.1 Stärkenachweis ................................................................................................... 85 5.1.2 Cellulosenachweis .............................................................................................. 85 5.1.3 Glucosenachweis ................................................................................................ 86 5.1.4 Proteinnachweis ................................................................................................. 87 5.1.5 Nachweis der Aminosäuren durch Dünnschichtchromatographie ..................... 88 5.1.6 Fettextraktion ..................................................................................................... 90 S e i t e 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.1.7 Nachweis ungesättigter Fettsäuren in Pilzfett .................................................... 91 5.1.8 Nachweis von Vitamin C ................................................................................... 92 5.1.9 Wassernachweis ................................................................................................. 92 5.1.10 Bestimmung des Wasser- beziehungsweise Trockensubstanzgehaltes .............. 93 5.1.11 Bestimmung des Aschegehaltes ......................................................................... 94 5.1.12 Nachweis von Mineralstoffen mittels Flammprobe ........................................... 95 5.2 Farbreaktionen ........................................................................................................... 96 5.2.1 Nachweis von Anthrachinonen in Hautköpfen .................................................. 98 5.2.2 Nachweis von Polyporsäure im Zimtfarbenen Weichporling ............................ 99 5.2.3 Darstellung von Terphenylchinonen .................................................................. 99 5.2.4 Nachweis von Fomentariol im Zunderschwamm ............................................. 100 5.2.5 Blauende Röhrlinge – Pulvinsäure-Derivate .................................................... 101 5.2.6 Malen mit Pilzen .............................................................................................. 102 5.2.7 Wielandscher Zeitungstest ............................................................................... 103 5.3 Tintlingstinte ............................................................................................................ 104 5.4 Porlingspapier .......................................................................................................... 105 5.5 Färben mit Pilzen ..................................................................................................... 108 5.5.1 Begriffsklärungen ............................................................................................. 108 5.5.2 Wie hält der Farbstoff auf der Faser? ............................................................... 109 5.5.3 Beizen der Wolle .............................................................................................. 110 5.5.4 Der Färbeprozess .............................................................................................. 112 5.5.5 Färbepilze ......................................................................................................... 113 5.5.6 Zur Giftigkeit von Färbepilzen ......................................................................... 117 5.5.7 Pilotstudie zum Färben mit Pilzen ................................................................... 117 5.6 Zunder aus Zunderschwamm................................................................................... 120 5.6.1 Der Zunderschwamm ....................................................................................... 122 5.6.2 Zunderherstellung ............................................................................................. 122 5.6.3 Feuermachen mit Stahl, Stein und Zunder ....................................................... 123 5.6.4 Chemisch-Physikalischer Hintergrund
Recommended publications
  • Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in the Genus Amanita
    1170 Molecular phylogenetic studies in the genus Amanita I5ichael Weiß, Zhu-Liang Yang, and Franz Oberwinkler Abstracl A group of 49 Amanita species that had been thoroughly examined morphologically and amtomically was analyzed by DNA sequence compadson to estimate natural groups and phylogenetic rclationships within the genus. Nuclear DNA sequences coding for a part of the ribosomal large subunit were determined and evaluated using neighbor-joining with bootstrap analysis, parsimony analysis, conditional clustering, and maximum likelihood methods, Sections Amanita, Caesarea, Vaginatae, Validae, Phalloideae, and Amidella were substantially confirmed as monophyletic groups, while the monophyly of section Lepidell.t remained unclear. Branching topologies between and within sections could also pafiially be derived. Stbgenera Amanita an'd Lepidella were not supported. The Mappae group was included in section Validae. Grouping hypotheses obtained by DNA analyses are discussed in relation to the distribution of morphological and anatomical chamcters in the studied species. Key words: fungi, basidiomycetes phylogeny, Agarrcales, Amanita systematics, large subunit rDNA, 28S. R6sum6 : A partir d'un groupe de 49 esp,ces d'Amanita prdalablement examinees morphologiquement et anatomiquement, les auteurs ont utilisd la comparaison des s€quences d'ADN pour ddfinir les groupes naturels et les relations phylog6ndtiques de ce genre. Les sdquences de I'ADN nucl6aire codant pour une partie de la grande sous-unit6 ribosomale ont 6t6 ddterminEes et €valu6es en utilisant l'analyse par liaison en lacet avec le voisin (neighbor-joining with bootstrap), l'analyse en parcimonie, le rcgroupement conditionnel et les m€thodes de ressemblance maximale. Les rdsultats confirment substantiellement les sections Afiarira, Caesarea, Uaqinatae, Ualidae, Phalloideae et Amidella, comme groupes monophyldtiques, alors que la monophylie de la section Lepidella demerxe obscure.
