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CANDIDATES for the POST of UN SECRETARY-GENERAL: Where Do They Stand on Human Rights?

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CANDIDATES for the POST of UN SECRETARY-GENERAL: Where Do They Stand on Human Rights? CANDIDATES FOR THE POST OF UN SECRETARY-GENERAL: Where do they stand on human rights? July 2016 The appointment procedure of the UN Secretary-General has I. CHOOSING been the focus of regular criticism due to its lack of transparency and inclusivity, especially in the context of such an important post. Over recent years, dissatisfaction has coalesced around THE NEXT a campaign known as ‘1 for 7 billion,’ which has called for a more open, transparent, and meritocratic selection process. SECRETARY- Together with parallel initiatives, such as reports and draft resolutions generated by the UN Ad-Hoc Working Group on ‘the revitalisation of the work of the General Assembly,’ the ‘1 for 7 GENERAL billion’ campaign became a ‘driving force’5 behind moves at the UN to reform the Secretary-General selection process. The role of the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) is Those reforms were eventually set down in General Assembly crucial for the fulfilment of this organisation’s objectives and resolution 69/321 (11 September 2015), through which States purposes. The Secretary-General is the chief administrative ‘decided to conduct informal dialogues or meetings with officer of the UN and, as such, holds the responsibility candidates for the position of Secretary-General, without of administrating all the UN programmes and agencies, prejudice to any candidate who does not participate.’ Later, performing all the functions entrusted by the different UN the President of the 70th session of the General Assembly, H.E. bodies, and bringing to the attention of the Security Council Mr Mogens Lykketoft, ‘with a view to facilitating an inspired those issues that may represent a threat to international peace interaction… invited [candidates] to provide a concise vision 1 and security . According to the website of the current Secretary- statement in a timely manner.’6 Mr Lykketoft also took steps to General, Ban Ki-moon, ‘equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil enhance civil society participation in the process, by allowing servant and CEO, the Secretary-General is a symbol of United people from around the world to submit questions to the Nations ideals and a spokesperson for the interests of the contenders. world’s peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable among 2 them.’ The informal dialogues were held on 13, 14 April and 7 June, 2016, (see Figure 1). During such events, the candidates The UN Secretary-General is expected to promote the received a total of 875 questions presented by Member States fulfilment of the UN’s objectives across all of its three main (individually or jointly), civil society and the press (see Figures pillars, namely peace and security, development, and human 2 and 3). The questions received by the candidates covered a rights. Accordingly, on the last pillar mentioned, the Secretary- variety of topics related to the three UN pillars, as well as UN General should ensure that the UN fulfils its promise, as per administrative and management issues. Regarding human the Charter, to ‘promot[e] and encourag[e] respect for human rights, the subjects addressed ranged from gender parity in 3 rights and for fundamental freedoms for all’. the UN and refugee rights, to responsibilities borne by non- state actors. Notwithstanding, there was a particular focus In late July 2016, the Security Council will begin deliberations on on women's rights / gender equality and the 2030 Agenda for the candidates to be the next UN Secretary-General. According Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). Regarding the 2030 to article 97 of the UN Charter, the leading candidate will then be Agenda, it is important to note that while many candidates ‘appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation linked the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with human 4 of the Security Council.’ The Security Council’s deliberations rights (See Figure 1), questions concerning the 2030 Agenda did are held in private and any decision is subject to veto by the five not explicitly make that link. permanent members. _ 1 The vision statements, the recordings of the informal dialogues It is important to note that the informal dialogues, vision (including the civil society and the media interventions), and the statements, and Town Hall meetings, while an important official letters by UN Member States endorsing each candidate innovation, are not part of the formal inter-governmental are published on the General Assembly’s web page.7 decision-making process for the selection of the next Secretary- General. The members of the Security Council are not bound Responding to these new opportunities for civil society and to take the outcome of the interactive dialogues into account public engagement, in 2016 six NGOs,8 including Amnesty when choosing their preferred candidate. Notwithstanding, International and Human Rights Watch, put forward the it is expected that the informal dialogues, together with the following priorities for the next Secretary-General9: candidate’s vision statements and their engagement with civil society and the media, will influence members of the Security 1. Strengthen the impact of the UN on human rights. Council and help inform their decision. 