Robert McClean with Richard Moorsom
Wellington, October 1998
Report on the Wai 731 claim The Authors
Robert McClean is a research officer at the Waitangi Tribunal. Robert has degrees in environmental planning and historical geography. Previous research for the Waitangi Tribunal has included Wellington Harbour (Wai 145), Matakana Island Sewerage Outfall (Wai 228), and Tauranga Harbour (Wai 215).
Richard Moorsom is a research officer at the Waitangi Tribunal. Richard has degrees in history and African studies. Previous research for the Waitangi Tribunal has included reports on the Tarawera and Tataraakina blocks (Wai 299 & 638) and the Tarawera Road Depot (Wai 639).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to all those persons who have provide assistance in researching this claim, especially the staff at the Maori Land Court, Gisborne, and Molly Kino at Te Puni Kokiri, Wellington. REPORT SUMMARY ...... 1
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Focus and Methodology ...... 1 1.2 Report Structure ...... 3
CHAPTER TWO: THE KUPA WHANAU'S INTEREST IN MOHAKA LANDS BEFORE 1867 2.1 The Tipuna of the Kupa Whanau ...... 4 2.2 Early Crown Purchases, 1851-1864 ...... 7
CHAPTER THREE: KUPA WHANAU LANDS IN THE LAND COURT 3.1 The Arrival ofthe Native Land Court ...... 11 3.2 Mohaka ...... 13 3.2.1 Retitling and Partition ...... 13 3.2.2 Mohaka Successions ...... 17 3.2.3 Stout-Ngata Commission ...... 19 3.2.4 Mohaka 40 ...... 19 3.2.5 Mohaka 41 and 42 ...... 21 3.2.6 Mohaka 43 ...... 22 3.2.7 Mohaka 44 (Woolshed Reserve) ...... 22 3.3 Waipapa ...... 22 3.3.1 Title and Partitions ...... 22 3.3.2 Waipapa Successions and Partitions ...... 26 3.4 Waihua ...... 28 3.5 Whareraurakau ...... 33 3.6 Putere ...... 35 3.7 Conclusion ...... 35
CHAPTER FOUR: CROWN PURCHASES AT MOHAKA, 1910-1928 4.1 Crown Purchasing in the Mohaka Area ...... 37 4.2 Mohaka 40 ...... 38 4.3 Mohaka 41 and 42 ...... 41 4.4 Mohaka 43 ...... 42 4.5 Whareraurakau 3 ...... 43 4.6 Putere ...... 45 4.7 Conclusion ...... 45
CHAPTER FIVE: KUPA WHANAU LANDS IN THE MOHAKA CONSOLIDATION SCHEME 5.1 Overview of the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme ...... 47 5.2 Henare Te Taka Kupa's Lands within the Scheme ...... 52 5.3 Mohaka Land Development ...... 56 5.4 Kupa Whanau Participation within the Scheme ...... 57 5.5 Post-1941 Land Development and Block Histories ...... 60 5.6 Conclusion ...... 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 65
APPENDIX A Research Commission APPENDIX B Statement of Claim APPENDIX C Consolidation Data Scheme Lists: Kupa Whanau APPENDIX D Paroa Development Scheme, 1948-1989
FIGURES Figure 1.1 Ngati Pahauwera Blocks North of the Mohaka River ...... Front Figure 1.2 Ngati Pahauwera Blocks, c 1900 ...... Front Figure 1.3 Henare Te Taka Kupa's Interests in the Mohaka, Waipapa ...... Front and Waihua Blocks before and after Consolidation Figure 1.4 Henare Te Taka Kupa's Interests in the Waipapa Block ...... Front before and after Consolidation Figure 1.5 Kupa Whanau Interests in the Mohaka, Waihua and Waipapa ..... Front Blocks, 1925 Figure 1.6 Kupa Whanau Interests in Whareraurakau 3, 1910 ...... Front Figure 1.7 Kupa Whanau Interests in Putere IB3, 1913 ...... Front Figure 2 Descent Lines of the Kupa Whanau ...... 2
TABLES Table 3.1. Summary of Primary Native Land Court Actions, Mohaka, 1868-1910 . 12 Table 3.2. Kupa Whanau Shares in the Mohaka Block, 1903 ...... 15 Table 3.3. Kupa Whanau Interests in the Mohaka Partition, July 1903 ...... 16 Table 3.4. Mohaka 40 Partition, 1919 ...... 20 Table 3.5. Mohaka 41 Partition, 1919 ...... 21 Table 3.6. Kupa Whanau Shares in Waipapa, 1896 ...... 24 Table 3.7. Waipapa List of Owners, 1896 ...... 24 Table 3.8. Kupa Whanau Interests in the Waipapa Partition, 1906 ...... 25 Table 3.9. WaihuaPartition,1910 ...... 31 Table 3.10 Waihua lCI0 Determination ...... 31 Table 3.11. Kupa Whanau Shareholding in Whareraurakau No.3, 1903 ...... 34 Table 4.1. Mohaka 40 Capital Valuations, 1913-1926 ...... 38 Table 4.2. Mohaka 41 and 42 Capital Valuations, 1913-1926 ...... 42 Table 4.3. Mohaka 43 Capital Valuations, 1913-1926 ...... 42 Table 5.1. Assignment of Kupa Whanau Members to Consolidation Groups ..... 53 Table 5.2. Henare Te Taka Kupa's Interests at Consolidation, 1941 ...... 53 Table 5.3. Henare Te Taka Kupa's Interest after Consolidation, 1941 ...... 55 Table 5.4 Butter Fat Production ofHune Kupa and Emily Thompson, 1933-1937 57 List of Abbreviations
Doc Document Ed Edition MA Department of Maori Affairs MB Maori Land Court Minute Book MLC Maori Land Court NA National Archives ND Native Department NLC Native Land Court NZG New Zealand Gazette ROD Record of Document TPK Te Puni Kokiri Wai Waitangi Tribunal Claim LAKE WAIKAREMOANA
Ahurjr1 1851 Block
......
BLOCKS
O. Wafhua 6). Pihanui No.2 2). Watpapa 7). Wharen~urftkftu 3). Moheka 6). Putore 4). O'tihio 9). Rotokakaran(Ju ! 5). PI hanuf NO.1 10). Maun~atanf ..... ha
Figure 1.1 Ngati Pahauwera Blocks North of the Mohaka River. Source, Loveridge, D. When the Freshets reach the Sea; Ngati Pahauwera and their Lands, 1851-1941, Wai 201, no. f
LAKE WAIKAREMOANA
BLOCKS
t). Wai hU8 4). ~hareraurakau 2). Waip8p8 5). Rotok8k8r8ngu 1 &2 3}. ~hah 6) _ Putere
Figure 1.2. Ngati Pahamyera Blocks, ca.1900. Source.. When the Freshets reach the Sea; Ngati Pahazl1l'era and their Lands, 1851-1941,Wai 201, 130 Pt 4
PtA28
Pt J PI2 520.0423 411.3568 n 'p ?1'.1?
Before Consolidation
After Consolidation
Henare Te Taka's Land Interest b'~fore Consoliation
Mohaka 40A 204 Waipapa 7/42
Waihlla ICIO 11.6 Waipapa33 100 Henare Te Taka's Land Interest after Consoliation, 1928 Waihlla 2C8/!6 reserve Waipapa 33A 8.3
Waihlla 2CIO 13.8 Waipapa 82 804
Waihlla (old road) Waipapa 51 MohakaA20 0.016
Waipapa IC 16,7 Waipapa 91 7.2 Mohaka A48 0,96
Waiapapa Reserves Waipapa 92C 100 Waihua A34 29.57
Waipapa 120 1.6 \\'aipapa 136 1104 WaipapaA2 5.196
Waipapa Balance Waipapa 155A 10.1 Waipapa A39 0.96
Figure 1.3 Henare Te Taka Kupa interest in Mohaka, Waipapa', and Waihua blocks before and after consolidation. Base map, NZMS 261, Sheet V19, Te Haroto, 1986. - --_._------... , . -i'lAlL.oJ: ~SUBDlyISIQN::i .QLllil-~ WA I PA PA BL 0 C K- --'WAI HUA S.I2.. , . S!uYe.ytJLbt~S!ln-- - AuihtiliI1!!2.8S.D;\ PII33 ~ . e.r. 0 ot TOU./..<.ttol8J. C 00 '. q! Key ® Before Consolidation A2 After Consolidation Ccrtitfed corr<:cC copy or Court . d~l?liccte.~ /~~~Y£t 0 . __-3'L.~ Figure 1.4 Henare Te Taka Kupa's interests in the Waipapa Block before and after consolidation. Source, Plan of Subdivisions of the Waipapa Block, Rochfort and Son, 28 October 1912, MLC Gisborne. Figure 1.5 Kupa whanau interests in the Mohaka, Waihua, ana \Vaipapa blocks, 1925 (pre consolidation) Base map, NZMS 261, Sheet V19, Ie Haroto, 1986. f'!HAAtft 11"1 SCDI • ., Clrt., ... ~"'---'-::-::-.:-~ _. __f E.H.FARNI£. D1STlOCT stm'EYOR. IoU.V.I!US. I I TAl NO COURT ~ .. , . ...~. 13\ ~ "'~ XXII 11 i- ,, 2 11;5 .. r- _ rr - __ • ____ ~4.) ·VI A .f '/ 4 .. ;; ...... ''''.t.< ( / - n, .... _ ~h}, ••• _ J\ ....~t":-Rrrr -' fI.J'fi,...-.c"~ .,.,.,.. (":r;",[.£', • .AI~. T,,"rk.~. , -r··· ~ "'--.--- ...... ---~ .:' .. .. , ::,' " ~ IV ...... , .. ~ .. ,.,._,.,. ., -- ,-:,""7 ,..., .. , ... O':H.:O' ••• ... .! '.\ _.. ~. I ' · ..___ .!: -rio. .. ~ ..... 0. .. ..' , " s. O . ,., ~ ,0- • ------~------~------~~----~------~~~ Figure 1.6. Kupa whanau interests in Whareraurakau 3, 191CJ (pre-consolidation). Base map, Whareraurakau Block, E.H. Farine, May 1915. ML 2549. Wai 201, M6(a) p Q9. 3 571.9273 l~rangl No2 ! I r' 473.2852 ~-:\ ./:--.. •• ~'\..I '!. State Foresr/--.... ~Cl c.~' i . ...:'" Pavvhakataka 26 222.0307- r i.L ROTOKAKARANGU 7265.9290 2.A ./ 77 9.203 9 Figure 1.7. Kupa whanau interests in Putere IB3, 1913. Base map, NZMS 261, Sheet V19, Te Haroto. 1986. Summary Page i This report presents the results of research into the land interests of Kevan Te Taka Kupa (the claimant). Kevan Te Taka Kupa is a descendent ofIehu Kupa and Riripeti Te Whareroa, both of whom were 19th century rangatira ofNgati Pahauwera. The whakapapa of Kevan Te Taka Kupa to Iehu Kupa and Riripeti Te Whareroa is as followsYl Iehu + Riripeti > Te Taka Kupa (or Te Taka Otene) > Renare Te Taka Kupa > Tom Kupa > Kevan Te Taka Kupa The Kupa whanau held interests in the Mohaka lands as direct descendants of Kahungunu and Rongomaiwahine. Evidence submitted to the Native Land Court suggests this interest was extensive, and related to settlements and food-gathering activities. Various sections of the land were used by the Kupa whanau for farming, cropping, fishing, hunting and food gathering. In 1851 and 1864, the Crown purchased the Mohaka and Waihua blocks respectively. Riripeti signed the Mohaka deed and Iehu, Riripeti and Itereama Kupa were signatories to the Waihua deed. As a result, Kupa whanau interests became confined in the lands on the north bank of the Mohaka River, as with other members of Ngati Pahauwera. This land was considered to be 'marginal' and of poor quality for farming purposes. The lands on the north bank of the Mohaka River were processed by the Native Land Court in 1868. The Kupa whanau was effectively excluded from all the titles under the ten-owner rule. Later, several of its members were allocated undefined interests in the surveyed blocks of Mohaka, Waipapa, Waihua and Whareraurakau and Riripeti was included in the title to Putere. Determination of these interests occurred during Native Land Court hearings between 1890 and 1910. This determination involved a protracted process of retitling, appeals, rehearings and partitioning. The result was extensive inter-hapu competition, conflict and title fragmentation. For the Kupa whanau, title fragmentation meant the family ended up with interests in the following sections: Information supplied by Kevan Kupa. Summary Page ii Kupa whanau land interests as determined by the Native Land Court, 1890-1910 Mohaka40 1,222 Majority shareholding. Mohaka4l 23 Sole owner Mohaka42 5 Sole owner Mohaka43 74 Sole owner Mohaka44 11.5 W oolshed reserve, held in trust. Waipapa Various interests in 14 small sections. Waihua lC9 20 Sole owner Waihua lClO 261 Majority shareholding. Waihua2ClO 100 Sole owner Putere lB3 656 Sole owner Whareraurakau 3 1,048 Minority shareholding Henare Te Taka Kupa held interests in these sections as derived from Iehu and Riripeti. During the 1920s, Henare sold his interest to the Crown in the Mohaka block. Evidence suggests that this alienation was the result of poverty, the Crown's land purchase programme, and costs such as survey charges and rates. In 1925, the Crown began a process of title consolidation in several ofthe Mohaka blocks. This consolidation scheme involved the reorganisation of land tenure by the Native Land Court according to a plan prepared by the Native Department. While attempting to solve Maori tenure problems, the consolidation scheme was also driven by the desire ofthe Crown to cut out its own purchased interests in the Mohaka lands. Henare Te Taka Kupa's interest in the Waihua and Waipapa sections was calculated according to the government valuation by the Native Department. In 1941, the Native Land Court determined that Henare Te Taka Kupa's interest would be allocated into five sections: MohakaA48 Mohaka A20 (later re-consolidated into Mohaka C 11) WaihuaA34 WaipapaA2 Waipapa A39. Consolidation proved to have little value in the long term, and these sections continued to be subject to further partition and fragmentation. Summary Page iii Occupation of these sections was controlled by the Tairawhiti Maori Land Board under the Mohaka Land Development Scheme. The development scheme began in 1933 and formally ended on 29 March 1972. There is evidence to suggest that some members of the Kupa whanau, such as Hune Kupa and Te Taka Kupa, gained little benefit from the Mohaka Development Scheme. Summary Page iv Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 1 1.1 Focus and Methodology Wai 731 is a claim by Kevin Te Taka Kupa and Kathleen Margaret Lomax ofNgati Pahauwera. The claimants state that:[2] ... all the 'Kupa descendants' have been adversely disadvantaged and alienated from our turangawaewae by the Crown due to the Mohaka Consolidation Maori Scheme, hence the lack of specific information concerning our Grandfather's land. The grandfather referred to in this statement is Henare Te Taka Kupa, who was the only son of Te Taka Kupa and in turn the grandson of the 19th century Ngati Pahauwera leader Iehu Kupa. The key issues raised by the claimant are the alleged loss of lands during the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, and the subsequent loss of contact with those lands as a result of the consolidation process. Other associated issues are raised in this report. These issues include the effect of: • Crown purchasing; • Native Land Court processes; • Fragmentation of land; and • Land development schemes. The purpose of this report is to provide information to the Waitangi Tribunal on the Kupa whanau claim concerning lands in the Mohaka area and within the Mohaka ki Ahuriri inquiry district. The report will cover the following matters as specified in the research commission: 2 Statement of Claim, Wai 731, 17 July 1998. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 2 • The extent of the Kupa whanau's traditional land interests within the Mohaka ki Ahuriri inquiry district; • The Kupa whanau's land interests as detennined by the NativelMaori Land Court before consolidation; • The impact of post-First World War Crown actions (consolidation, alienations and land purchase) on the Kupa whanau's land; and • The effects of development schemes within the Mohaka area on lands, improvements and wahi tapu in which the Kupa whanau had an interestYl The research methodology employed for this report is based on the analysis of written and documented sources of infonnation recorded in the English language. This approach is designed to complement any evidence presented by the claimants at Tribunal hearings. The main sources of information for this report are: • Reports held in the Wai 201 Record of Documents at the Waitangi Tribunal; • Copies of original documents, maps and plans held in the Wai 201 Record of Documents at the Waitangi Tribunal, especially archival material collected by Fergus Sinclair (Wai 201, ROD, C5a) and David Alexander (Wai 201, ROD M3, M4, M5, M6, and M7). • Maori Land Court minute books; • Files held in the archives of the Maori Land Court, Gisbome; • Files held at National Archives, Te Puni Kokiri, and Land Information New Zealand; and • Information supplied to the authors by the claimant. 