    [Show full text]
  • Mushrooms Russia and History
    MUSHROOMS RUSSIA AND HISTORY BY VALENTINA PAVLOVNA WASSON AND R.GORDON WASSON VOLUME I PANTHEON BOOKS • NEW YORK COPYRIGHT © 1957 BY R. GORDON WASSON MANUFACTURED IN ITALY FOR THE AUTHORS AND PANTHEON BOOKS INC. 333, SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 14, N. Y. www.NewAlexandria.org/ archive CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES VII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT XIII PREFACE XVII VOLUME I I. MUSHROOMS AND THE RUSSIANS 3 II. MUSHROOMS AND THE ENGLISH 19 III. MUSHROOMS AND HISTORY 37 IV. MUSHROOMS FOR MURDERERS 47 V. THE RIDDLE OF THE TOAD AND OTHER SECRETS MUSHROOMIC 65 1. The Venomous Toad 66 2. Basques and Slovaks 77 3. The Cripple, the Toad, and the Devil's Bread 80 4. The 'Pogge Cluster 92 5. Puff balls, Filth, and Vermin 97 6. The Sponge Cluster 105 7. Punk, Fire, and Love 112 8. The Gourd Cluster 127 9. From 'Panggo' to 'Pupik' 138 10. Mucus, Mushrooms, and Love 145 11. The Secrets of the Truffle 166 12. 'Gripau' and 'Crib' 185 13. The Flies in the Amanita 190 v CONTENTS VOLUME II V. THE RIDDLE OF THE TOAD AND OTHER SECRETS MUSHROOMIC (CONTINUED) 14. Teo-Nandcatl: the Sacred Mushrooms of the Nahua 215 15. Teo-Nandcatl: the Mushroom Agape 287 16. The Divine Mushroom: Archeological Clues in the Valley of Mexico 322 17. 'Gama no Koshikake and 'Hegba Mboddo' 330 18. The Anatomy of Mycophobia 335 19. Mushrooms in Art 351 20. Unscientific Nomenclature 364 Vale 374 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 381 APPENDIX I: Mushrooms in Tolstoy's 'Anna Karenina 391 APPENDIX II: Aksakov's 'Remarks and Observations of a Mushroom Hunter' 394 APPENDIX III: Leuba's 'Hymn to the Morel' 400 APPENDIX IV: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Early Mexican Sources 404 INDEX OF FUNGAL METAPHORS AND SEMANTIC ASSOCIATIONS 411 INDEX OF MUSHROOM NAMES 414 INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES 421 VI LIST OF PLATES VOLUME I JEAN-HENRI FABRE.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Check List and Host Index Arizona Wood
    Annotated Check List and Host Index for Arizona Wood-Rotting Fungi Item Type text; Book Authors Gilbertson, R. L.; Martin, K. J.; Lindsey, J. P. Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 28/09/2021 02:18:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/602154 Annotated Check List and Host Index for Arizona Wood - Rotting Fungi Technical Bulletin 209 Agricultural Experiment Station The University of Arizona Tucson AÏfJ\fOTA TED CHECK LI5T aid HOST INDEX ford ARIZONA WOOD- ROTTlNg FUNGI /. L. GILßERTSON K.T IyIARTiN Z J. P, LINDSEY3 PRDFE550I of PLANT PATHOLOgY 2GRADUATE ASSISTANT in I?ESEARCI-4 36FZADAATE A5 S /STANT'" TEACHING Z z l'9 FR5 1974- INTRODUCTION flora similar to that of the Gulf Coast and the southeastern United States is found. Here the major tree species include hardwoods such as Arizona is characterized by a wide variety of Arizona sycamore, Arizona black walnut, oaks, ecological zones from Sonoran Desert to alpine velvet ash, Fremont cottonwood, willows, and tundra. This environmental diversity has resulted mesquite. Some conifers, including Chihuahua pine, in a rich flora of woody plants in the state. De- Apache pine, pinyons, junipers, and Arizona cypress tailed accounts of the vegetation of Arizona have also occur in association with these hardwoods. appeared in a number of publications, including Arizona fungi typical of the southeastern flora those of Benson and Darrow (1954), Nichol (1952), include Fomitopsis ulmaria, Donkia pulcherrima, Kearney and Peebles (1969), Shreve and Wiggins Tyromyces palustris, Lopharia crassa, Inonotus (1964), Lowe (1972), and Hastings et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycena Sect. Galactopoda: Two New Species, a Key to the Known Species and a Note on the Circumscription of the Section
    Mycosphere 4 (4): 653–659 (2013) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2013 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/1 Mycena sect. Galactopoda: two new species, a key to the known species and a note on the circumscription of the section Aravindakshan DM and Manimohan P* Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India Aravindakshan DM, Manimohan P 2013 – Mycena sect. Galactopoda: two new species, a key to the known species and a note on the circumscription of the section. Mycosphere 4(4), 653–659, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/4/1 Abstract Mycena lohitha sp. nov. and M. babruka sp. nov. are described from Kerala State, India and are assigned to sect. Galactopoda. Comprehensive descriptions, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided. A key is provided that differentiates all known species of the sect. Galactopoda. The circumscription of the section needs to be expanded to include some of the species presently assigned to it including the new species described here and a provisional, expanded circumscription of the section is followed in this paper. Key words – Agaricales – Basidiomycota – biodiversity – Mycenaceae – taxonomy Introduction Section Galactopoda (Earle) Maas Geest. of the genus Mycena (Pers.) Roussel (Mycenaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) comprises species with medium-sized basidiomata with stipes that often exude a fluid when cut, exhibit coarse whitish fibrils at the base, and turn blackish when dried. Additionally they have ellipsoid and amyloid basidiospores, cheilocystidia that are generally fusiform and often with coloured contents, and hyphae of the pileipellis and stipitipellis covered with excrescences and diverticulate side branches.