2. Champion the rights of the marginalized people. 3. Seek to prevent and end mass atrocity crimes. 4. Combat impunity. WHAT NEXT? 5. Defend civil society. 6. Ensure gender equality. Since April 2016, members of the Security Council have been 7. Deliver a new deal for refugees and migrants. holding informal meetings and circulating papers regarding 8. End the death penalty. the procedure for selecting the next Secretary-General. At the begging of June, France, as President of the Security Council, Similarly, the International Service for Human Rights (ISHR) distributed a paper setting out its proposals. After reviewing this and around 80 other NGOs submitted to all the candidates a paper, members agreed to hold a first straw poll on the 21 July ‘human rights defenders’ agenda,’10 including the key issues the 2016. A second straw poll may also be held in July, depending new Secretary-General should consider in this regard. on the results of the first one. Then, on 12 July 2016, candidates took part in a globally The Security Council is expected to forward its recommendation televised and webcast ‘Town Hall’ event at the UN, hosted by to the General Assembly sometime between September and the President of the General Assembly and the Al Jazeera news November, though it has recognised the importance of doing channel. The UN Secretary-General’s Global Town Hall meeting so early enough ‘to allow adequate preparation time for the new consisted of two debates, each with five candidates.11 While there Secretary-General before the beginning of his or her term of was some expectation, prior to the ‘Town Hall’ meeting, that it office on 1 January 2017.’12 would have a particular focus on human rights because it was held shortly after the High-Level Thematic Debate on Human New Secretary-Generals are normally appointed for a term of five Rights, which took place in the context of the 50th anniversary years, renewable once. However, some States and civil society of the International Human Rights Covenants and the 30th organisations have recently argued that this term limit should anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development, be changed to a single non-renewable term of 7 years in order in reality the debate was wide-ranging and addressed issues to reduce the political influence of States, especially permanent including, inter alia, management of the UN, peace and security, members of the Security Council, over the incumbent. income and inequality, human rights, and reform of the United Nations and the Security Council. _ 2 II. THE CANDIDATES As of July 2016, twelve candidates have been nominated for the position of Secretary-General. At the beginning of the process, there was an unwritten understanding that the new Secretary-General should hail from a country of the UN’s Eastern European Group (the only UN regional group to have never been represented in the Office of the Secretary-General). There was also a widely held view, especially among civil society, that the next Secretary-General should be a woman (all previous Office-holders having been men - see Figure 5). Notwithstanding, as of July 2016, the list of candidates included individuals from the Western European and Others Group and the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC), as well as the Eastern European Group; while the gender balance shows six men and six women (See Figure 1 and 5). _ 3 FIGURE 1: THE CANDIDATES Nominated by Title of Vision Statement Informal dialogue Bulgaria Peace, sustainability and dignity – I. Bokova 12 April 2016 11 February 2016 the new humanism of the world today New Zealand H. Clark A better, fairer, safer world 14 April 2016 4 April 2016 Costa Rica C. Figueres Restoring hope 7 July 2016 Moldova N. Gherman Vision statement 13 April 2016 19 February 2016 Portugal Challenges and opportunities A. Guterres 12 April 2016 29 February 2016 for the UN Serbia V. Jeremić Vision statement 14 April 2016 12 April 2016 Macedonia S. Kerim New horizons manifesto 14 April 2016 30 December 2016 Slovakia Responsibility, accountability M. Lajčák 7 June 2016 27 May 2016 and leadership Ensuring an eective and ecient UN system in addressing Montenegro existing and emerging challenges by extending I. Lukšić 12 April 2016 15 January 2016 partnerships and strengthening coordination: ‘Responsibility, inclusiveness and engagement’ Argentina A UN centered on people, planet and prosperity; S. Malcorra 7 June 2016 23 May 2016 driven by issues; and focused on delivering impact Croatia V. Pusić UN vision statement 13 April 2016 14 January 2016 Slovenia D. Türk Vision statement 13 April 2016 9 February 2016 _ 4 FIGURE 2: QUESTIONS ASKED TO EACH CANDIDATE, BY MEMBER STATES, THE CIVIL SOCIETY, AND THE MEDIA, DURING THE INFORMAL DIALOGUES 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 Questions received 40 30 20 10 0 I.
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