3 Direction Commissioning Research, 1 September 1998, Wai 731/201, Waitangi Tribunal. See Appendix A. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 3 1.2 Report Structure Chapter Two gives a brief overview of the Kupa whanau's land interests in the Mohaka area before those lands were processed by the Native Land Court from 1867 onwards. Sources for this chapter include other reports held with the Wai 201 ROD and evidence presented at the Native Land Court. The authors also briefly examine the effects of the Waihua and Mohaka Crown purchases. Chapter Three details the Kupa whanau's land interests as determined by the Native Land Court in the period 1867-1927. This chapter draws attention to the consequences of the seemingly endless process of retitling, appeals, rehearings and partititioning in the period from the late 1880s to 1910. Chapter Four examines leasing arrangements and alienations by Crown land purchases during the period 1910 to 1928. After 1900, the Crown had an active policy ofland purchase in the Mohaka region. Kupa lands were also sold, and the authors explore the reasons for these land sales and their consequences. Chapter Five gives an overview of the Mohaka Consolidation and Development Schemes. The Crown initiated both schemes in the Mohaka area in 1928. The authors assess the effects of these large-scale exercises in retitling and agricultural development on the land interests of Renare Te Taka Kupa. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 4 This chapter will give a general overview of the Kupa whanau's land interests in the Mohaka region before 1867. 2.1 The Tipuna of the Kupa Whanau The claimant, Kevan Te Taka Kupa, is descended in a direct male line from 19th century chiefly tipuna ofNgati Pahauwera (see Figure 2)J4] He is the son of the late Tom Kupa and the grandson of Henare Te Taka Kupa, who died on 19 April 1961. The latter was one of two children ofTe Taka Kupa and Ani Kupa (nee Keefe). Te U Whira, his only blood sibling, died aged 15 years in the great flu epidemic of 1917-18. Te Taka Kupa, also known as Te Taka Otenep] was the son of Iehu Kupa (lehu Te Whareroa) and Riripeti Te Whareroa. His six siblings were Itereama Kupa, Riwia Kupa, [6] Te Heke (or Apihaka Wiremu), Makere Kupa, Hune Kupa, and Henerieta (or Te Owai)Y] Iehu and Riripeti were rangatira ofNgati Pahauwera and direct descendants of Kahungunu and Rongomaiwahine. The Kupa whanau comes under the umbrella of the major hapu Ngati Pahauwera and also has links with Ngati Mawete, Ngati Kura, Ngati Kapukapu, Ngati Paikea, Ngati Hineku and Ngai Te Rau.[8] 4 Ngati Pahauwera was referred to in the Native Land Court both as an iwi and as a hapu. There was also a sub hapu of the same name. Sometimes it is unclear which was meant. In overview and analysis the authors will use the term Ngati Pahauwera to identify the larger, 'major hapu' grouping while leaving its application in quotations and summaries of sources open to the reader's interpretation ofthe context. For a discussion both of the dual reference of the Pahauwera name and of the conceptual complexities of 'major hapu', 'hapu' and 'sub-hapu', see Richard Hill's historical report on the Wai 436 (Ngai Tane) claim, Ngai Tane, Ngati Pahauwera and the Crown, (Waitangi Tribunal, 1998). 5 Napier Minute Book, No. 69, P 275. 6 Recorded in some records as Oriwia Kupa. 7 Succession order ofiehu Kupa, 7 June 1906, Wairoa Minute Book No. 15, P 160. 8 Evidence ofitereama Kupa, 15 July 1899, Napier Minute Book No. 47, Appellate Court, p 228. Wai 201, C5a, p 205. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 5 Figure 2. Descent Lines of the Kupa Whanau Kahungunu = Rongomaiwahine Kahukaranui Rakaipaka Kaukohea Tutekanao Kurahikakawa I Tureia Huatu Tamatekai TeHuki TeRua Te Ranaikahoraiwaho Puruaute (Purua) Hinekawa Te Ureiro Te Kahuoterangi TeMoho Te Ranginaonaoariki Ruatini (Paratini) Raurangi Animate Tamure (Te Kapo) Niho Moho Irihapeti (Ikehepa) Hikatoe Miriama = Poreku I / Ekengarangi Pirihira Pakira = Patehipa I Makere Taranaki = Taranaki Te Ua Iehu Kupa = Riripeti Te Whareroa l 3 Te Heke Makere2 Naki Hodges Hune Te Taka = Ani Keefe Itereama Riwia Henerieta = Tuta Hokianga I 4 children 4 children Henare Te Taka = Maude Ramsay Te UWhira Riri(peti) Kupa Harata I Richard Henry Thomas William Stanley Ellen Zita Kevan Te Taka Kupa 1. Also Te Taha Te Otene. 2 Also Te Kahika. 3. Also Te Owai. 4. Also Apihaka Wiremu Note: This diagram does not purport to represent an authentic whakapapa of the Kupa whanau. It aims to do no more than record data supplied by the claimant and information, some of it incomplete and contradictory, which has been extracted from documentary sources, mostly Maori Land Court minute books. It stands to be corrected by evidence from the claimants. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 6 The Kupa whanau originally held an interest in the lands between the Waihua and Waikari Rivers along with other members ofNgati Pahauwera. Itereama Kupa, born in 1855, gave evidence to the Native Land Court in 1906 that these lands were considered to be the core of Ngati Pahauwera's rohe. He testified further that the Kupa whanau had particular interests in lands around the Mohaka River. [9] Iterearna Kupa took a leading position concerning Mohaka land dealings, as he stated to the Native Land Court in 1906YO] All the members ofNgati Pahauwera are rangatiras and Arapata [Arapata Hapuku] was a rangatira with the rest of us. We all had mana in respect ofthe land known as Mohaka, Waipapa, and Waihua ... Paora Rerepu was the person who formerly had mana rangatira ofthe people. After his death, Arapata Hapuku took up the position in conjunction with us [Kupa whanau]. I was his hoa. I refer to taking action in court work. Itereama Kupa's knowledge of land and whakapapa carne from his parents and from Paora Rerepu, a Ngati Pahauwera rangatira and a principal negotiator in the 1851 Mohaka Crown purchaseYI] lehu, Riripeti, Paora Rerepu and others taught me the history ofthis land. IfRiripeti was called she would hear me out. She exhausted herself in giving information to me. Iehu also would support me. Itereama Kupa claimed the Mohaka lands on the basis of gift, conquest and permanent occupation deriving from Parakiwai and Tureia. This occupation was also declared to be unbroken in regard to his mother's line. Although most of Ngati Pahauwera sought refuge at Mahia during the musket war raids in the 1820s and 1830s, he testified that Riripeti's parents Miriama and Poreku remained at Mohaka. [12] 9 Loveridge, D. When the Freshets reach the Sea; Ngati Pahauwera and their Lands, Wai 201, no, August 1996, p 5. 10 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 4 September 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No.16, p 75-76. 11 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 17 March 1903, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 12, p 180. Wai 201 C5a, p 368. 12 Itereama Kupa stated that there was a 'general exodus' to Mahia, Ibid, p 365. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 7 Before the onset ofland selling in northern Hawke's Bay, the Kupa whanau lived in a variety of places within the Mohaka area (see Figure 1.1)y3] In times of peace, the whanau moved about the land setting up temporary camping sites and visiting well-known food-gathering places. In times of war, the whanau were confined to pa or hiding places in the bushY4] For example, in relation to the Mohaka block (on the northern banle of the Mohaka river), Itereama Kupa depicted the extent of the Kupa whanau's interest in the area by describing the locations of pa, kainga, gardens, puna wai (water springs), pa tuna (eel weirs), fishing places, karaka and hinau plantations, rat and bird catching places, and fern-root gathering places. [15] Some more permanent settlements ofPakira, father ofIehu Kupa, were at Kuiteketeke and Te Koairi along the northern banle of the Mohaka River mouth. [16] With Pakeha settlement, Maori lifestyles tended to become more sedentary. Iehu Kupa returned from Mahia to settle at the mouth of the Mohaka River. He brought Para Turia and others with him. Iehu Kupa and Hohepa Turia had a house on the north bank of the Mohaka river mouth (near the Mohaka Bridge) during the 1840s. This house was built before the establishment of the whaling station.[17] Iehu was taught to read and write by a whaler called Hairo. Hairo was married to Para Turia. Iehu Kupa and Riripeti Te Whareroa also had cultivations in this area. [18] Pitiera Te Wainohu also stated during the Mohaka hearings that it was Riripeti who had the largest land interest and farm in the Mohaka area.[19] 2.2 Early Crown Purchases, 1851-1864 The first land alienation in the Mohaka area was the Crown purchase of the Mohaka block in 1851. Details of this purchase have been recorded in other reports. [20] The block contained 85,000 acres between the Waikari and Mohaka Rivers. The block was sold for £800 with the exclusion only of the small 100-acre Heruotureia reserve, which was sold to the Crown in 1859. Iehu Kupa 13 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 15 July 1899, Napier Minute Book No. 47, Appellate Court, p 230. Wai 201, C5a, p 206. 14 Cross-Examination of Pi tier a Te Wainohu, 27 February 1903, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 12, p 125. Wai 201 C5a, p 3l3. 15 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 16 July 1903, Ibid, pp 361-364. 16 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 4 September 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No.15, p 365. 17 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 26 July 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 16, P 38l. 18 Ibid, P 69. 19 Evidence ofPitiere Te Wainohu, 24 February 1903, Ibid., P 307. 20 See Loveridge, 1996, J30; Cowie, D. Hawke's Bay, Rangahaua Whanui Series, lIb, Waitangi Tribunal, 1996, and Mohaka River Report, Waitangi Tribunal, 1992. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 8 did not sign the Mohaka deed of purchase, although Riripeti's name does appear on the list of signatories. [21] In view of the migratory nature ofthe Maori food gathering cycle, the Kupa whanau probably had interests in the Mohaka Crown purchase area. The absence ofIehu's names may suggest Iehu did not approve of the purchase, or that Riripeti signed for the whole Kupa whanau herself. The Mohaka Crown purchase disrupted the seasonal food-gathering cycle in that area, and congested Maori customary tenure onto lands to the north ofthe Mohaka River. Families living in the block had to resettle, and some 11 hapu crossed the river before and after the purchase. This meant that land tenure became very complicated in the Mohal<:a river mouth area. According to Itereama Kupa:[22] I heard that all the 11 hapus were living on the south side of the Mohaka River prior to the sale of the land to the government. They noho huihui there. When that land was sold and the hapus crossed over to this side of the river - on to the Waipapa Block - they lived together in the Maraetakarora Pa, but the various sections ofthe people had separate cultivations in different parts ofthe Block. Under cross-examination by Wi Kaimoana, Itereama Kupa clarified this statement:[23] As to my statement yesterday that all the 11 hapus were living on the South side of Mohaka River before the sale ofthat land, and that they crossed over to this side after the sale, as to Mere Pateriki's statement on the 25th, that Paora Rerepu was living on this side [north bank ofMohaka River] before the sale took place, her statement was correct - some members of the hapus were living on the other side of the river and some of them were living on this side prior that sale of land ... Paroa Rerepu assigned locations (whakauhonoho) for the different sections of the people [along the northern river bank, after the Mohaka Crown purchase]. Another large alienation occurred in 1864 when the Crown purchased the Waihua block. The block contained 21,000 acres after survey, and was located north of the Waihua River. The purchase of the land was negotiated at Mohaka, and a sale price of £1,250 was agreed. The 21 Mohaka Block Deed, No.3, 5 December 1851 (Turton'S Copy) Wai 201, A2. 22 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 25 July 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 16, p 372. 23 Ibid, P 374. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 9 Waihua block deed contains 71 signatures, who included Iehu Kupa and Itereama Kupa.[24] Again, this purchase would have disturbed customary tenure and shifted families south to Mohaka. In the 1880s, a survey error placed the southwestern boundary ofthe Waihua Crown Purchase block so as to include a large area of land on the southern bank of the Waihua River. [25] This area was outside of the Waihua purchase, and leased by the Crown as Sections 1 and 2 Block XXIII Taramarama Survey District. Although, this area was the subject of a petition by Toha Rahurahu in 1888, the survey error was never rectified. According to David Alexander:[26] Searching of the present day survey records has found no evidence of any adjustment since then [1888] to Sections 1 and 2 Block XXIII Taramarama Survey District. The land to the south of the Waiau River was sold by the Crown and then re-purchased. It is today (1996) Crown Land subject to a Crown Forest Licence. With the Kupa land interests confined to the northern bank of the Mohaka River, Iehu and Riripeti began to run sheep and cattle on the lands in the 1850s. Fences were erected and gardens established. [27] They also planted apple, cherry and peach trees. This occupation was disturbed by the raid ofTe Kooti and Te Waru in 1869, which resulted in death of 56 Maori and 7 Paheka at Mohaka as well as the destruction of houses. Itereama Kupa does not mention whether any Kupa whanau members were killed in the raid. [28] Itereama Kupa also mentions losses caused by the flooding of the Mohaka River. One particular flood (date unknown) swept away fruit trees, gardens and an urupa at Taiharurua. [29] This chapter has explored the nature of the Kupa whanau land interest in the Mohaka area before 1867. As with other members ofNgati Pahauwera, these interests were spread over a wide area in order to maintain a seasonal and mobile economy. Early Crown purchasing confined these 24 Copy ofWaihua Block Deed, No. 151, Wai 201, A59. See also Thomson, G. The Crown and Ngati Pahauwera from 1864, Wai 119/201, A29, p 10. 