    [Show full text]
  • SOMA News March 2011
    VOLUME 23 ISSUE 7 March 2011 SOMA IS AN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO MYCOLOGY. WE ENCOURAGE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS BY SHARING OUR ENTHUSIASM THROUGH PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND GUIDED FORAYS. WINTER/SPRING 2011 SPEAKER OF THE MONTH SEASON CALENDAR March Connie and Patrick March 17th » Meeting—7pm —“A Show and Tell”— Sonoma County Farm Bureau Speaker: Connie Green & Patrick March 17th—7pm Hamilton Foray March. 19th » Salt Point April April 21st » Meeting—7pm Sonoma County Farm Bureau Speaker: Langdon Cook Foray April 23rd » Salt Point May May 19th » Meeting—7pm Sonoma County Farm Bureau Speaker: Bob Cummings Foray May: Possible Morel Camping! eparated at birth but from the same litter Connie Green and Patrick Hamilton have S traveled (endured?) mushroom journeys together for almost two decades. They’ve been to the humid and hot jaguar jungles of Chiapas chasing tropical mushrooms and to EMERGENCY the cloud forests of the Sierra Madre for boletes and Indigo milky caps. In the cold and wet wilds of Alaska they hiked a spruce and hemlock forest trail to watch grizzly bears MUSHROOM tearing salmon bellies just a few yards away. POISONING IDENTIFICATION In the remote Queen Charlotte Islands their bush plane flew over “fields of golden chanterelles,” landed on the ocean, and then off into a zany Zodiac for a ride over a cold After seeking medical attention, contact and roiling sea alongside some low flying puffins to the World Heritage Site of Ninstints. Darvin DeShazer for identification at The two of them have gazed at glaciers and berry picked on muskeg bogs. More than a (707) 829-0596.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mycophile 52:2 March/April 2012
    VOLUME 52:2 March-April 2012 www.namyco.org PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE by Bob Fulgency I am pleased to report that outstanding west coast in food establishments.” The growing problem of safety mycologist Dr. Tom Bruns has accepted an invitaon to associated with the unregulated sale of wild mushroom become a NAMA Ins:tu:onal Trustee. Tom is a to the public was what generated CFP’s interest. professor and associate chair at the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at the University of California, The Commi`ee’s plan is to develop a blueprint that Berkeley, and he is a past president of the Mycological regulatory agencies can follow to allow them to exercise Society of America. He received an M.S. from the meaningful control over all facets of wild mushroom University of Minnesota and a Ph.D. from the University harves:ng and distribu:on. At this :me, the Commi`ee of Michigan. He has published over 120 ar:cles on fungal intends to submit five recommendaons to CFP for ecology and evolu:on and is best known for his work of consideraon. Of par:cular interest is the training of ectomycorrhizal communi:es. I know Tom will make approved mushroom iden:fiers. Based on this plan, each important contribu:ons to NAMA's ongoing mission of state or region will be expected to develop a list of suppor:ng the scien:fic study of fungi. mushrooms that can be collected in the area. Further, it will be responsible for training candidates and Issues surrounding regulatory oversight of wild subsequently test them for their knowledge of wild mushroom harves:ng and sale s:ll linger.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 346508, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/346508 Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species S. K. Sharma1 and N. Gautam2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur 176 062, India 2Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India Correspondence should be addressed to N. Gautam; [email protected] Received 8 May 2015; Accepted 11 June 2015 Academic Editor: Miroslav Pohanka Copyright © 2015 S. K. Sharma and N. Gautam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The chemical, bioactive, and antioxidant potential of twenty wild culinary mushroom species being consumed by the peopleof northern Himalayan regions has been evaluated for the first time in the present study. Nutrients analyzed include