Quantum Periodic Table
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10 NYCRR Part 16 Appendix a on Exemptions
APPENDIX 16-A TABLE 1 EXEMPTIONS Table 1-A. Radioactive Materials Item (a) Exempt concentrations. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this item, any person is exempt from the requirements of this Part to the extent that such person transfers, receives, possesses or uses products or materials containing radioactive material in concentrations not in excess of those listed in Table 2 of this Appendix. (2) No person may introduce radioactive material into a product or material knowing or having reason to believe that it will be transferred to persons exempt under paragraph (1) of this item or equivalent regulations of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission or any agreement State, except in accordance with specific license issued by the department or a similar license issued by the State Department of Labor, the New York City Department of Health, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, any agreement State or the general license provided in item (h) of Table 6 of this Appendix. Item (b) Exempt quantities.1 (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this item, any person is exempt from the requirements of this Part to the extent that such person transfers, receives, possesses or uses radioactive material in individual quantities each of which does not exceed the applicable quantity set forth in Table 3 of this Appendix. (2) Any person who possesses radioactive material received prior to July 1, 1973, under the exemption formerly provided in section 16.101 of this Part is exempt from the requirements of this Part to the extent that such person transfers, receives, possesses or uses such radioactive material. -
Treatment Outcome Following Use of the Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium
Treatment outcome following use IN BRIEF • Highlights that successful treatment RESEARCH of peri-implantitis is unpredictable and of the erbium, chromium:yttrium, usually involves the need for surgery. • Outlines a minimalistic treatment approach for peri-implantitis with promising results after six months. scandium, gallium, garnet laser • Suggests that the protocol described may be of use in a pilot study or controlled in the non-surgical management clinical trial. of peri-implantitis: a case series R. Al-Falaki,*1 M. Cronshaw2 and F. J. Hughes3 VERIFIABLE CPD PAPER Aim To date there is no consensus on the appropriate usage of lasers in the management of peri-implantitis. Our aim was to conduct a retrospective clinical analysis of a case series of implants treated using an erbium, chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser. Materials and methods Twenty-eight implants with peri-implantitis in 11 patients were treated with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (68 sites >4 mm), using a 14 mm, 500 μm diameter, 60º (85%) radial firing tip (1.5 W, 30 Hz, short (140 μs) pulse, 50 mJ/pulse, 50% water, 40% air). Probing depths were recorded at baseline after 2 months and 6 months, along with the presence of bleeding on probing. Results The age range was 27-69 years (mean 55.9); mean pocket depth at baseline was 6.64 ± SD 1.48 mm (range 5-12 mm),with a mean residual depth of 3.29 ± 1.02 mm (range 1-6 mm) after 2 months, and 2.97 ± 0.7 mm (range 1-9 mm) at 6 months. -
Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
Package 'Ciaawconsensus'
Package ‘CIAAWconsensus’ September 19, 2018 Type Package Title Isotope Ratio Meta-Analysis Version 1.3 Author Juris Meija and Antonio Possolo Maintainer Juris Meija <[email protected]> Description Calculation of consensus values for atomic weights, isotope amount ratios, and iso- topic abundances with the associated uncertainties using multivariate meta-regression ap- proach for consensus building. License Unlimited LazyData yes Imports mvtnorm, stringr, numDeriv, stats, Matrix NeedsCompilation no Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2018-09-19 13:30:12 UTC R topics documented: abundances2ratios . .2 at.weight . .3 ciaaw.mass.2003 . .4 ciaaw.mass.2012 . .5 ciaaw.mass.2016 . .6 iridium.data . .6 mmm ............................................7 normalize.ratios . .8 platinum.data . .9 Index 10 1 2 abundances2ratios abundances2ratios Isotope ratios of a chemical element from isotopic abundances Description This function calculates the isotope ratios of a chemical element from the given isotopic abundances and their uncertainties. The uncertainty evaluation is done using the propagation of uncertainty and the missing correlations between the isotopic abundances are reconstructed using Monte Carlo methods. Usage abundances2ratios(x, ux, ref=1, iterations=1e4) Arguments x A vector of isotopic abundances of an element ux Standard uncertainties of x ref Index to specify the desired reference isotope for isotope amount ratios iterations Number of iterations for isotopic abundance correlation mapping Details Situations are often encountered where isotopic abundances are reported but not the isotope ratios. In such cases we reconstruct the isotope ratios that are consistent with the abundances and their uncertainties. Given only the abundances and their uncertainties, for elements with four or more isotopes one cannot unambiguously infer the uncertainties of the ratios due to the unknown correla- tions between isotopic abundances. -
Rare Earth Elements: the Global Supply Chain
Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Marc Humphries Analyst in Energy Policy September 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41347 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Summary The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to U.S. national security and economic well-being? There are 17 rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. While more abundant than many other minerals, REE are not concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable economically. The United States was once self-reliant in domestically produced REEs, but over the past 15 years has become 100% reliant on imports, primarily from China, because of lower-cost operations. There is no rare earth mine production in the United States. U.S.-based Molycorp operates a separation plant at Mountain Pass, CA, and sells the rare earth concentrates and refined products from previously mined above-ground stocks. Neodymium, praseodymium, and lanthanum oxides are produced for further processing but these materials are not turned into rare earth metal in the United States. -
Historical Development of the Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS by RONALD LEE FFISTER B. S., Kansas State University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree FASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 196A Approved by: Major PrafeLoor ii |c/ TABLE OF CONTENTS t<y THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION 0? TEH-IS USED 1 The Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Importance of the Study 1 Definition of Terms Used 2 Atomic Number 2 Atomic Weight 2 Element 2 Periodic Classification 2 Periodic Lav • • 3 BRIEF RtiVJiM OF THE LITERATURE 3 Books .3 Other References. .A BACKGROUND HISTORY A Purpose A Early Attempts at Classification A Early "Elements" A Attempts by Aristotle 6 Other Attempts 7 DOBEREBIER'S TRIADS AND SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATIONS. 8 The Triad Theory of Dobereiner 10 Investigations by Others. ... .10 Dumas 10 Pettehkofer 10 Odling 11 iii TEE TELLURIC EELIX OF DE CHANCOURTOIS H Development of the Telluric Helix 11 Acceptance of the Helix 12 NEWLANDS' LAW OF THE OCTAVES 12 Newlands' Chemical Background 12 The Law of the Octaves. .........' 13 Acceptance and Significance of Newlands' Work 15 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LOTHAR MEYER ' 16 Chemical Background of Meyer 16 Lothar Meyer's Arrangement of the Elements. 17 THE WORK OF MENDELEEV AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19 Mendeleev's Scientific Background .19 Development of the Periodic Law . .19 Significance of Mendeleev's Table 21 Atomic Weight Corrections. 21 Prediction of Hew Elements . .22 Influence -
Iridium Platinum Alloys
Iridium Platinum Alloys A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THEIR CONSTITUTION AND PROPERTIES By A. s. Darling, Ph.D., A.M.1.Mech.E. Native crystals of iridium-platinum are Journal of Science, in 1860, remarked some- frequently found in association with platinum what incredulously: “The platinum makers of ores. These natural alloys, of rather variable Paris are manufacturing these alloys and composition, occur as grains, and sometimes contrary to the wishes of the discoverers are as small cubes with rounded edges. Although extracting higher prices for them than for the geographical distribution is fairly wide pure platinum”. the major deposits appear to be in the Urals. Prominent physicists were, at this period One such crystal, described in I940 by Masing, of the nineteenth century, devoting consider- Eckhardt and Kloiber (I) had a well-defined able effort to the problems involved in repre- two-phase micro-structure. senting their fundamental and derived units Synthetic alloys were produced at an early in concrete form. Iridium-platinum alloys date. Gaudin (z), who fused spheres of a came to fill a unique position in the scale 10per cent iridium-platinum alloy on hearths of substances capable of retaining indefin- of lime and magnesia, commented in 1838 itely their mass, form, and linear dimensions. upon the lustre, malleability and extreme In addition to their corrosion resistance corrosion resistance of the resultant product. and good mechanical properties they were Twenty years later, however, iridium was readily workable and of fairly high electrical still regarded as a troublesome impurity in resistance. No internal transformations were platinum, but the researches of Sainte-Claire recognised in those days and the alloys were Deville and Debray (3) did much to dispel established as materials par exceZZence for this illusion. -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
The Separation and Determination of Osmium and Ruthenium
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1969 The epS aration and Determination of Osmium and Ruthenium. Harry Edward Moseley Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Moseley, Harry Edward, "The eS paration and Determination of Osmium and Ruthenium." (1969). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1559. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1559 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ThU dissertation has been 69-17,123 microfilmsd exactly as received MOSELEY, Harry Edward, 1929- THE SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF OSMIUM AND RUTHENIUM. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, PhJ>., 1969 Chemistry, analytical University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF OSMIUM AND RUTHENIUM A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemistry Harry Edward Moseley B.S., Lpuisiana State University, 1951 M.S., Louisiana State University, 1952 J anuary, 1969 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due to Dr. Eugene W. Berg under whose direction this work was performed, to Dr. A. D. Shendrikar for his help in the tracer studies, and to Mr. J. H. R. Streiffer for his help in writing the com puter program. -