25 Loveridge, 1996, p 59. 26 Alexander, The Waihua Block, p 6-11. 27 The extent ofKupa farming interests in the Mohaka area was confirmed by a number of witnesses during the Mohaka hearings. Wairoa Minute Book, No. 12, p 136-156. Wai 201, C5(a) p 324-344. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid, P 263. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 10 interests to marginal land between the Mohaka and Waihua Rivers. Crown purchasing also influenced resettlement and congestion within this area. As will be illustrated in the next chapter, these two factors would put a serious strain on resources and inter-hapu relationships. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 11 The purpose ofthis chapter is to examine the actions of the Native Land Court in respect of the Kupa lands in the period 1867-1927. It will give a brief general overview of the Native Land Court process and then show how the Kupa lands were dealt with by the Court. 3.1 The Arrival of the Native Land Court The Native Land Court processed the remaining Maori lands at Mohaka, in two main phases. The first phase began in 1868 when Paora Rerepu had the land surveyed by George Worgan. This survey divided the land into a number of blocks: Mohaka, Waipapa, Waihua and Whareraurakau. Each block was vested in ten owners under the ten owner rule, as grantees for a number ofhapu. David Alexander proposes that one reason why the lands were brought to the court was a dispute over leasing arrangements. [30] Itereama Kupa's evidence suggests that Paora Rerepu's mana over the land at Mohaka was being challenged for a period of time by Paremena Tumataroa. Paora Rerepu was supported by Iehu Kupa and Arapata Hapuku. This rivalry may have influenced Paora Rerepu to arrange for the survey and present the Mohaka lands to the Court in order to support his claim. [31] Clearly, Paora Rerepu was able to assert a high degree of personal authority over the Mohaka lands during the second half of the 19th century, an authority that was later acknowledged by the Native Land Court. [32] The result was that no land was alienated before 1880, and although much land was under lease, it remained in Maori ownership. Paora Rerepu became sick in 1884, and died on 10 October 1894.[33] The passing ofParoa Rerepu stimulated the beginning of the second phase. The second phase began in the late 1880s. It involved a complex and protracted series of Native Land Court hearings in order to determine ownership and title. The Native Land Act 1894 opened 30 Alexander, D. J. The Mohaka Block, Wai 119/201, M3, 1996, P 3. 31 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 4 September 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 16, P 75. 32 Interlocutory Decision, Waihua Block, 2 September 1908, Napier Minute Book, No. 60, Wai 201, M6, P J 120- 1122. 33 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 15, P 374. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 12 up a channel for revesting the title of ten-owner blocks originally assigned to hapu in all members of the hapu. [34] With settlement pressure mounting on a much reduced area of land, individual applications to determine interests mounted. These applications sparked a series of reinvestigations of title, determinations, appeals, redeterminations, and partitions. The result was internal and external inter-hapu competition for scarce resources, and rapid fragmentation of title. For example, the Waipapa block of 1,290 acres was partitioned into 162 sections. Most of these sections were no more than 1-5 acres in size. Table 3.1 below summaries the main Native Land Court actions in regard to the four coastal Mohaka blocks. Table 3.1. Summary of Primary Native Land Court Actions, Mohaka, 1868-1910 1860s Created Created Created Created 1870s Partition (Mohaka 1 and 2) 1880s Partition cancelled Partition (Waihua 1) New title order (Mohaka 1 and Mohaka2) 1890s Partition of Mohaka 2 Re-title Partition (Waihua 2) Appel, re-hearing and cancellation Re-title 1900s Appeal and partition Partition Partitions cancelled Re-title and partition (5 cancelled (162 sections) sections) Re-title and partition Re-title order Appeal and re-hearing (55 sections) Partition (6 sections, later partitioned into 56 sections in 19 34 Section 14(10) Native Land Act 1894. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 13 Another outcome of the Court process was financial hardship. As Loveridge states:[35] There is no telling how much money, time, and energy Pahauwera expended in disputes over titles to the Mohaka, Waipapa, Waihua, and Whareraurakau blocks during the four decades which followed the initial Court hearings in 1868. The expenditures involved in subdividing and re-subdividing the land would have been very substantial by themselves - and virtually all the survey-work done before the 1900s was later discarded. The result was heavy indebtedness and the alienation of small interests by sale to the Crown during the 1920s. This issue is explored more fully in Chapter four. 3.2 Mohaka 3.2.1 Retitling and Partition Mohaka, not to be confused with the Mohaka Crown purchase south of the river, was a surveyed block of about 24,000 acres situated between the Mohaka and Waihua Rivers, inland from the coast. This block consisted of mostly steep hill country, cut by deep river gullies. The title for Mohaka was investigated in September 1868. Paora Rerepu presented a map of the block to the Court and stated:[36] I belong to Ngati Pahauwera and reside at Mohaka. I recognise the land shewn on the plan. This land belongs to me and to some others of my tribe. We derive our title from our ancestor Kahuhunu [ie Kahungunu] (Genealogy given). The land belonged to him in former times. His descendants are the present owners. We have always been in undisturbed possession, are in occupation now. Our houses and cultivations are now on this land and on land of ours adjoining. Our title is not disputed that I am aware of. Paora Rerepu said that "they had arranged among themselves" those persons who would be the ten grantees.[37] A list of 121 'other owners' immediately followed the ten grantees. This list included Iehu Kupa (near the top of the list), Riripeti Te Whareroa and Itereama Kupa. Both the 35 Loveridge, 1996, p 82. 36 Evidence ofPaora Rerepu, September 1868, Wairoa Minute Book, No.1, P 45-46. Wai 210 C5a, p 2-3. 37 The ten grantees were listed as Paora Rerepu, Winiata Noana, Henare Pakura, Hone Te Wainohu, Tipene Te Aho, Te Hira Te Whakapinga, Rihimona, Matiria Hinekakea, Huia Te Kahika, and Pahimata. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 14 ten grantees and the 121 other owners were registered in the Court as j oint owners of the Mohaka block.[38] In November 1872, Mohaka was leased to John Sutherland for a period of21 yearsY9] In 1876, there was an attempted partition of the Mohaka block into two sections: Mohaka 1 and Mohaka 2. This partition was requested by Renata Tupuna. The Court agreed to the partition and ordered a title for Mohaka 1 to be granted to Karaitiana Taungakore, Toha Rahurahu and 39 others. This list did not include the Kupa whanau.[40] No formal order for Mohaka 2 was issued. After further applications, the partition was cancelled and new orders were made in 1884. These orders created two blocks: Mohaka (16,700 acres, also called Mohaka 2), vested in 113 owners; and Mohaka 1 (7,807 acres), vested in 57 owners. Iehu Kupa was included in the Mohaka 1 block and Riripeti Te Whareroa, Makere Kupa and Itereama Kupa in the Mohaka block.[41] This order had split Kupa land interests into two separate blocks. In 1894, Riripeti Te Whareroa, Itereama Kupa, Makere Kupa and Naomi Rawiri requested to have their relative interests in Mohaka 2 determined by the Court. [42] As a result of this request and others, Mohaka 2 was divided into two blocks in 1889. This partition vested Mohaka 2A in Toha Rahurahu, and Mohaka 2B in the rest of the owners (Mohaka 1 was also subdivided into six blocks in 1895). This decision and the actions of Toha Rahurahu was the subject of a petition to parliament in 1894. The petition stated that Toha Rahurahu had taken actions in the Court which were intended to defraud and deceive the Mohaka community. [43] Eventually, the Government responded to this and other petitions in 1901 by section 32 of the Native Land Claims Adjustment and Laws 38 Section 17 of the Native Lands Act 1867 allowed the Court to attach onto the certificate oftitle the names of any number of persons, who had a right to title or interest in the land. 39 It seems there was a dispute over rents from this lease. Wi Te Kahu stated during the Mohaka hearings (1903) that Riripeti objected to how the rents were divided among the various hapu, but no change was made; Evidence of Wi Te Kahu, 2 March 1903, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 12, p 133, Wai 201 C5a, p 321. 40 Order of the Court, 14 October 1876, Gisborne Maori Land Court, Mohaka Miscellaneous Papers, Wai 201, M3(a) p, A14. 41 Mohaka block, orders oftitle, 10 September 1884, Napier Minute Book, No. 8,p 192-203, Wai 201, M 3(b) p, HlO-14. 42 Application for determination of interest, Wai 201, M3(a) p B47. 43 Petition ofWepiha Wainohu and 52 others. Quoted in Alexander, The Mohaka Block, p 38. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 15 Amendment Act 1901. [44] The effect of this provision was to declare void all previous Court orders, and order a rehearing on the Mohaka block that would not be subject to review by the Appellate Court. As required by this legislation, the Mohaka block was reinvestigated by the Court in 1903. Itereama Kupa gave substantial and lengthy evidence during this hearing. [45] This evidence (see Chapter One) described extensive Kupa whanau farming interests as well as matters relating to pa, urupa, gardens and hunting areas. In the decision of the court, the judges (Mair and Johnson) stated: [46] Although the owners are all more or less related to one another, they consist of a number of hapus and in the proceedings they form nine parties. The evidence given is very lengthy, each party giving a history of the land from he time when Tureia, Mamangu, and other chiefs came from Te Mahia and after annihilating Tahu Toria on the south side of the river came into possession on the land on the north side which at that time belonged to Parakiwai. The Court determined the shares of 190 owners in the Mohaka block on 6 July 1903. Four members of the Kupa whanau were allocated 115 5/7 out of 3,390 shares in the block, or 3.4 percent (see Table 3.2).[47] Table 3.2. Kupa Whanau Shares in the Mohaka Block, 1903 54 IehuKupa 40 1.2 57 Itereama Kupa 30 0.9 87 Makere Kupa 55/7 0.2 153 Riripeti Te Whareroa 40 1.2 Kupa shares 115 5/7 3.4 190 Total shares 3,390 100 44 See Alexander, The Mahaka block, p 34-44 for further information. 45 Evidence ofItereamaKupa, 13 -19 March 1903, WairoaMinute Book, No. 12, P 65-188, Wai 201 C5(a),p 354- 376. 46 Mohaka Order, 6 July 1903, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 13, p 119. 47 Mohaka Block Order, 13 July 1903, Wairoa MB, No. 13, P 163A, Wai 201, C5(a), p 428-430. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 16 These shares were then assigned to some of the 55 Mohaka sections created by the partition order of 17 July 1903. As the Mohaka block was of a very 'uneven quality', the aim of the partition 48 was made on the principle of1 ] ... giving each owner or family a portion of first class with a proportion of second- or third-class land - the scheme necessitating the severance of parcels, several miles intervening between a parcel of first class hand held by a family and their holding of second-class land. This principle also meant each family ended up with a scattered land holding with interests in some large (and often isolated) inland hill country blocks, and smaller fertile coastal land. The Kupa whanau held interests, with other owners, in five separate sections: 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44 (see Table 3.3). The largest interest was 725 shares held in the 1,213-acre Mohaka No.40. Table 3.3. Kupa Whanau Interests in the Mohaka Partition, July 1903 1,213 Iehu Kupa Inalienable except by lease (after Itereama Kupa for a period not exceeding Riripeti Te Whareroa 21 years. Rest of land is covered by Two other owners Subject to road access scrub, fern and grass. Good soil acres) Kupa share 59.7% 23 Itereama Kupa 100% Same as above Low hills, with a small flat along the river bank. Well grassed and good soil 5 Itereama Kupa 100% Same as above Good river flat 74 Riripeti Te Whareroa 33 Same as above Flat terrace land, good MakereKupa 41 soil, ploughed or in grass. Some scrub, fern, and grass Kupa share 100% 11.5 Itereama Kupa 8.3% W oolshed Reserve. Land to No valuation assessment 11 other owners be absolutely inalienable in anyway. Listed persons represent all Mohaka block owners 48 Interim Report ofStout-Ngata Commission, 22 March 1907, Wai 201, C7(a), p 290. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 17 The Mohaka lands were surveyed and valued by the District Surveyor, T. W. Hughes in 1910. The valuation assessment included a brief description of the land. These assessments are included in Table 3.3. In general, the largest block was marginal hill country, and the smaller sections contained good quality lands near the Mohaka River. Excluding the Wool shed Reserve (No.44), the Kupa whanau ended up with an interest in 827 acres of the 24, 140-acre Mohaka block. 3.2.2 Mohaka Successions Between the partitioning of 1903 and the mid-I920s, the following successions occurred within the Kupa whanau: • Iehu Kupa died on 5 November 1904, and the interests ofIehu in Mohaka 40 were passed down to all the children except Itereama Kupa (Riwia Kupa, Te Taka, Te Heke, Henerieta, Hune Kupa and Makere Kupa). A succession order in equal shares for Iehu Kupa's interests was made on 7 June 1906.[49] • Riripeti Te Whareroa died on 10 April 1922. Her interests were transfered to the six children in equal shares. Te Taka interest was passed onto Henare Te Taka Kupa, and Henerieta's interest was passed onto her three children (1/18 shares).[50] • Itereama Kupa died about 1913. He left no will and had no children. Itereama Kupa's interest in Mohaka 41 went toHenry Hodges[51], (the husband of Makere Kupa), Te Heke, and Henerieta, and his interest in Mohaka 42 went to Riwia Kupa, Te Heke, Makere Kupa, Hune Kupa, Henerieta, and Te Taka on 13 June 1913.