protein, crude fat, fibres, carbohydrates, and monosaccharides. Besides, preliminary study on the detection of toxic compounds was done on these species. Bioactive compounds evaluated are fatty acids, amino acids, tocopherol content, carotenoids (-carotene, lycopene), flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanidins. Fruitbodies extract of all the species was tested for different types of antioxidant assays. Although differences were observed in the net values of individual species all the species were found to be rich in protein, and carbohydrates and low in fat. Glucose was found to be the major monosaccharide. Predominance of UFA (65–70%) over SFA (30–35%) was observed in all the species with considerable amounts of other bioactive compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological and Pharmacological Profile of Amanita Muscaria (L.) Lam
    Pharmacia 67(4): 317–323 DOI 10.3897/pharmacia.67.e56112 Review Article Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. – a new rising opportunity for biomedicine Maria Voynova1, Aleksandar Shkondrov2, Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina1, Ilina Krasteva2 1 Laboratory of Drug metabolism and drug toxicity, Department “Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria Corresponding author: Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina ([email protected]) Received 2 July 2020 ♦ Accepted 19 August 2020 ♦ Published 26 November 2020 Citation: Voynova M, Shkondrov A, Kondeva-Burdina M, Krasteva I (2020) Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. – a new rising opportunity for biomedicine. Pharmacia 67(4): 317–323. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67. e56112 Abstract Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete. Its main psychoactive constituents are ibotenic acid and mus- cimol, both involved in ‘pantherina-muscaria’ poisoning syndrome. The rising pharmacological and toxicological interest based on lots of contradictive opinions concerning the use of Amanita muscaria extracts’ neuroprotective role against some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, its potent role in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia and other socially significant health conditions gave the basis for this review. Facts about Amanita muscaria’s morphology, chemical content, toxicological and pharmacological characteristics and usage from ancient times to present-day’s opportunities in modern medicine are presented. Keywords Amanita muscaria, muscimol, ibotenic acid Introduction rica, the genus had an ancestral origin in the Siberian-Be- ringian region in the Tertiary period (Geml et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenomycetes from Multan District
    Pak. J. Bot., 39(2): 651-657, 2007. HYMENOMYCETES FROM MULTAN DISTRICT KISHWAR SULTANA, MISBAH GUL*, SYEDA SIDDIQA FIRDOUS* AND REHANA ASGHAR* Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Garden Avenue, Shakarparian, Islamabad, Pakistan. *Department of Botany, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Twenty samples of mushroom and toadstools (Hymenomycetes) were collected from Multan district during July-October 2003. Twelve species belonging to 8 genera of class Basidiomycetes were recorded for the 1st time from Multan: Albatrellus caeruleoporus (Peck.) Pauzar, Agaricus arvensis Sch., Agaricus semotus Fr., Agaricus silvaticus Schaef., Coprinus comatus (Muell. ex. Fr.), S.F. Gray, Hypholoma marginatum (Pers.) Schroet., Hypholoma radicosum Lange., Marasmiellus omphaloides (Berk.) Singer, Panaeolus fimicola (Pers. ex. Fr.) Quel., Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire, Psathyrella artemisiae (Pass.) K. M. and Podaxis pistilaris (L. ex. Pers.) Fr. Seven of these species are edible or of medicinal value. Introduction Multan lies between north latitude 29’-22’ and 30’-45’ and east longitude 71’-4’ and 72’ 4’55. It is located in a bend created by five confluent rivers. It is about 215 meters (740 feet) above sea level. The mean rainfall of the area surveyed is 125mm in the Southwest and 150 mm in the Northeast. The hottest months are May and June with the mean temperature ranging from 107°F to 109°F, while mean temperature of Multan from July to October is 104°F. The mean rainfall from July to October is 18 mm. The soils are moderately calcareous with pH ranging from 8.2 to 8.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Newly Recorded Amanita Taxa from India
