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Proquest Dissertations u Ottawa I,'University canndicnnc Cfinacln's university mn FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES I.'Universittf canndienne Canada's university Ruth Carolyne Dunley AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS Ph.D. (History) GRADE/DEGREE Department of History "FAMjifTcaE7DT^ARTE¥^ A.D. Smith: Knight-Errant of Radical Democracy TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Donald F. Davis EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Michael Fellman Richard T. Connors Lofti Ben Rejeb Beatrice Craig G?ry. W;_Slater_ Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies A.D. SMITH: KNIGHT-ERRANT OF RADICAL DEMOCRACY by Ruth Dunley Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in History University of Ottawa © 2008 Ruth Dunley Ottawa, Canada Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50724-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50724-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ii ABSTRACT A.D. SMITH: KNIGHT-ERRANT OF RADICAL DEMOCRACY Ruth Dunley, Supervisor: University of Ottawa, 2008 Dr. Donald F. Davis Though few people have heard of A.D. Smith, this nineteenth-century knight- errant made his mark in some of the key events of his times. On a Quixotic trail that began in upstate New York, wound westward to the Ohio and Wisconsin frontier, southward to the federally occupied Sea Islands of South Carolina and finally to a mysterious death aboard a northbound steamer, Smith personified the nineteenth-century impulse to move across the American landscape. In Ohio he became involved with a paramilitary group, the Hunters' Lodge, that elected Smith the "President of the Republic of Canada." In Wisconsin, he achieved fame as the judge who dared to declare the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 unconstitutional, lighting one of many fuses that sparked the Civil War. In South Carolina, he fought passionately for the property rights of freedmen. Not only did he move from state to state, but he also believed in a civic movement on behalf of a Jeffersonian democracy and republican ideals. Civic participation, he believed, was a fundamental part of being a good American. Hence Smith took on public roles as a justice of the peace, councilman, lawyer, judge and tax commissioner for the U.S. government This civic impulse was also seen in his enthusiastic embrace of the reform movements of the day. The key to unlocking Smith's character, however, lies in his absolute dedication to radicalism. At the centre of this work is an examination of iii Smith's shifting position at the far left of the Democratic Party and how this affected Smith's actions, frequently putting him out of step with contemporaries and thwarting his ambitions. A detective story set against the backdrop of the volatile antebellum era, this socio-cultural biography pieces together methodological inquiry with a jigsaw puzzle composed of secret documents, probate records, court testimony, speeches, correspondence, newspaper coverage and genealogical research in order to tell the story of a matt named Smith, of his vision for the United States, and, more generally, of the value of remembering secondary historical characters. In so doing, this biography also establishes that the viewing of the past through its own optics casts briefly into the limelight actors of transient importance who, while now forgotten, were nonetheless important in their own era. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the financial support of the Canada-U.S. Fulbright program. During my time in the U.S., I benefited from extensive travel and research and was privileged to spend my time as a Fulbright Scholar at the College of William and Mary. Professors Lu Ann Homza, Scott Nelson, Cindy Hahamovitch, Ron Schechter, Jim Whittenburg and especially Chandos Brown offered advice and encouragement and welcomed me into their homes and classrooms. I am particularly grateful to Professor Carol Sheriff for supporting my Fulbright application from the beginning. I also owe much to the advice and guidance of many professors at home. It was at the suggestion of Professor Klaus Pohle of Carleton University that I pursued a Ph.D. I will forever be grateful for his help, wisdom and friendship. My initial query to the University of Ottawa landed in the inbox of Professor Donald F. Davis, a twentieth- century historian. Instead of turning away a journalist with a love of nineteenth-century U.S. history, he encouraged me to try. His willingness to take a chance helped me realize my goal. His sharp criticisms, encyclopedic knowledge of American history and patience shaped my writing and helped me receive the Fulbright — changing my life in the process. Other Ottawa professors also shaped this work: Beatrice Craig, Chad Gaffield, Richard Connors and Jacques Barbier. They helped a journalist to think like an historian (despite frequent relapses). I am also grateful to those academics and independent historians not affiliated with my schools, but who nonetheless took time to help me or discuss issues in this V thesis: William Freehling, Michael Wayne, Tatiana van Riemsdijk, Jane Errington, Joseph Ranney, Robert Wheeler, Donald Graves, David Blight and Robert Baker. I am indebted to archivists and librarians across North America, though I especially want to thank Michael Ruffing at the Cleveland Public Library, Jane de Broux and John Nondorf at the Wisconsin Historical Society and Grace Cordial at the Beaufort County Library. Friends old and new in Canada and the U.S. helped me in ways too numerous to mention, in particular Joanne Laucius, Laura Stemp, Cathy Boucek, David Dutton, Andrea Sirman, Lois Kirkup, Chris Lackner, Dale Taylor, Shelley Smith-Dale, Barrie Hammond, Peter Simpson, Robert Sibley, Tammy Elizabeth Renich and especially Tom Spears. Reid J. Epstein not only gave me a place to stay in Milwaukee, but was also my American sounding board and Wisconsin tour guide. Thanks, too, must go to the members of the Ottawa Collaborative History Initiative for their expertise and camaraderie. I am also grateful to those strangers who extended friendship in ways that were completely unexpected, including Linda and Chuck Piatt of Colorado, whose generosity allowed me to attend the Lincoln Forum in 2004, and Kate Candee and her family, Smith descendants who kindly threw open their personal archives to assist me. I am particularly indebted to the former editor-in-chief of the Ottawa Citizen. Almost seven years ago, Scott Anderson told me he would offer me unconditional support to pursue a Ph.D. — and he did. Alex Molnar was steadfast in his support of my work and without his help, I would not have started this challenge. vi My parents, siblings and their children, especially Paige, provided the love and support that gave me the courage to attempt working fulltime and attending school fulltime. I will never be able to fully recognize the contributions my parents have made to this thesis. In short, my father gave me a love of history (and an addiction to historical markers), and my mother helped me understand my own. Finally, Derek Shelly was an advocate for Smith from the beginning and endured his presence in our lives until the end, even at expense to his own scholarship. He assisted with research, copy edited the final draft, helped me make sense of various documents and, when I was out with Abram, carried the responsibilities at home. For his unfailing support and encouragement, I thank him most of all. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii CHAPTER 1: IN SEARCH OF A MAN NAMED SMITH 1 CHAPTER 2: 'THE PRESIDENT OF CANADA' 33 CHAPTER 3: 'WHEN I THINK OF HIM I INCLINE TO SPIT' 88 CHAPTER 4: 'YOUR MEMORY WILL BE CHERISHED' 157 CHAPTER 5: 'ACT, ONE AND ALL' 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION 1: Daguerreotype of A.D.
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