[52] 49 Wairoa Minute Book, No.15, p 160-16l. 50 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 33, 3 February 1923, p 150. 51 Itereama Henare (Henry or Charley) Hodges 52 Itereama Kupa Succession, 13 June 1913, Wairoa Minute Book, p 266. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 18 • Itereama Kupa's interest in Mohaka 40 was vested in Riwia Kupa, Te Heke, Te Taka, Hune Kupa, Makere Kupa, and Henerieta on 7 July 1916.[53] • Te Heke died about 1921. She was succeeded by her children (Tamihana Family). • Henerieta died on 25 November 1918. Her interest was succeeded by her children (Riri, Kupa, and Harata in 1/18 shares). [54] Henerieta married Tuta Hokianga. • Te Taka died on 20 November 1919. Te Taka was also known as Te Taka Otene or Te Taha Te Otene. All Te Taka's land interests was succeeded by Henare Te Taka Kupa on 15 December 1920. [55] • Makere Kupa's interest was succeeded by Iehu Hodges, [56] Miriama Hokena, Itereama Henare (Charley) Hodges, and Te Awhi Taranaki Winiata.[57] Makere Kupa married Itereama Henare (Charley) Hodges (also known as Henry Hodges). • Hune Kupa married Emily Thompson. They had no children although Emily had other children from a previous marriage. The authors have not researched the outcome ofHune Kupa's succession. The succession interest of Riwia Kupa has also not been researched. • One further succession occurred after the start of consolidation but before the final orders were issued. On 1 September 1938, the descendants of Iehu Kupa gained half the interest in Mohaka 40A of Makere Te Ua, who was related to Iehu on his father's side.[58] In summary, Iehu and Riripeti, as well as Itereama Kupa, had died by the mid-1920s and their shares in the Mohaka partitions had passed on in more or less equal proportions to their six surviving children and the latters' offspring. 53 Ibid. 54 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 27, p 112. 55 Napier Minute Book, No. 69, 15 December 1920, p 275. 56 Iehu Henry Hodges (alias Naki Hodges). 57 Mohaka Block, Consolidation Data Lists, Wai 201, M 3(b) P D.93. 58 Wairoa Minute Book 46, p 122. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 19 3.2.3 The Stout-Ngata Commission The Stout-Ngata Commission was established in 1907 to make recommendations on the reservation or further alienation of remaining Maori land. Regarding the Wairoa County lands, the Commission stated:[59] Broadly speaking, the majority of the Native owners have only small interests in other lands [outside the Mohaka, Whareraurakau, Tutaekuri, Tutuotekaha and Nuhaka blocks]. The blocks under review are occupied in a manner by some of the Native owners, who graze sheep and cattle thereon, and have made small improvements. The protracted and costly litigation in relation to and the successive partitions of the Mohaka, Tutaekuri, and Nuhaka blocks are evidence of the strong desire of the owners to have their individual interests ascertained and allocated, so as to make their occupation effective. In order to facilitate further 'effective occupation', in 1907 the Stout-Ngata Commission recommended that the Tairawhiti Maori Land Board be able to grant leases "to Maori tenants specified by the owners, or to issue occupation licenses or certificates of partnership or incorporation to individual owners, families, or hapus ... "[60] For this purpose, the Government authorised the Tairawhiti Maori Land Board to act as an agent for a large number of the Mohaka block Maori owners under the Native Land Settlement Act 1907. This authorisation included Mohaka 40.[61] As detailed histories of the Mohaka blocks up until 1941 are provided by David Alexander, it suffices here to summarise the block histories in the following sections. [62] 3.2.4 Mohaka No. 40 Mohaka 40 contained poorer quality farming land. The capital value of the land was £2,132 in 1913. The status of Mohaka 40 was investigated by the Stout-Ngata Commission on 7 March 1907. After some discussion on leasing arrangements, it was agreed that 488 acres (Mohaka 40A) 59 Interim Report ofStout-Ngata Commission, 22 March 1907, Wai 201, C7(a), p 289. 60 Ibid, P 293. 61 NZG, 16 July 1908, p 1916-1917. 62 Alexander, The Mohaka block, pp 364-401. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 20 would be leased to Rune Kupa (Ekengarangi's interest), and 725 acres (Mohaka 40B) leased to Itereama Kupa and Te Taka. The adjacent Mohaka 37 was also being leased to Itereama Kupa by Te Wakahoehoe Puna (see Figure 1.5).[63] Itereama Kupa objected to the Tairawhiti District Land Board concerning the proposed lease of 40A to Rune Kupa. Itereama Kupa requested the decision be deferred until all the owners had been consulted. The lease was switched to Henry Hodges, Makere Kupa's husband, for 23 years from I January 1911.[64] This lease was in conjunction with the nearby Mohaka 13B. The lease of 40B to Itereama Kupa and Te Taka was confirmed. [65] As a consequence of the varIOUS leasing arrangements, the Stout-Ngata Commission recommended that Mohaka 40 be subdivided into two sections, 40A and 40B. While these sections were subdivided, the partition was not ordered by the court until 1919.[66] In the partition order, the Kupa whanau interests, making up 59.7 percent of the shares, were divided from the other owners (see Table 3.4)[67]. Table 3.4. Mohaka 40 Partition, 1919 492 730 Te Heke Kupa 78 2/3 Henerieta Hokianga 78 2/3 HuneKupa 78 2/3 MakereKupa 78 2/3 RiwiaKupa 78 2/3 TeTakaKupa 78 2/3 . Te Whareroa 253 During the 1920s, Rune Kupa, Te Heke, and Renare Te Taka Kupa sold their interests (and the interest derived from Riripeti) in Mohaka 40B to the Crown. Further detail on these purchases is included in Chapter Four of this report. The remaining Kupa whanau owners' interests in 63 Minutes of the Native Land Commission, 7 March 1907, Wai 201 C7a, p 311-312. 64 On account ofthe poor quality ofthis land, Henry Hodges succeeded in gaining rates exemption between 1910 and 1924. 65 Tairawhiti District Maori Land Board Minute Book 3, Wai 201, M3(b) P 04. 66 Certificate of Title 30/36, Wai 201, M3(d), page Q7. 67 Mohaka 40 partition, 10 September 1919, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 30, Wai 201, M3(b), P E46. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 21 Mohaka 40B were integrated into the general consolidation scheme in 1928. These owners included Riwia Kupa, Riri Hokianga, Kupa Hokianga, Harata Hokianga and Henry Hodges. [68) 3.2.5 Mohaka 41 and 42 As indicated earlier in this report, Mohaka 41 and 42 were awarded to Itereama Kupa solely. These sections, although small, were on the banks of the Mohaka River and of good quality, and Itereama Kupa used them for gardens and farming. They were valued in 1919 by the Wairoa County Council as having a combined capital value of £255.[69) A small slice of Mohaka 41 (and 0 Mohaka 43) was taken for roading in 1910.£1 ) Itereama Kupa died in about 1913 and his interest in Mohaka 41 was passed down to Henry Hodges, Te Heke, and Henerieta. [71) Mohaka 41 was partitioned between the owners into three sections in September 1919 (see Table 3.5).[72) These interests were integrated into the Mohaka consolidation scheme in 1928. Table 3.5. Mohaka 41 Partition, 1919 17. 1. 13.3 Henry Hodges 4. 1. 13.3 Te Heke Kupa 4. 1. 13.3 Henerieta Mohaka 42 was passed down to Riwia Kupa, Te Heke, Makere Kupa, Hune Kupa, Te Taka and Henerieta. Henare Te Taka Kupa, and Hune Kupa sold their interests to the Crown in 1928 (see Chapter Four for further details).[73) The remaining unsold interests were integrated into the 4 Mohaka Consolidation Scheme in 1928.£1 ) 68 Mohaka Consolidation Scheme Data Lists, Wai 201, M3(b) P D89. 69 A government valuation in the same year gave a capital value of £212. See Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 383. 70 Alexander, The Mohaka Block, p 382. 71 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 21, 13 June 1913, p 266. 72 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 30, 10 September 1919, p 173. Wai 201 M3(b) P E47. 73 Hawke's Bay Deed 784, Memorandum of Transfer Y, Wai 201 M3 (d) P M 141- M143. 74 See Wai 201 M3(b) P D93. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 22 3.2.6 Mohaka 43 Mohaka 43 comprised good quality farmland of74 acres, and was held by Riripeti and Makere Kupa. In 1926, the block had a capital valuation of £842. As with the other Mohaka blocks, the interest ofRiripeti was passed down to the six Kupa family members in 1922. Hune Kupa, Henry Hodges, and Henare Te Taka Kupa sold their interest to the Crown between 1923 and 1928 (see Chapter Four for further details). The remaining interests, now reduced to 63% percent of the section, were integrated into the Mohaka consolidation scheme. [75] 3.2.7 Mohaka 44 (Woolshed Reserve) Mohaka 44 was an inalienable reserve and Itereama Kupa was one of the trustees. The land was of good quality and valued in 1926 at £170 (capital value). The reserve was integrated into the consolidation scheme without partitions or alienations. 3.3 Waipapa 3.3.1 Title and Partitions Waipapa was a block of 1,290 acres on the northern banI( of the Mohaka River mouth. The land near the coast was generally flat and low-lying, with some swampy areas. Further inland areas were hilly. Apart from patches of swamp, it appears that most of coastal Waipapa was good quality land. Waipapa was also subject to flooding by the river. These floods washed away land along the river banks. Itereama Kupa stated during the Waipapa hearing that some 2-3 chains had been swept away near the river mouth. This land included the site of Hairo' s house (the husband of Para Turi, and who taught Iehu Kupa to read and write). [76] A number of surveyed sections were also washed away between 1906 and 1928. 75 Wai 201, M3(b) P D94. 76 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 6 July 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 15, P 329. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 23 Waipapa was the site of the old whaling station, river ferry, and later the Mohaka River Bridge. The land gave access to the river, the sea and coastal transport routes. Paora Rerepu introduced this block into the Native Land Court in 1867. Paora stated that the tribes who owned this land were Ngati Pahauwera[771, Ngati Kura, Ngati Ruakohatu, Ngati Paekea, Ngati Kapukapu, Ngati Te Huki, Ngati Paora, NgatiMatengahuru, Ngati Kapekape, Ngati Purua and Ngati Hineku. Paora proposed that ten grantees be appointed, and these persons were entered on the Waipapa certificate of title. All other owners were thereby excluded from the title. No Kupa whanau members were included as owners.[78] While other inland blocks were leased to Paheka run-holders, or farmed by the owners, Waipapa was primarily a village site and gardens. [79] There was an attempt to subdivide Waipapa into two parts in 1876. This attempt came to nothing, and the block remained in one section until 1896. [SO] During the 1890s, there was a petition to the Government for a determination of ownership in Waipapa. As a consequence, a rehearing was ordered and took place in 1896 under section 14(10) of the Native Land Court Act 1894. The inquiry aimed to ascertain the owners of the land in terms of the hapu listed in the 1868 order. Lists of names were presented to the court for each hapu, and these names were awarded by the Court. A total of 1,290 shares were determined. Six members of the Kupa whanau were allocated shares under two lists (see Table 3.6)JSl] This decision and share allocation was appealed by Pitiera Wainohu and others. A rehearing was held in July 1899 in the Maori Appellate Court. The grounds of the appeal were that a number ofhapu had been included in the 1868 title which had no rights to Waipapa because they were included by Paora Rerepu out of' aroha' .[S2] 77 Probably the Ngati Pahauwera sub-hapu of the major hapu or federation also called Ngati Pahauwera. 78 Wairoa Minute Book, No.1, Wai 201 C5(a) pp 7-9. 79 Waipapa Investigation, Napier Minute Book No. 49, Wai 201, C5(a) pp 204-210. 80 Loveridge, 1996, p 79. 81 Waipapa Block, Court Order, 2 October 1896, Block Order File, MLC, Gisborne. 82 Napier Minute Book No. 49,Wai 201, C5(a) pp 165-210. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 24 Table 3.6. Kupa Whanau Shares in Waipapa, 1896 HuneKupa 8 IehuKupa * 152/3 Itereama Kupa 8 MakereKupa 8 RiwiaKupa 8 Kupa whanau (10.4%) 472/3 1,290 * In his own right and as successor to Hohepa Tura The appeal decision annulled the 1896 list and decided on a new list of 154 names. The Appellate Court did not determine relative share allocation. The lists passed by the Court included the Kupa whanau under two hapu (see Table 3.7). Table 3.7. Waipapa List of Owners, as determined by Maori Appellate Court, 1896 Iehu Kupa HuneKupa RiwiaKupa Te HekeKupa Itereama Kupa MakereKupa Te Whareroa Iehu, Itereama Kupa, Riwia Kupa, and Te Heke were also originally included in a Ngati Kura and N gati Kapukapu list. There names were struck off this list by counsel as they were found to be already on the Ngati Pahauwera list.[83] For reasons unknown to the authors, Te Taka Kupa and Henerieta Hokianga were not included in the lists of owners. 83 Waipapa Block, Lists of Owners, 1899, Court Application File, Waipapa 1-162, MLC Gisbome. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 25 Table 3.8. Kupa Whanau Interests in the Waipapa Partition, 1906 1.0.00 3 Te Taka Kupa 50 Subject to right of access to 1 other spring (Te Kaho). 5.3.00 9 RiwiaKupa 100 1.3.00 5.5.0 Riripeti Te 1Yz 28.6 Whareroa 2 38.1 HuneKupa 1% 33.3 RaihaKupa 1.0.00 3 Te HekeKupa 50 1 other 6.0.00 29 HuneKupa 100 1.0.00 3 Makere Kupa 100 0.2.00 1.10.0 Henerieta Hokianga 100 8.1.34 84.12.6 Henerieta Hokianga 27 32.1 River access provision. 8 others 57 8.3.00 87.10.0 Itereama Kupa 22 1/10 28.2 Te HekeKupa 30Yz 38.9 Riripeti Te 159/10 20.3 Whareroa 10 1 other 12.0.00 120 TeTakaKupa 2 16.7 4 others 10 19.1.08 167.19.0 RaihaKupa 57Yz 37.7 Makere Kupa 18 10.3 2 others 99/20 5.0.28 51.16.3 RiwiaKupa 32 61.8 MakereKupa 194/5 38.2 53.10.0 Te Taha Te Otene 6 8.9 (Te Taka Kupa) and 4 others 99 TeTakaKupa 7 7.1 5 others 91 Itereama Kupa 10 11.8 Survey residual from 22 others 75 marking offroads and subdivisions. All owners Nos.26A, 50, 57, 64, 73, all inalienable. