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PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication Two new records of gilled mushrooms of the genus Amanita (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) from India R.K. Verma, V. Pandro & G.R. Rao 26 January 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 1 | Pages: 15194–15200 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4822.12.1.15194-15200 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Partner Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2020 | 12(1): 15194–15200 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4822.12.1.15194-15200 #4822 | Received 14 January 2019 | Final received 09 January 2020 | Finally accepted 12 January 2020 S h o r Two new records of gilled mushrooms of the genus Amanita t (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) from India C o m R.K. Verma 1 , V. Pandro 2 & G.R. Rao 3 m u n 1,2,3 Tropical Forest Research Insttute, P.O.: R.F.R.C., Mandla Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482021, India. i 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] c a t i o Abstract: Two new records of Amanita constricta and Amanita velosa Some other edible macro-fungi, Astraeus hygrometricus, n from India are reported for the frst tme from sal Shorea robusta forest Auricularia auricular-judae, Calvata cyathiformis C. of central India. Earlier Amanita constricta was reported from USA , and Canada, while A. velosa was reported from USA and Mexico. The pyriformis, Laetporus sulphureus, Macrocybe crassa, reported species are edible but they should be taken with cauton as Macrocybe lobayensis, and Schizophyllum commune at least two deadly Amanitas with saccate type volvas are known. A. velosa grows in open areas. were reported from central India (Verma & Verma 2017a,b; Verma et al. 2017a,b,c). In additon, six Keywords: Amanitaceae, distributon, new record, sal forest. species each of Boletus and Russula namely: Boletellus ananas, B. chrysenteroides, B. corneri, B. dissiliens, Boletus edulis, B. pseudochrysenteroides, R. adusta, The genus Amanita belongs to family Amanitaceae, R. cinerella, R. congoana, R. delicula, R. leelavathyi, order Agaricales, class Agaricomycetes of and R. michiganensis) were also reported (Verma & Basidiomycetous fungi. The family contains of eight Pandro 2018b). A total of 81 species of mushrooms of genera, namely, Amanita, Amanitopsis, Amarrendia, the family Amanitaceae were recorded from diferent Catatrama, Limacella, Saproamanita and Torrendia parts of India including 73 species of Amanita, where (Verma & Pandro 2018a). This group of mushroom maximum number of species were reported from comprises of edible as well as deadly poisonous species. Himachal Pradesh, Utarakhand, and Kerala and the list Mushroom poisoning is a perennial problem in India includes both poisonous and edible mushrooms (Bhat where mushroom collecton from the wild is common. et al. 1999, 2017; Vrinda et al. 2005a,b; Semwal et al. The majority of mushroom poisoning occurs due to 2005, 2007, 2014; Verma & Pandro 2018). misidentfcaton of edible variety. Recently, diversites The present artcle reports two new records of of macro-fungi were studied and many fungi were amanitaceous mushrooms, Amanita constricta and reported from central Indian region including two new Amanita velosa, from sal forests of Dindori (Madhya records of Amanita bisporigera and A. pantherina from Pradesh) of central India. sal Shorea robusta forests (Verma & Pandro 2018a). Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 January 2020 (online & print) Citaton: Verma, R.K., V. Pandro & G.R. Rao (2020). Two new records of gilled mushrooms of the genus Amanita (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(1): 15194–15200. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4822.12.1.15194-15200 Copyright: © Verma et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: This work was done under a project funded by Indian Council of Forestry Research & Educaton (ICFRE), Dehradun. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Acknowledgements: The work presented here was conducted under project ID No. 224/TFRI/2016/Patho-1(22) funded by Indian Council of Forestry Research & Educaton (ICFRE), Dehradun. 