Biosorption of Lanthanum and Samarium by Chemically Modified
Applied Water Science (2019) 9:182 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1052-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Biosorption of lanthanum and samarium by chemically modifed free Bacillus subtilis cells Ellen C. Giese1 · Caio S. Jordão1 Received: 6 March 2019 / Accepted: 1 October 2019 / Published online: 16 October 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Previous studies showed that Bacillus subtilis possessed high physiological activity in industrial waste treatment as a biosorb- ent for recovery metals, and in this study, the sorption capacity for both La 3+ and Sm 3+ was demonstrated. The efects of lanthanide concentration and contact time were tested to acid and alkali pre-treated cells. Very high levels of removal, reach- ing up to 99% were obtained for both lanthanide ions. Langmuir isotherm model was applied to describe the adsorption isotherm and indicated a better correlation with experimental data R2 = 0.84 for La3+ using sodium hydroxide pre-treated free cells and R2 = 0.73 for Sm3+ to acid pre-treated B. subtilis cells as biosorbents. Results of this study indicated that chemically modifed B. subtilis cells are a very good candidate for the removal of light rare-earth elements from aquatic environments. The process is feasible, reliable, and eco-friendly. Keywords Bacillus subtilis · Biosorption · Rare-earth elements · Lanthanum · Samarium Introduction Recovery of the rare-earth elements is interesting due to the high economic value along with various industrial Biosorption is a new emerging biotechnology that has the applications (Table 1); however, conventional technologies potential to be more efective, inexpensive, and environmen- as precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, solid–liquid extrac- tal-friendly than conventional methods utilized in industrial tion, and ion exchange present high processing costs and waste treatment. -
The Symbols of the Chemical Elements
42 THE SYMBOLS OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DARRYL FRANCIS Sutton, Surrey, England [email protected] The names of the chemical elements have received a certain amount of attention in Word Wa s over the years. The very first issue of Word Ways in February 1968 presented a quiz on 20 transposed element names. Later articles have offered more extensive transpositions, trnsadditions, old names for some of the elements, elements in US placenames, and words composed solely of the element symbols, such as CoAgULaTe. In this article, I want to examine the symbols of the chemical elements as an ordered coUection of letters. Many earlier items in Word Ways have treated the typewriter (computer) keyboard as an ordered sequence of letters (QWERTYillOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM) and have posed ques tions such as: • What is the longest word with its letters spelled in keyboard order? • What is the longest word with its letter spelled in rever e keyboard order? • What is the longest word with letters from the first letter row? Similar questions can be raised with regard to the elemental symbols. First off let's take a look at the periodic table, the listing of chemical elements in atomic number order and the corre ponding symbols. The list below contains 109 elements, with atomic numbers from 1 to 109. For three f the elements (aluminum, sulfur, cesium) there exist variant Briti h pellings (aluminium ulphur, caesium). For elements 104 to 109 I have used the new provisional name rather than the earlier suggested names. My 1998 printing of the Merriam-Webster ollegiate Di tionary lOth editi n. -
The Past and Future of the Periodic Table
The Past and Future of the Periodic Table This stalwart symbol of the field of chemistry always faces scrutiny and debate Eric R. Scerri t graces the walls of lecture halls making up one period. The lengths elements, Döbereiner found that the Iand laboratories of all types, from of periods vary: The first has two ele- weight of the middle element—such as universities to industry. It is one of ments, the next two eight each, then 18 selenium in the triad formed by sulfur, the most powerful icons of science. It and 32, respectively, for the next pairs selenium and tellurium—had an atom- captures the essence of chemistry in of periods. Vertical columns make up ic weight that was the approximate one elegant pattern. The periodic table groups, of which there are 18, based average of the weights of the other two provides a concise way of understand- on similar chemical properties, related elements. Sulfur’s atomic weight, in ing how all known chemical elements to the number of electrons in the outer Döbereiner’s time, was 32.239, where- react with one another and enter into shell of the atoms, also called the va- as tellurium’s was 129.243, the average chemical bonding, and it helps to ex- lence shell. For instance, group 17, the of which is 80.741, or close to the then- plain the properties of each element halogens, all lack one electron to fill measured value for selenium, 79.264. that make it react in such a fashion. their valence shells, all tend to acquire The importance of this discovery lay But the periodic system is so funda- electrons during reactions, and all form in the marrying of qualitative chemical mental, pervasive and familiar in the acids with hydrogen.