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 26 With the final list of owners determined, various owners applied to the Native Land Court for a subdivision of the Waipapa block in 1906. The claimants asked for[84] numerous subdivisions, so that each man or family will know his own piece. We especially need this as we are being summoned under the Noxious Weeds Act. Some 200 Natives live on the land ... Once the survey of the proposed Waipapa subdivision was completed, there was a protracted contest in the Court regarding the ownership of sections 12 and 14. Itereama Kupa gave lengthy evidence during the hearing as the primary witness for Ngati Pahauwera. This evidence and cross-examination lasted six days. Itereama Kupa recounted settlement history, pa, kainga, gardens, fencing, leasing arrangements, housing and farming. [85] After Itereama Kupa's submission and cross-examination was finished, the Court confirmed the proposed division ofWaipapa into 162 sections on 24 September 1906.[86] An appeal was lodged against this decision by Makere Te Ua on behalf ofItereama Kupa and five others on 24 September 1906. The basis of the appeal was that the "subdivision proposed to be affected by the said judgement is unfair and not in accordance with the evidence."[87] A cheque of £20. O. 6 was also forwarded by Makere Kupa's solicitor (D. Scannell) to the Native Land Court as security for the costs of the appeal. [88] This appeal was withdrawn without explanation four years later on 22 June 1910 and the cheque was returned by the Court. [89] 3.3.2 Waipapa Successions and Partitions A succession order dated 2 May 1906 vested the interests ofIehu Kupa in Te Taka Kupa and Henerieta Hokianga equally.[90] As already noted, Te Taka and Henerieta had not been included in the 1899 list of owners. This succession, therefore, meant that Te Taka and Henerieta were 84 Quoted in Thomson, G. The Crown and Ngati Pahauwerafrom 1864, Wai 201, A29, pp 49-50. 85 Evidence ofItereama Kupa, 24 July 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 15, p 363. 86 Waipapa Partition Decision, 24 September 1906, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 16, p 124. 87 Notice of Appeal, 24 September 1906, Waipapa Court Applications File, 8/2/512, MLC, Gisborne. 88 Scannell to Registrar, NLC, 5 December 1906, Ibid. 89 Gisborne Minute Book, No. 13,22 June 1910, p 233. 90 Waipapa Titles, Successions from 1884 to 1906, 1267A, MLC Gisborne. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 27 now included as owners in the Waipapa block. Itereama Kupa and Riripeti's interest followed the same successions as in the Mohaka sections (see section 3.2.2). Henare Te Taka Kupa also received the interest of Te Taha Te Otene in Waipapa 136 by a succession order dated 15 December 1920 (see Figure 1.4). It seems that Te Taha Te Otene was the same person as Henare's father, Te Taka Kupa. Henare Kupa gained small stakes in three other sections during the consolidation process. On 19 February 1937 he succeeded to 1112th interests in Waipapa 7142, a joint title (5.0.30) and Waipapa 120 (19.1.07) from Pirihira Tura or Ekengarangi.[91] On 5 September 1938, he also received a 1112 interest in Waipapa 33A (2 roods) and 82 (Oa. 2r. Op) from Makere Te Ua, Pirihira's daughter and related to him on his father's side.[92] An area of 5.2.30 acres was taken by Proclamation on 13 September 1939 for a Native School. The area included Waipapa 33A, 33, 35, 71 pt, and Waipapa Pt. Compensation was assessed on 1 October 1940 as £125. A note attached to the file stated that: Although consolidation titles are dated subsequent to the taking, they were based on earlier data and the orders make no allowance or provision for the taking. Hence, compensation was treated as if the land had been taken after the 1941 consolidation order, and compensation was paid to the new post-consolidation owners. Thus Henare Te Taka Kupa, and the other pre-consolidation owners were not affected by the land taking. [93] The Waipapa subdivision was surveyed during 1918. The survey application included the signatures of Riripeti Te Whareroa, Riwia Kupa, and Makere Te Ua.[94] This survey calculated 91 Wairoa Minute Book 45, p 134. 92 Ibid, P 10. 93 Waipapa No. 1-162, Court Applications, MA 8/2/512, MLC Gisbome. 94 Application to Survey, Waipapa, 1 August 1912, Waipapa Court Applications File, 8/2/512, MLC, Gisbome. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 28 the total area of the Waipapa block as 1,203 acres 3 roods 36 perches. The survey charge was £563.6.0J95) Two partitions in 1914 affected Te Taka Kupa's interests. The first divided Waipapa 92 into three blocks, in one of which, 92C, Te Taka Kupa's interest (1 a. 3 r. 30 p) was cut out as sole owner. The second divided Waipapa 155 into two blocks, leaving Te Taka in the residual 155A (34a.lr.33p) with a 7/69 shareJ96) These partitions were surveyed in 1919, and survey costs of £1.12 were charged to Waipapa 92C and £7. 11 to Waipapa 155A as survey liens.[97) The Kupa whanau sold no interests to the Crown and Waipapa was integrated into the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme in 1928. 3.4 Waihua Waihua was located just north of Waipapa. The land was generally good quality coastal lowland with patches of swamp and scrub. Title to the Waihua block was processed through the Native Land Court in 1868 in two sections: Waihua No.1 (6,759 acres) and Waihua No.2 (2,366 acres) (see Figure 1.5). The owners appointed by the Court under the ten-owner rule represented eight hapu. [98) The block was leased to Henderson James Twigg in October 1870 for 21 years. This lease was later transferred to John Glendining. A dispute over rental from Waihua took place in 1890. As relative interests in the block had not been ascertained, rent was paid to the Public Trustee. Paora Rerepu requested that all rent be paid to the owners. This money (£459-4-1) was released after a Native Land Court Order in 1902. [99) In May 1888, the Court ordered the partition of Waihua 1 into five subdivisions after an application by Eparaima Purei. This division questioned and was subject to a rehearing in September 1890. After rehearing, eight subdivisions were created. The Kupa whanau had 95 Waipapa Survey Charges, 26 June 1918, Ibid. 96 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 23, P 87, 11 August 1914. Waipapa Partition Orders, MLC, Gisborne. 97 Certificate of Chief Surveyor, Waipapa 92, 14 February 1919, Waipapa Court Applications File, 8/2/512, MLC, Gisborne. 98 Wairoa Minute Book, No.1, P 55. Wai 201 C5a, p 12. 99 For further detail, see Alexander, The Waihua block, pp 23-31. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 29 substantial shares in these subdivisions as derived from their membership in N gati Pahauwera and Ngati KuraYoO] Waihua 2 was also partitioned in 1890. Waihua 2C included Iehu Kupa. Both Waihua 1 and 2 partitions had a short life. Arapata Hapuku and 42 others petitioned parliament in 1903. They requested that the Waihua partitions be cancelled as the registered hapus were never properly ascertained. This was done, and the Court cancelled all partition orders relating to Waihua 1 and 2 in June 1907Y01] The Native Land Court reinvestigated Waihua 1 and 2 during August and September 1908. During the hearing Piteria Te Wainohu objected to a number ofNgati Pahauwera names on the assertion that they had no interest. Piteria stated:[102] These people are owners in Mohaka No.1 and 2, and in Wharerarakau. In Waipapa they had a claim but at hearing and raised objection [?missing text]. They were however included. I said they had no right to the land at all, and know Ngati Pahauwera has right in Waihua. Those ofPahauwera having a right are Paora Rerepu and Iehu Te Whareroa, alias Iehu Kupa. When Ngati Kura and Ngati Pahauwera got under influence ofPaora Rerepu we got in under aroha that being caused by his great mana over natives [gives whakapapa ofIehu and Riripeti]. All children ofRiripeti were passed in list yesterday hence Iehu comes under name ofNgati Kura. It was through Iehu some ofNgati Pahauwera were enabled to go and live on land - that is those not objected to and they have occupation right only. The Court rejected this argument in ruling that Ngati Pahauwera should be included:[103] [Their] near relationship to Paora Rerepu, Iehu Whareroa, and others whose claims cannot be disputed, and the fact that they were included in Waipapa after inquiry into their rights, are the principal reasons on which we have based our finding. The Native Land Court made an interlocutory decision on 2 September 1908. This finding restated the findings of the 1903 Mohaka decision that a number of different hapu had interests 100 Napier Minute Book, No. 60, P 25. 101 Ibid, pp 48-51. 102 Evidence of Pi tier a Te Wainohu, 15 August 1908, Napier Minute Book, No. 60, P 25-26, Wai 201, M6, P J30- J31. 103 Pahauwera Decision, 17 August 1908, Ibid, P J35. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 30 in Waihua, and that these hapu were inter-related. Evidence presented was also found to be "extremely contradictory." However, the Court considered that there were certain matters[104] ... definitely established by the evidence given at previous hearings, and before this court namely: 1. That the Ngati Pahauwera were the dominant hapu and that their influence extended over all these blocks. 2. That the mana of Paora Rerepu was very great and that he was the tino rangatira of all the hapus and the mouthpiece of all the owners in their dealings with their lands. 3. That while all the hapus have lived together on Waipapa, the Ngati Kura and Ngati Kapukapu have been the chief occupiers ofWaihua while the Ngati Pahauwera's occupation has been confined to Waipapa and Mohaka principally. The final order of the Court was made on 24 September 1908. The Waihua 1 order consisted of 84 persons, with a total of 6,820 shares. Within this list, Riripeti Te Whareroa was allocated 13 shares and Iehu Kupa 190 shares, or a stake of just under 3 percent. The Waihua 2 order consisted of 53 persons with a total of 2,400 shares. In this list, Iehu Kupa was allocated 95 shares, or just under 4 percent. [105] This order was appealed by various parties in 1909. During the appeal proceedings, Ngati Kura agreed to give up 10 percent of its assigned interests to Ngati Pahauwera, increasing the latter's 6 share proportionatelyy0 ] This rearrangement meant that while Riripeti Te Whareroa's shares in Waihua 1 remained at 13, Iehu Kupa's shares increased marginally to 225 in Waihua 1 and to 100 in Waihua 2.[107] The Court issued the final Waihua title order on 1 July 1910. In November 1910 both Waihua 1 and 2 blocks were each partitioned into three sections (see Table 3.9).[108] 104 Interlocutory Decision, 2 September 1908, Ibid, pp 1120-1122. 105 Court Order, 24 September 1908, Ibid, P 1182-1187. 106 Alexander, The Waihua block, p 86-87. 107 Maori Land Court, Block Order Files, Waihua 1 & Waihua 2, Wai 201 M5(a) pp A68-69, 168-9. 108 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 18, P 62-64, and 77-86, Wai 201, M5(a) p D29-D41. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 31 Table 3.9. Waihua Partition, 1910 1425.2.24 14 1,414 Yz 2455.2.28 72 246579/84 2994.3.10 71 292847/84 982.1.28 26 1007 Yz 752.1.8 34 771 Yz 605.2.7 39 621 9217.1.25 9210 The Kupa whanau interests were allocated to sections lC and 2C. Waihua 1C was partitioned into 12 sections. Waihua lC9 (20a.Or.28p) went to Henerieta Hokianga solely, while Waihua 1C 10 (261 acres approximately) went to 11 owners, amongst whom were six members of the Kupa whanau with a total shareholding of just over three-quarters (see Table 3.10).[109] Table 3.10. Waihua 1C10 Determination HuneKupa 70 23.8 Itereama Kupa 31 10.5 Makere Kupa 56 19.0 Riripeti Te Whareroa 13 4.4 RiwiaKupa 33 11.2 Te Taka Kupa 25 8.5 Kupa whanau 228 77.6 5 other owners 66 22.4 When the railway was built through Waihua in 1932, 6a.Or.12.4p ofWaihua 1C10 was taken for railway purposes, and 1a.0r.8.5p was taken for roading. £15 was payed to the owners as compensation for these takings. [110] This amount was roughly equal to the latest valuation~111] Otherwise, none of the Kupa whanau's stake in Waihua 1 was alienated before the 1930s. Both 1C9 and 1C 10 were integrated into the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme in April 1931. 109 Maori Land Court, Block Order File, Waihua, Wai 210, MS(a), p A12S-A127. 110 Alexander, The Waihua block, pp 210-211. 111 Ibid, P 211. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 32 Waihua 2 was partitioned into 15 sections on 7 October 1911.[112] The Kupa whanau interests were allocated into Waihua 2C8/2C16 (one title) and 2C10. 2C8/2C16 was a small section of approximately 16 acres at the Waihua River estuary. The land was awarded to 39 owners in equal shares. The owners included Henerieta Hokianga, Hune Kupa, Itereama Kupa, Makere Kupa, Riwia Kupa and Te Taka KupaJ113] Waihua 2C10 was a 100-acre section with sea frontage (see Figure 1.5). The shoreline boundary was surveyed from the top of the cliffs, rather than the mean high water mark. The land was vested in Te Heke Kupa, Hune Kupa, Henerieta Hokianga, Itereama Kupa, Makere Kupa, Riwia Kupa, and Te Taka Kupa. [114] An application by Henry Hodges and Hune Kupa led to the further partitioning ofWaihua 2C10 in January 1930 into eight subdivisions. After some debate over contemporary rights, the Court made the following order:[115] Waihua2C10A Henerieta Hokianga solely Waihua 2C10B Riwia Kupa solely Waihua 2C 1OC Te Heke Kupa solely Waihua 2C10D Iehu Hodges and Te Awhi Taranaki Winitata Waihua2C10E Te Taka Kupa solely Waihua 2C10F Hune Kupa solely Waihua 2C 1OG All owners (land across railway line). These sections were never surveyed and the block remained in one parcel under the identity of Waihua 2C10. There was some attempt by individuals to purchase the interests ofIehu Hodges and Henare Te Taka Kupa, but these attempts were unsuccessful. In August 1932, approximately 6 acres were taken for railway and road purposes. Compensation of £39 was paid to the owners and approximately 4 acres of an old road was revested in Waihua 2C1 O. A title was issued to the owners ofWaihua 2C10 in 1934.[116] Otherwise, none of the Kupa shareholdings was alienated. Waihua 2C8116 and 2C 10 were integrated into the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme in April 1931. 112 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 19, p lS3-l94, Wai 201 M5(a) p D30-D3l, and D40. 