15194 J TT New records of Amanita from India Verma et al. Materials and Methods monographs, books, and keys. (Roy & Samajpat 1978; Study site Sathe et al. 1980; Bhat & Lakhanpal 1988; 1989; Sal forest of Dindori District of Madhya Pradesh Abraham & Kachroo 1989; Das & Simha 1990; Bhat & (22.5690N and 81.3710E) was selected for study of Bhat 1996; Bhat et al. 1999, 2003, 2007, 2017; Vrinda Amanita mushrooms. In additon, sal forest of Bajag et al. 2005a,b; Semwal et al. 2005, 2007, 2014; Semwal forest range (Chada Road) of Madhya Pradesh was also 2006a,b; Pradeep & Vrinda 2007; Mohanan 2011; Farook surveyed for amanitaceous mushrooms. et al. 2013; Singh & Kaur 2016). Collecton and processing of mushroom Results Specimens of mushrooms were collected from Taxonomic Descripton selected forests of Madhya Pradesh during rainy 1. Amanita constricta Thiers & Ammirat, season (July 2018). Collected samples were preserved Mycotaxon, 1982 (Images 1–2) immediately in 70% alcohol afer collecton for The cap 5–7.5cm wide, convex when young, becoming microscopic study. The fruit bodies of fungi were dried plano-convex to plane, eventually subumbonate to under the sun or in wooden box lit with 100W electric umbonate in old age, strongly sulcate to tuberculate bulb. striate margin. Cap brownish-gray, ofen with inconspicuous dark radial streaks. Flesh usually white, Identfcaton of mushroom sometmes becoming faintly pinkish with exposure. Microscopic slides were prepared by using stain, Volva mainly present as a membranous fbrillose patch mountant, clearing and sofening chemicals. Slides were over the umbo; white to buf to smoke gray-brown- observed under advanced research microscope (Leica, salmon color. Gills are close to crowded, adnate to Germany). Observatons under phase contrast and decurrent by a short hook when young, becoming free, dark feld were also carried out whenever necessary. white at frst, becoming gray, and drying tan to sordid tan Photomicrography of specimens was prepared with to brownish gray. Gills are moderately broad with the the help of a digital camera (Leica, Germany) atached edge usually gray and fbrillose. The stpe is 6–9cm long to the advanced microscope. Identfcaton of Amanita x 1–1.5cm wide, white, cylindric or narrowing upward, was possible with the help of published literature, and exannulate. Hyphae 2.5–7.5µm wide. Basidia 37– A B Image 1. Amanita constricta: A– habits | B– details of sporophore. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2020 | 12(1): 15194–15200 15195 J TT New records of Amanita from India Verma et al. B A D C F E Image 2. Amanita constricta: A–B—pileial element and basidia | C—basidia with sterigmata | E–F—basidiospores. 15196 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2020 | 12(1): 15194–15200 J TT New records of Amanita from India Verma et al. 60 x 10–12.5 µm, sterigmata, 4 measuring 2.5–3.7µm. into southwestern Canada (Thiers & Ammirat 1982). A. Basidiospores measure 10–13.7 × 5.0–8.7µm, inamyloid, velosa was recorded earlier from oak Quercus agrifolia and globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid. Pileial coast live oak from Oregon and California (USA) and Baja, element cells 10–20µm wide. California Peninsula, Mexico (Lloyd 1898). Other species Collecton examined: TF- 4060, 19.vii.2018 on soil of Amanita reported from India and recorded in sal forests surface in sal forest, Bajag forest range, Chada Road, are: A. banningiana, A. bisporigera, A. chepangiana, A. Dindori, Madhya Pradesh. Specimen deposited in ocreata, A. pantherina, A. populiphila, A. shorea and A. Mycology Herbarium, Tropical Forest Research Insttute, vaginata. Among them A. bisporigera and A. pantherina Jabalpur. were distributed in sal forest of Dindori, Madhya Pradesh (Verma & Pandro 2018). A. chepangiana is recorded from 2. Amanita
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    ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH HIMALAYAN CEDAR FROM PAKISTAN A dissertation submitted to the University of the Punjab in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BOTANY by SANA JABEEN DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE, PAKISTAN JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO. Summary i Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Literature review 5 Aims and objectives 11 CHAPTER 3 Materials and methods 12 3.1. Sampling site description 12 3.2. Sampling strategy 14 3.3. Sampling of sporocarps 14 3.4. Sampling and preservation of fruit bodies 14 3.5. Morphological studies of fruit bodies 14 3.6. Sampling of morphotypes 15 3.7. Soil sampling and analysis 15 3.8. Cleaning, morphotyping and storage of ectomycorrhizae 15 3.9. Morphological studies of ectomycorrhizae 16 3.10. Molecular studies 16 3.10.1. DNA extraction 16 3.10.2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 17 3.10.3. Sequence assembly and data mining 18 3.10.4. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis 18 3.11. Climatic data collection 19 3.12. Statistical analysis 19 CHAPTER 4 Results 22 4.1. Characterization of above ground ectomycorrhizal fungi 22 4.2. Identification of ectomycorrhizal host 184 4.3. Characterization of non ectomycorrhizal fruit bodies 186 4.4. Characterization of saprobic fungi found from fruit bodies 188 4.5. Characterization of below ground ectomycorrhizal fungi 189 4.6. Characterization of below ground non ectomycorrhizal fungi 193 4.7. Identification of host taxa from ectomycorrhizal morphotypes 195 4.8.