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 17, Number 1, April 2016 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 342-348 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d170146 Four newly recorded Amanita taxa from India YADWINDER SINGH♥, MUNRUCHI KAUR Department of Botany, Punjabi University, University College of Engineering Rd, Urban Estate Phase II, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India. Tel.::+91 175 304 6265, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 9 March 2015. Revision accepted: 16 April 2016. Abstract. Singh Y, Kaur M. 2016. Four newly recorded Amanita taxa from India. Biodiversitas 17: 342-348. During the fungal forays in district Himachal Pradesh of North Western India, four unrecorded taxa of Amanita were collected. They are Amanita flavoconia var. flavoconia, A. flavoconia var. inquinata, A. pilosella f. pilosella and A. porphyria. A. flavoconia var. flavoconia is distinctive in having a brilliant yellow to yellow orange cap, with white lamellae and a stipe base turning light brownish on injury. Whereas. A. flavoconia var. inquinata possesses brownish orange to yellowish orange to orange yellow, subvicid pileus, having white to pastel yellow stipe, annulus grayish yellow, superior and volva forming broken rings of yellow patches around the bulb. A. pilosella f. pilosella unique in possessing grayish brown or brownish beige pileus having thick irregular warts and white lamellae edges. A. porphyria is represented by nonstriate pileus margin, off white stipe, decorated with grayish squamules, with violaceous tinge and has a marginate bulb, annulus is persistent, off white above and light grey below and volva is friable, as grey, cottony mass at the margin of the bulb. Keywords: Amanitaceae, new record, India, taxonomy INTRODUCTION microscope (Olympus) on 100x and 40x by cutting free hand sections of revived part of the dried specimen and The genus Amanita belongs to the family Amanitaceae staining them in 1% cotton blue or 2% congo red.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms
    Available online at www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 38 (2) 2010, Special Issue, 147-151 Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms Carmen Cristina ELEKES1) , Gabriela BUSUIOC1) , Gheorghe IONITA 2) 1) Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnologies, Bd. Regele Carol I, no. 2, Romania; [email protected] 2) Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics, Bd. Regele Carol I, no. 2, Romania Abstract Due to their effective mechanism of accumulation of heavy metals from soil, the macrofungi show high concentrations of metals in their fruiting body. According with this ability, the mushrooms can be used to evaluate and control the level of environmental pollution, but also represent danger for human ingestion. We analyzed some macrofungi species from a wooded area to establish the heavy metal concentrations and ability of bioaccumulation and translocation for Zn, Cu and Sn in fruiting body. The metallic content was established by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry method (ICP-AES). The minimal detection limits of method is 0.4 mg/kg for Zn and Cu and 0.6 mg/kg for Sn. Heavy metals concentrations in the fruiting body ranged between 6.98- 20.10 mg/kg for Zn (the higher value was for Tapinella atrotomentosa); 16.13-144.94 mg/kg for Cu (the higher value was for Hypholoma fasciculare); and 24.36-150.85 mg/kg for Sn (the higher value was for Paxillus involutus).
    [Show full text]
  • Amanita Muscaria: Ecology, Chemistry, Myths
    Entry Amanita muscaria: Ecology, Chemistry, Myths Quentin Carboué * and Michel Lopez URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Definition: Amanita muscaria is the most emblematic mushroom in the popular representation. It is an ectomycorrhizal fungus endemic to the cold ecosystems of the northern hemisphere. The basidiocarp contains isoxazoles compounds that have specific actions on the central nervous system, including hallucinations. For this reason, it is considered an important entheogenic mushroom in different cultures whose remnants are still visible in some modern-day European traditions. In Siberian civilizations, it has been consumed for religious and recreational purposes for millennia, as it was the only inebriant in this region. Keywords: Amanita muscaria; ibotenic acid; muscimol; muscarine; ethnomycology 1. Introduction Thanks to its peculiar red cap with white spots, Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. is the most iconic mushroom in modern-day popular culture. In many languages, its vernacular names are fly agaric and fly amanita. Indeed, steeped in a bowl of milk, it was used to Citation: Carboué, Q.; Lopez, M. catch flies in houses for centuries in Europe due to its ability to attract and intoxicate flies. Amanita muscaria: Ecology, Chemistry, Although considered poisonous when ingested fresh, this mushroom has been consumed Myths. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 905–914. as edible in many different places, such as Italy and Mexico [1]. Many traditional recipes https://doi.org/10.3390/ involving boiling the mushroom—the water containing most of the water-soluble toxic encyclopedia1030069 compounds is then discarded—are available. In Japan, the mushroom is dried, soaked in brine for 12 weeks, and rinsed in successive washings before being eaten [2].
    [Show full text]