113 Maori Land Court Block Order, Waihua 2CS12C16, Wai 201, M5(a) p A205-A20S. 114 Maori Land Court Block Order, Waihua 2C10, Wai 201, M5(a) p A2l2-A213. 115 For further details on the dispute, see Alexander, The Waihua block, p 330-331. 116 Certificate of Title, 93/54, Wai 201 M5(c) p S12. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 33 3.5 Whareraurakau Whareraurakau was poor quality land, consisting mostly of steep hill country and scrub (see Figuree 1.1). Part of the block had been farmed by Tuta Hokianga (husband of Henerieta Hokianga) with difficulty. A 1907 report stated:[117] The frontage along the Mohaka River and the sides of the 'Arakanihi' and 'Kokowhaia' streams are very steep and precipitous with high bluffs and would probably take grass ifmanuka and scrub were cleared off. The block is generally very broken and steep and cut up with deep gullies, the ground slopes down to the Mohaka River at Takapaukura and is practicable for packhorses. As in the case of the other blocks discussed in this report, the 3,31 O-acre Whareraurakau block was put through the Native Land Court in 1868 by Paora Rerepu. Ten trustees were appointed on behalf of Ngati Pahauwera and Ngai Te Iriwhata. None of these were Kupa whanau members, who were effectively dispossessed under the ten-owner ruleY18] After a series of failed purchase attempts by private individuals, the Native Land Court held an inquiry to determine the beneficial owners of Whareraurakau in 1903. This inquiry was influenced by a petition of Arapata Takahi and othersY19] This determination was limited to the 20 two hapu listed in the 1868 Court Order (Ngati Pahauwera and Ngai Te Iriwhata)Y ] Ngati Pahauwera-hapu submitted that there were 21 heads of families alive in 1868 and that these should be included in the title. Ngati Iriwhata submitted a list of seven heads of families alive in 1868. On the basis of these family groups, lists were submitted containing 94 persons holding 600 shares. The relative shares of each person were then determined within five partitions. The Kupa whanau's interests were allocated to Whareraurakau No.3 (1,048 acres) (see Figure 1.6 and Table 3.11). 117 Quoted in Alexander, The Rotokakarangu and Whareraurakau Blocks, p 68. 118 Wairoa Minute Book, No.1, P 57-58, Wai 201 C5a, p 14-15. 119 Alexander, The Rotokakarangu and Whareraurakau Blocks, Oct 1996, P 59. 120 Wairoa Minute Book 13-14, Wai 201 M6(a) p Gl-G27. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 34 Table 3.11. Kupa Whanau Shareholding in Whareraurakau No.3, 1903 Te Heke Kupa 2'ii 1.3 HuneKupa 3'ii 1.8 Henerieta Kupa 3'ii 1.8 IehuKupa 3'ii 1.8 Makere Kupa 3'ii 1.8 RiwiaKupa 3'ii 1.8 Te Taka Kupa 2'ii 1.3 Kupa whanau 22 'ii 11.8 Other owners 167 'ii 88.2 Whareraurakau No.3 was investigated by the Native Lands (Stout-Ngata) Commission on 6 March 1907. Itereama Kupa stated to the Commission:[121] As to 3 we wish it leased to Henerieta Kupa - she has sheep there now - about 100. She has other lands in Mohaka block - The owners of No. 3 have all agreed that she should lease this subdivision. She has a small fence on land. Her husband (a half caste) now occupying and using. Henerieta and her husband, Tuta Hokianga, supported this evidence. Tuta Hokianga considered the land as poor, and worth about £25 a year for rental. The Native Lands Commission called for a rethink ofthe Whareraurakau lands. The Commission suggested that the whole block might be leased as a unit, and therefore make the five partitions ordered by the Native Land Court unnecessaryY22] A surveyor was contracted to report on the block, and his report indicated that a major resurvey was required. This was not carried out until 1915. As a result of the survey, the size ofthe Whareraurakau block increased from 1,048 acres to 1,115 acres. A £58.12.9 share of the survey cost was charged to the owners of Whareraurakau 3.[123] 121 Minutes ofthe Native Land Commission, 6 March 1907, Wai 201 C7a, p 297-298. 122 Interim Report of Native Lands Commission, 22 March 1907, Wai 201 C7a, p 291. 123 Alexander, The Rotokakarangu and Whareraurakau blocks, Wai 201 M6, 1996, P 90. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 35 In June 1915, Whareraurakau 3 was divided into three (A, B, and C) sections after an application by Henerieta Kupa. All the Kupa whanau interests were brought into Whareraurakau 3A, which contained 263 acres, or just under a quarter of the revised total area. Part ofWhareraurakau 3A was purchased by the Crown in 1916 (see Chapter Four for further details) The remaining unsold interest was subdivided as Whareraurakau 3A2 (104 acres). This section was integrated into the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme in April 1928. The remaining owners were listed as Henerieta Hokianga, Hune Kupa, Makere Kupa and Riwia Kupa. 3.6 Putere Like Whareraurakau, Putere was steep hill country and marginal for farming purposes (see Figure 1.1). Generally, the land was covered with bush, scrub and some grass. It formed a 17,065 acre block inland from Mohaka.[124] The block was awarded to Ngai Taraparoa by the Native Land Court in 1874.[125] Riripeti Te Whareroa was included in the 24 owners vested by the CourtY26] Part of Putere was sold to the Crown in June 1882. After some confusion, the shares of the remaining owners who had not sold were allocated to a block called Putere 1 (4,232 acres).[127] The list of owners included Riripeti Te Whareroa. Riripeti's interest, which was later partitioned into Putere IB3 (656 acres) as the sole owner in 1889 (see Figure 1.7). A survey lien of £49.16.10 was charged against Putere 1B3 in December 1913Y28] Riripeti Te Whareroa sold Putere 1B3 to the Crown on2 September 1914 for £244.3.10, an average price of 7/6 per acre.[129] 3.7 Conclusions This chapter has described the history of the Kupa whanau's land interest as processed by the Native Land Court between 1868 and 1928. The whanau seems to have derived few benefits. The initial title determination in 1868 excluded them under the ten-owner rule. The price of inclusion, thirty years later, involved protracted Court proceedings which fuelled internal and external 124 For further information on the Putere block, see David Alexander, The Putere, Pihanui, Owhio, and Maungataniwha blocks, Wai 201, M 7. 125 Putere Investigation, 5 November 1875, Napier MB 4, P 61-63. Wai 201, M 7, P LI-L3. 126 Putere Block Order File, 17 November 1875, Wai 201, M 7, P A 42. 127 Wairoa Minute Book, No.2, P 114-115. Wai 201, M 7, P G18-G19. 128 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 22, P 113, Wai 201, M 7, P G 75. 129 Land Purchase Officer to Chief Surveyor, Napier, 9 September 1914. Wai 201, M7(a), p P75-76. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 36 conflicts, title individualisation and fragmentation, confinement of interests, and loss of the ability to manage the land in a way that could derive economic and social benefit. As will be illustrated in the next chapter, some Kupa whanau members chose to reduce their losses under this system by sale to the Crown. The authors will argue that this sale was a 'choice' within a specific social and economic context determined by the Native Land Court process. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 37 4.1 Crown Purchasing in the Mohaka Area This chapter gives details of Crown purchases of Kupa whanau land interests over the period 1910 and 1928. After 1911, the Crown began an active policy ofland purchase in the Mohaka area. This policy resulted in some 31,519 acres being alienated between 1911 and 1930. [130] The purchasing was concentrated in the Maori-owned Mohaka block in which the Crown had obtained at 47.1 % interest by 1928.[131] The Crown also purchased interests in the Waihua, Whareraurakau, Rotokakarangu and Putere blocks. The legal framework for these alienations was the Native Land Act 1909, which revised the powers and procedures of the Maori Land Boards. If a purchase offer was made, the Maori Land Board called a meeting of owners to vote on the proposal when there were ten or more owners. This meeting was not required when the land involved had less than ten owners. In this case, land could be sold or leased by negotiation directly with the Crown. The outcome of this negotiation was then approved or disapproved by the Maori Land Board. [132] The Crown purchased a substantial share of the Kupa whanau lands in the Mohaka, Whareraurakau and Putere blocks. These transactions tended to involve land that was marginal or hill country. The alienations usually accompanied or influenced partition applications. 4.2 Mohaka 40 In 1914, Ekengarangi Hapuku offered to sell his 345 shares. This offer was at first declined as the land was still under lease to Henry Hodges .[133]In 1918, after partition into 40A and 40B, a further attempt was made to sell by Hapuku. This offer was accepted by a Land Purchase Officer 130 Loveridge, 1996, p 104. 131 Ibid, P 105. 132 Ibid, P 107. 133 Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 373. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 38 in May 1918. Te Heke Kupa also sold her interest in Mohaka 40 to the Crown in March 1919. Alexander states that:[134] Both purchases were made on the basis that the block as a whole would sell for its 1913 unimproved valuation. Subsequent notes on the transfer documents show that the value ofthe interests should have been based on the 1913 capital valuation (i.e. including improvements), and that therefore both shareholders had been underpaid. There is no record ofthese underpayments being rectified. The capital valuations for Mohaka 40 between 1913 and 1926 are shown in Table 4.1.[135] Table 4.1. Mohaka 40 Capital Valuations, 1913-1926 Mohaka40A 825 Mohaka40B 1307 Crown Lands Ranger Mohaka40A Mohaka40B 1307 Mohaka40A 1257 Mohaka40B 1942 Mohaka40A 562 Mohaka40B 775 In 1928, rates outstanding on Mohaka 40 were calculated as £64.14.18P36] and survey charges on Mohaka 40 amounted to £57. 14. 11 by 1932Y37] Further sales of Mohaka 40 to the Crown occurred in the early 1920s. In October 1921, Hune Kupa wrote to the Native Land Purchase Officer stating:[138] I myself (Hune Kupa) and my mother Riripeti Kupa want to sell our shares at Te Hiki ... Some ofthe owners ofTe Hiki have already sold their shares to the Government, one of my brothers has sold his share, his name Te Taka Kupa, and sister of mine Te Heke Kupa (or Mrs Wiremu Tutaki). My mother 134 Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 373-374. 135 Sourced from, Alexander, 1996, p 370-371. 136 Mohaka, Rate Charges, 7 March 1928, Wai 201, M3(b) P C336-337. 137 Survey Liens Remission, 8 April 1932, Wai 201, M3(d) P 07. 138 Hune Kupa to Native Land Purchase Officer, 10 October 1921, Wai 201 M3(a) p CI72. See also Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 374. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 39 and myself will never be able to occupy this place, we are paying rates for nothing. So it is better for us two to sell it. In November 1922, Henare Te Taka Kupa and Hune Kupa also offered to sell their interest in Mohaka 40 to the Crown. Their solicitors, O'Malley and Beaufoy, stated:[139] Henare Te Taka Kupa, one of the owners ofthe above block, wishes to sell to the Crown the whole of this interest therein. If you wish to buy, we shall be glad if you will forward to us at your early convenience the deeds, voucher and cheque and we shall obtain his signature on your behalf. We believe that the above named block is subdivided, and if this is the case, our client will sell the whole of his interest in the subdivisions. We are writing to you on behalf of Hune Kupa also, who wishes to sell in a subdivision of the same block. Perhaps the two are in the one subdivision, and if this is so, the one transfer would suffice for both their signatures. For some unexplained reason, the solicitors sent a second letter bearing the same date and conveying the same message:[140] Mohaka 40 Block Hune Kupa, one ofthe owners ofthe above block, wishes to sell to the Crown the whole of his interest therein. If you wish to buy, we shall be glad if you will forward to us at your early convenience the deeds, voucher and cheque, and we shall obtain his signature on your behalf. It may be the case that Mohaka No.1 [40] is subdivided, and if such is the case he will sell his subdivided interest (the whole) whether in one subdivision or more. P.S. We have written you on behalf of Henare Te Taka Kupa who is selling in a subdivision of this block also. Prehaps both may be in the one subdivision when you would require only one transfer. Earlier, different solicitors had written on behalf of Henare Te Taka Kupa to the Native Land Purchase Officer on 12 October 1921. This letter stated:[141] 139 O'Malley and Beaufoy to Native Land Purchase Officer, 18 November 1922, Wai 201, M3(a) p C22l. 140 O'Malley and Beaufoy to Native Land Purchase Officer, 18 November 1922, Wai 201, M 3 (a), p C 222. 141 Croker and Duff to Native Land Purchase Officer, 12 October 1921, Wai 201 M3(a), p C173. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 40 re Henare Te Taka Kupa Mohaka40 B Mrs Whakatangi Hokianga has handed us your letter to her ofthe 22 August last herein. The Native Land Court is now sitting at Hastings and we saw the Clerk ofthe Court about the matter yesterday and he suggested that we might write to you and ask you to forward the deed to him here and we will get Mrs Hokianga to sign it. We understand Henare, who is a married man with a little child, is really in need of money and we will try and get an order from the Court here authorising you to pay a certain proportion of the money to Mrs Hokianga for the minor. We you kindly therefore forward the Deed by return to the Native Land Court Hastings. The purchase documents were sent to O'Malley and Beaufoy on 4 December 1922, and both Hune Kupa and Henare Te Taka Kupa sold their interests in Mohaka 40 to the Crown on 16 December 1922Y42] Hune Kupa accepted £130.5.4 and Te Taka £138.5. 3Y43] This price was based the 1913 capital valuations. As a result, by December 1921, Te Heke Kupa, Hune Kupa and Henare Te Taka Kupa had sold their shares in Mohaka 40 to the Crown, which now owned 32.4 percent of the shares. Further land was sold after Riripeti Te Whareroa's interests were transferred to the six children and their successors in 1923. In July 1924, solicitors acting for Henare Te Taka Kupa wrote to the Native Land Purchase Office stating:[144] Mohaka 40 Block and Riripeti Kupa - deceased - Henare Te Taka Kupa alias Henare Kupa one of the successors to above named deceased desires to sell his interest to the Crown in above block. Could you please forward a cheque with the supporting papers to us for execution at your early convenience. The Native Land Purchase Officer replied that no sale was possible as he had been instructed to cease purchasing until new valuations were obtained. [145] The solicitors acting for Henare Te Taka Kupa made another attempt in February 1925. This attempt was again unsuccessful. Finally, 142 Deputy Registrar, Gisborne to O'Malley and Beaufoy, 4 December 1922, Wai 201 M 3 (a) p C233. 143 Hawke's Bay Deed 784, Memorandum of Transfer W, Wai 201 M 3 (d) P M133 - M136. 144 O'Malley and Beaufoy, 28 July 1924, Wai 201 M 3(a) p C 278. 145 Native Land Purchase Officer to O'Malley and Beaufoy, 3 August 1924, Wai 201 M3(a) pC 279. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 41 Henare Te Taka Kupa sold his remaining interests in Mohaka 40B on 8 November 1928.[146] The Crown now owned 39.2 percent ofthe section. The letters from Hune Kupa and Henare Te Taka Kupa quoted above indicate some reasons for selling the land. For example Hune's letter of 10 October 1921 mentions the effect of paying rates for marginal and unoccupied land, and Henare Te Taka Kupa's letter of 12 October 1921 indicates poverty was a causal factor. 4.3 Mohaka 41 and 42 As stated in the previous chapter, Mohaka 42 was owned by Riwia Kupa, Te Heke Kupa, Makere Kupa, Hune Kupa, Te Taka Kupa and Henerieta Hokianga. In 1928, rates outstanding on Mohaka 41 and 42 amounted to approximately £10, and the land had a survey charge of £2.lS.0Y47] The valuations of Mohaka 41 and 42 between 1913 and 1926 are shown in Table 4.2.[148] Henare Te Taka Kupa and Hune Kupa sold their interests to the Crown in 1928Y49] The Crown paid £12 for each interest. This payment was based on the 1926 capital valuation. A deduction of 10/- was made from both payments for survey and rates charges owing on the block. [150] The remaining unsold interests were integrated into the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme. [151] 146 Wai 201, M3(c) p Jl92-Jl96. See also Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 377. 147 Mohaka, Rate Charges, 7 March 1928, Wai 201, M3(b) P C336-337; Mohaka Survey Liens, 8 Apri11932, Wai 201, M3(d) P 07. 148 Sourced from Alexander, 1996, p 382-384. 149 Hawke's Bay Deed 784, Memorandum of Transfer Y, Wai 201 M3 (d) P M 141- M143. 150 Native Land Purchase Officer, Gisbome to Under-Sec Native Department, 3 December 1928, Wai 201 M3 (d) P J. 193. 151 See Wai 201 M3(b) P D93. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 42 Table 4.2. Mohaka 41 and 42 Capital Valuations, 1913-1926 90 Crown Lands Ranger Mohaka41 158 Mohaka42 54.10 Mohaka41 199 Mohaka42 56 Mohaka41A 90 Mohaka41B 30 Mohaka41C 40 Mohaka42 72 4.4 Mohaka 43 After the death of Riripeti Te Whareroa, this land was owned by Makere (largest shareholding), Te Heke, Riwia, Renare Te Taka, Rune and Renerieta. In 1928, rates outstanding on Mohaka 43 amounted to approximately £39, and the land had a survey charge of £12.13.7Y52] The valuations of Mohaka 43 between 1913 and 1926 are shown in Table 4.3y53] Table 4.3. Mohaka 43 Capital Valuations, 1913-1926 Mohaka 43 Crown Lands Ranger Mohaka 43 970 Mohaka43 797 Mohaka43 842 152 Mohaka, Rate Charges, 7 March 1928, Wai 201, M3(b) P C336-337; Mohaka Survey Liens, 8 April 1932, Wai 201, M3(d) P 07. 153 Sourced from Alexander, 1996, p 391.. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 43 Hune Kupa and Iehu Henry Hodges sold their interests to the Crown between 1923 and 1928. Henare Te Taka Kupa also transferred his interests to the Crown on 28 November 1928 for £54. O. 8Y54] This payment was based on the 1926 valuations. Out ofthis payment, a deduction of £4. 15. 2 was made for outstanding survey costs, succession duties and rates. [ISS] 4.5 Whareraurakau 3 The Kupa whanau had an 11.8 percent shareholding in this block (see Figure 1.6). In 1915, the Native Land Purchase Officer, William Goffe, received an offer to sell from four of the Whareraurakau owners, none of them were members of the Kupa whanau. [156] A meeting of owners was called at Wairoa on 17 August 1915, and delayed until 1 September 1915. Only one owner, Tiemi Ngete, was present in person at the meeting. Tiemi Ngete held proxies for five other owners; again none ofthese proxies were Kupa whanau. These owners resolved to sell their interests to the Crown and this offer was accepted by the Land Purchase Agent. [157] At this time, a schedule of other lands owned by the Maori Whareraurakau 3 vendors included the names ofthe Kupa whanau: Te Heke, Hune, Henerieta, Iehu, Itereama, Makere, Riwia and Te Taka.[158] The capital value of Whareraurakau 3 was estimated to be £418 in 1915. This figure was based on a 1913 valuation. [159] As not all of the owners had agreed to sell Whareraurakau 3, the Native Land Court and Maori Land Board decided to define the interest not sold to the Crown as Whareraurakau 3A, and the Crown's interest was placed in Whareraurakau 3BY60] 154 Hawke's Bay Deed 784, Memorandum of Transfer Z, Wai 201 M3 (d), p M 148. 155 Native Land Purchase Officer, Gisbome to Under-Sec Native Department, 3 December 1928, Wai 201 M3 (d) p J 194. 156 Ibid, P 91-93. 157 Minutes of Land Owners Meeting, 1 September 1915, Wai 201 M6(a) p H33. 158 Schedule of other Lands owned by Maori vendors, Whareraurakau 3, Wai 201 M6(a) p H36. 159 Offer by Crown to purchase land, Whareraurakau 3, 21 June 1915, Wai 201, M6(a) p K21. 160 Confirmation of Resolution, MLB, 22 November 1915, Wai 201, M6(a) p K32. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 44 Whareraurakau 3A was processed by the Native Land Court on 12 June 1915. The block of263 acres was vested in Te Heke Kupa, Hune Kupa, Henerieta Hokianga, Iehu Kupa, Itereama Kupa, Makere Kupa, Riwia Kupa, Te Taka Kupa and Wahaponga.[161] The Crown continued to purchase interests in Whareraurakau 3A. Instead of trying to arrange a meeting of owners, the Crown approved the purchase of individual interests. The Under Secretary wrote to the Land Purchase Officer on 29 December 1915 stating:[162] Whareraurakau No.3A and 4 .. .It would appear that there are less than ten owners in the above blocks and that it will therefore be necessary to acquire by way of individual interest and not through meeting of assembled owners. I understand that the areas in 3A and 4 have been considerably increased on survey, and you will require to take this into account when estimating the amount of the consideration for the transfer ... In August 1916, the Land Purchase Officer reported some success in acquiring individual interests: [163] During my visit to Napier I was able to purchase quite Yz of the No. 3A block, the other owners were scattered over the country being small interests. I did not think it would be wise to go to the expense of looking them up during the winter when the roads are so bad and travelling so costly, this can be done when the weather and roads improve ... It appears that Te Taka and Te Heke sold their interest to the Crown. Evidence of this appears in notes attached to the 1913 partition orderY64] The authors can find no further evidence indicating the price paid by the Crown or the circumstances involved. No further interests were purchased by the Crown, and the Under-Secretary lodged an application to partition Whareraurakau 3A in order to define the Crown-owned interest. [165] The application 161 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 24, P 26-27, Wai 201, C7a, p 27-29; Whareraurakau 3A Partition Order, 142, MLC, Gisborne. 162 Under-Sec ND to Goffe, Land Purchase Officer, 29 December 1915, Wai 201, M6(a) p K38. 163 Goffe, Land Purchase Officer to Under-Sec, NA, 25 August 1916, Wai 201, M6(a) p K41. 164 Whareraurakau 3A, Partition Order, 142, MLC, Gisborne. 165 Application for Partition, 5 September 1917, Ibid, P K44. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 45 was heard by the Native Land Court in May 1918. The Court divided the block between the Crown and the non-sellers interest as follows: Area of Whareraurakau 3A 263.1.00 Area purchased by Crown 159.0.28 Area for non-sellers 104.0.12 The non-sellers' block was labelled Whareraurakau 3A2Y66] The non-sellers were Henerieta Kupa, Hune Kupa, Makere Kupa and Riwia Kupa. [167] Whareraurakau 3A2 was integrated into the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme in 1928. 4.6 Putere IB3 In 1914, the Crown began an active policy of purchasing the Putere lands. Putere 1B3 was valued at £246 as unimproved land (see Figure 1.7)y68] On 2 September 1914, Riripeti Te Whareroa sold Putere IB3 to the Crown for £244.3.10.[169] 4.7 Conclusion Between 1911 and 1928, a number of Kupa whanau member sold there interests in the Mohaka block to the Crown. The most active land sellers were Hune Kupa, Henare Te Taka Kupa, Iehu Henry Hodges and Riripeti Te Whareroa. The land sold tended to be marginal hill country and none ofthe better quality Waipapa or Waihua sections sold. While the payments were, in most cases, considered fair according to government valuations, evidence suggests that the sales were caused by the effects of rate charges and poverty. The alienations were also a result of title fragmentation and the creation of uneconomic land holdings by the Native Land Court in the early 1900s. In the 1920s, the negative outcomes of endless fragmentation began to move 166 WairoaMinute Book, No. 29, 24 May 1918, C7a, P 32. 167 Whareraurakau 3A2, Partition Order, 24 May 1918, 142, MLC, Gisborne. 168 Putere valuation, 7 July 1914, Wai 201, M 7, P M 28- M 29. 169 Land Purchase Officer to Chief Surveyor Napier, 9 September 1914, Wai 201, M 7, P P75- P76. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 46 government policy towards improving the system of land title and management and all land purchasing arrangements ceased in 1928. The next chapter will examine the Crown's attempt to solve land problems at Mohaka by consolidation and development. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 47 This chapter gives a brief overview of the Mohaka consolidation scheme and traces the fate of Te Taka Kupa's lands within the scheme. Only a brief summary of the basic facts is required in this report as David Alexander has prepared a comprehensive history of the Mohaka consolidation scheme up to 1941.[170] 5.1 Overview of the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme Consolidation involved the reorganisation of Maori land holdings within the guidelines of a specific plan or scheme. Generally, consolidation was influenced by two main factors: • The fragmentation of Maori land into small and uneconomic holdings; and • Purchase by the Crown of a significant interest within the fragmented land holdings, in particular where it was unable to complete the purchase of all individual interests. The main objectives of consolidation encompassed the desire to create viable economic Maori land holdings, define the interests of the Crown, ensure that land became ratable, reduce survey liens, and facilitate rural planning of roads, villages and reserves. [171] The general process of consolidation was implemented by the Native Minister and the Native Land Court under sections 6 and 7 ofthe Native Land Amendment and Native Land Claims Act 1923. The basic consolidation process established under this Act involved the following steps: • The Native Minister applied to the Native Land Court to prepare a consolidation scheme. 170 David Alexander, The Mohaka block, An Overview, 1903-1941, October 1996. Wai 201, M4. 171 For an overview on consolidation schemes, see SKL Campbell, National Overview on Land Consolidation Schemes, 1909-1931, Crown Forestry Rental Trust, June 1998. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 48 • The Native Land Court prepared the scheme and submitted it to the Native Minister for approval. • The scheme could be resubmitted to the Native Land Court by the Minister for amendments. • If the scheme was considered by the Native Minister to be just, equitable and in the public interest, the scheme could be confirmed in the Gazette. • The Native Land Court implemented the scheme. The Court was given the power to cancel any past partition order and to make new orders for the purpose of consolidation. • The Native Land Court could define the interests of the Crown. Extra land could be vested in the Crown in order to liquidate survey liens or accumulated rate charges. • The Native Land Court could layout roads or reserves. • Private alienations could be prohibited while the scheme was in operation. • Owners had no right of appeal to the Appellate Court against any Court order. Nor did the Crown require approval from land owners before implementing a consolidation scheme. The Mohaka consolidation scheme began in the early 1920s. The launching of the scheme was influenced by requests from the Wairoa County Council, which was especially concerned about 'under-development', non-payment of rates, and outbreaks of blackberry and other weed infestations within the Mohaka lands. When the Minister of Native Affairs, lG. Coates, visited Wairoa on 27 November 1923, Mr Jessop, a prominent Wairoa settler, told him:[172] 172 Minutes of deputation from Wairoa County Council, 27 November 1923, MA 1923/363, Wai 201 M3 (c) J41. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 49 ... we have large blocks of Native Land. A few years ago they were farms, but today they produce nothing. The block at Mohaka, part of it is Native Land and the Crown has cleared it. There are several other large blocks in the district of this type. It is quite impossible for the Maoris to handle them. Some method must be found for bringing these lands into use otherwise they are a national loss .... Another factor that influenced consolidation at Mohaka was the extent of the Crown's interests following its active land purchasing drive in the Mohaka area. In May 1925 the Commissioner of Crown Lands wrote to the Native Department requesting a consolidation scheme at Mohaka. The Commissioner stated that the Crown had purchased some 6,022 acres in scattered interests, and that it was impossible to complete the purchasing without consolidation. [173] Apirana Ngata, the MP for Eastern Maori, visited Mohaka in October 1925. Ngata reported that the local Maori owners supported consolidation as the owners who had not sold to the Crown were "burdened with outstanding rates, the black-berry problem, and want of finance, and are of course affected by the non-partition of interests sold to the Crown.,,[174] In December 1925, consolidation proceedings for Mohaka were instituted by Native Minister Coates. This scheme was planned to include Mohaka, Waihua, Waipapa and Whareraurakau and parts of other blocks. Fresh valuations for the Mohaka block were ordered, and these were completed in September 1926. Survey liens were also calculated for the Mohaka block in May 1928. The Waipapa, Waihua and Whareraurakau blocks were integrated into the consolidation scheme in 1928. An urgent valuation was ordered for Waipapa in March 1928, and survey liens were calculated. The Chief Surveyor (Gisborne) reported in June 1928:[175] The Native Department has completed the Mohaka lists but is at present engaged on the Waipapa block. Although the Crown is not interested in this block, it will have to be dealt with at the same time as in Mohaka Block as several natives wish to make exchanges between themselves. 173 Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under-Sec Native Affairs, 29 May 1925, MA 1 29/5/2, NA Wellington. 174 Ngata to Native Minister, 27 October 1925, MA 1 29/5/2, Wai 201, M3 (c) P B04. 175 Chief Surveyor Gisborne to Chief Surveyor Napier, 6 February 1928, LS 20/125, Wai 201, M3 (c) P N17. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 50 Outstanding rates owing to the Wairoa County Council were settled by the Native Land Court on 27 November 1928. The Court stated that some £2,600 ofrates were owing on the Mohaka and Waipapa blocks up to 31 March 1930. The Council accepted £600 as a settlement. This amount was added to the value of the Crown's interest in MohakaY76] At the same time, a compromise on outstanding survey liens was negotiated. Survey liens on the Mohaka, Waipapa, Waihua and Putere blocks amounted to £3,882, a large proportion of which comprised interest charges accrued over a number of years. Two-thirds of this debt was written off and one-third was to be compensated with land. The Crown would thus receive £1,297 worth of land when consolidation was completed.[l77] With survey liens and council rates sorted out, the Crown then began to determine its interest in the Mohaka block. The idea was that the Crown would receive the hill country area (Mohaka B), and the Maori owners (the non-sellers) would be located in the lower country adjoining the Mohaka River (Mohaka A). In 1929, the various Mohaka owners began to group themselves into family groupings. Turi Carroll, later to achieve National prominence, played an active role in selecting the group leaders. One group was led by Rune Kupa. Eventually some 50 different groups of owners were arranged. [178] While the associated development schemes in the Mohaka area, initiated in 1928, got into full swing, little progress was made in the consolidation scheme until 1936. In that year the Native Land Court defined reserves within the consolidation scheme. They included a factory site, a firewood reserve, a marae reserve, wahi tapu, the woolshed reserve (Mohaka 44), a stock paddock, a catchment reserve of 593 acres, and Mangawarangi Scenic Reserve of 53 Yz acres. The catchment reserve and scenic reserve were to be vested in the Crown.[179] 176 Order ofthe Court, 27 November 1928, Wairoa Minute Book, No. 39, P 357. 177 For further detail, see Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 62-63. 178 Under-Sec MA to Registrar, Tairawhiti Native Land Court, 16 October 1929, MA 29/5/2, NA Wellington. 179 Wairoa Minute Book No. 46A, P 42-46, Wai 201 M3 (a) p E75-E79. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 51 In January 1939, the scheme was forwarded to the Under-Secretary of Lands and the Commissioner of Crown Lands. The scheme had the following core features: • The Crown's interest from the Mohaka, Wiahua, Waipapa and Whareraurakau blocks would all be consolidated into the Mohaka block, which had a total area of24,328 acres. • The Crown had already been awarded 5,301 acres in the upper Mohaka catchment known as the Ngamahanga block (Mohaka B 1) in 1931. The Crown would be awarded another 7,573 acres within the Mohaka block. • A township would be laid off near the Raupunga railway station. • Public reserves would be gazetted as recommended by the Native Land Court. Further reserves might be needed for schools, camping ground, railways, and roads, although the present roading system was regarded as adequate. Native Minister Langstone approved the consolidation scheme in August 1939 and the Native Land Court made the final consolidation orders for Mohaka on 12 September 1941. The scheme involved the complete reorganisation of all section titles and all land parcels were given a new identity, with some smaller blocks being amalgamated. For example, Waipapa 1A and Waipapa 1B became Waipapa AI. Within the scheme as a whole, the Crown was awarded a further 8,671 acres, in addition to Mohaka B 1 which was awarded to the Crown in 1931. These awards included 36 sections within the Mohaka B series, Waihua B1, Waipapa B1, B2 and B3, and land for roads and railways. [180] Thus the Crown awards were not limited to the Mohaka block as originally planned. The Crown awards generally contained rugged hill country and marginal farm land. 180 Alexander, The Mahaka block, p 146-147. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 52 Not all Crown interests were, however, defined within an award. In 1941, a number of consolidated blocks retained a charging order. Some of these charging orders were paid by various owners, thereby increasing their interest in the block. [181] 5.2 Henare Te Taka Kupa's Lands within the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme As this report focuses mainly on the land holdings of the claimant, Kevan Te Taka Kupa, the following discussion will concentrate on the interest of Henare Te Taka Kupa and the Z8 group in which he was placed. It seems that during this period, Henare Te Taka Kupa was farming land outside the Mohaka area. This farm was leased by his mother, Ani Keefe.[182] All Henare Te Taka Kupa's land holdings in the Mohaka, Waihua and Waipapa blocks were reassessed in 1928 as part of the wider objectives of consolidation and land development. In order to determine the various Maori interests in the consolidation, the shareholdings were converted to monetary values, which were established by the 1926 (Mohaka) and 1928 (Waipapa) valuations. Outstanding rates and survey charges were deducted from this value, leaving the final value of each owner's interest. Each individual owner was also allocated to a shareholding group. These groups were designed to bring together the combined value of each individual interest. The tables in Appendix C show Kupa whanau owners and partitions at consolidation and the values oftheir interests. They were divided between four family groups, principally Z2 and Z8 but also Z16 and Z21 (see Table 5.1). Group Z8 contained nine persons, including three members of the Kupa whanau: Hune Kupa, Iehu Henry Hodges and Henare Te Taka Kupay83] Hune Kupa was the leader and spokesperson for this group. 181 Crown Values, Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, 9 January 1950, Wai 201 M3(a) p C368-369. 182 Wairoa Minute Book, No.51, 2 October 1947, p 71. 183 Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Group Book, No.1, MLC, Gisborne. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 53 Table 5.1. Assignment of Kupa Whanau Members to Consolidation Groups RiwiaKupa None Z2 HuneKupa None Z2 TeTakaKupa Henare Te Taka Kupa Z8 TeHeke Kupa Tamihana whanau Z16 Ellis whanau Z16 Henerieta Hokianga Riri Hokianga Z21 Kupa Hokianga Z21 Harata Hokianga Z21 MakereKupa Iehu Henry Hodges Z8 Miriama Hokena Z2 Itereama (Charley) Hodges Z2 & Z21 Te Awhi Taranaki Winiata Z2 Table 5.2. Henare Te Taka Kupa's Interests at Consolidation, 1941 Mohaka40A 552.00.00 13.09.05 2.4 Hill country, light bush, some grass Waihua 1C10 415.02.09 39.15.0S 11.6 Generally good land, some blackberry S.04.04 Waihua 2CS and 16 Not valued, reserve Waihua2C10 590.10.0S Sl.04.00 13.S Good land, coastal block Waihua lr 2 and 3 (old road) Not valued, old road Waipapa lC 31.03.04 5.03.11 16.7 Good flat section, fenced and cleared Waipapa Reserves Not valued Waipapa 7/42 1.13.06 S.3 Waipapa33 9.16.08 9.16.0S 100.0 Poor section, all blackberry Waipapa33A 9.16.08 0.16.03 S.3 Waipapa 51 15.04.00 Good section Waipapa S2 4.16.08 O.OS.OI 8.3 Waipapa91 106.10.00 3.04.06 7.2 Terrace, flat, and swampy, with 4.09.09 blackberry Waipapa92C 18.0S.00 IS.0S.00 100 Terrace, flat, swampy, with blackberry Waipapa 120 211.15.00 3.09.03 1.6 Waipapa 136 13.00.00 1.09.0S 11.4 Blackberry and bush, fenced Waipapa 155A 20.10.10 2.01.0S 10.1 Hilly with blackberry Waipapa Balance * 0.01.06 8.3 Waipapa Balance # 0.00.11 8.3 Total 209.01.01 As indicated earlier in this report, his land sales to the Crown left Henare Te Taka Kupa with no remaining interest in the Mohaka, Whareraurakau or Putere blocks at consolidation except for Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 54 minor inheritances in 1937-38. Henare's remaining interests were contained mainly in the Waipapa and Waihua blocks (see Table 5.2).[184] The Maori Affairs Department calculated Henare Te Taka Kupa's interest in Group Z8 as £187.13.11, which is close to the total of £189.2.2 derived from Table 5.2. In addition, £20.10.0, the part-interests ofMakere Te Ua and Pirihira Ekengarangi to which he succeeded in 1937-38, was transferred from Group Z2, which compares with the aggregate of £ 19 .18 .11 derived from Table 5.2. The extra amount brought his total interest in the Mohaka lands up to £207.14.9 (or £209.01.01 from the table). This compares with Hune Kupa's total of £236.13.8.[185] The Native Land Court reorganised the interests of all the Mohaka consolidation groups in various hearings between November 1930 and September 1941. Each group appeared before the Court to state their preferred land allocation. Successions were also arranged. Te Taka Kupa's interest was vested in Henare Te Taka Kupa on 25 November 1930. On 28 November 1930, Hune Kupa, speaking as leader of Group Z8, stated:[186] I wish to hold all the group except Whareraurakau 3A2, Waipapa 1C, Waipapa 9l. Waipapa 136 is to go into Waipapa 155A. I wish to consolidate into Waipapa 5l. Five years later, Bune Kupa had come to an arrangement with Miriarna Hokena, exchanging his interest in Waihua 1ClO for hers in 2C10. Henare Te Taka Kupa did not appear before the Court regarding the reorganisation of interests. It seems that the process for rearranging land holdings was protracted and very difficult. In 1937, the Registrar reported to the Under-Secretary ofthe Native Department:[187] The consolidation Court has adjourned until April without making any final orders, but I understood that the contesting parties had come to a satisfactory arrangement. It appears, however, that they have again fallen out and from my knowledge of their incompatible temperaments it is unlikely that any satisfactory adjustments can be made that will suit both factions. 184 Mohaka Consolidation, Government Valuations, 30 August 1928, MLC Gisborne. 185 Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Group Books 1 and 2, MLC, Gisborne. 186 Ibid, P 25. 187 Registrar, to Under Sec, Native Department, 12 February 1937, AAMK 869 587d, NA, Wellington. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 55 Eventually, the Native Land Court made final consolidation orders on 12 September 1941. Henare Te Taka Kupa's interest was allocated into five sections (see Table 5.3). Table 5.3. Henare Te Taka Kupa's Interest after Consolidation (at 12 September 1941) MohakaA20 835.2.02 1409.10.00 0.04.09 0.02 MohakaA48 24.3.30 235.00.00 2.07.04 1.01 Waihua A34 (formerly 2C10) 90.3.32 685.00.00 202.10.10 29.57 Waipapa A2 (formerly 1C) 1.2.00 32.00.00 5.03.11 16.24 Waipapa A39 (formerly 92, 93, 21.2.30 300.00.00 2.17.11 0.96 94) Total 974.2.14 2661.10.00 213.04.08 8.01 Mohaka A20 a Crown charge of £68.4.1 0, equivalent to 4.8 percent of its value. The latter charge was paid by Kupa Hokianga, thereby increasing his interest in the section. Waihua A34, however, still had a Crown charge of £123.3.0, equivalent to a rather substantial 24.6 percent of its value. The persistence of this charge is puzzling given that one of the main motivations of the consolidation exercise was the reduction and conversion of such burdens on individual sections. Henare Te Taka Kupa's interest after consolidation thus amounted to £213.4.8, a small increase of £4.3.7 on his stake before consolidation. Nearly all of this value was contained in Waihua A34. The effect of the consolidation scheme on Henare Te Taka Kupa's land interest was to reduce the number of sections in which he had an interest, excluding reserves, from 17 to five. His interests in the three Waihua blocks (lC10, 2ClO, 1r 2+3) were shifted into the one Waihua A34 and his interests in the twelve Waipapa sections, excluding the reserves, into two blocks (WaipapaA2 and A39). His share in Waihua A34, now his principal interest, more than doubled. Nevertheless, he lost the two small sections (Waipapa 33 and 92C) of which he had sole ownership and even in Waihua A34 his share, at 30 percent, was well below a majority. Despite consolidation, his other four interests were scattered fragments with a combined value of only £10.13.10. Three of these four interests amounted to a stake at or below 1 percent of the section's value. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 56 5.3 Mohaka Land Development The Mohaka Land Development Scheme was instituted in September 1928. Authority over this scheme was delegated to the Tairawhiti District Maori Land Board. The general idea of the land development schemes during the 1930s was to get Maori working on the land as small farmers. This was to be achieved by setting up farm 'units'. Each unit would be planned and financially supported by the Native Department. Usually, but not always, the occupier ofthe unit would be an owner ofthe land and selected by the local land development officer. Originally, the Mohaka Development Scheme covered the Mohaka, Waipapa, Putere and Waihua blocks. In April 1931, it was reorganised into three schemes: • Kahungunu Development Scheme, including the Mohaka subdivisions in the far west of the block and also around Putere Road and in Whareraurakau. • Waihua Development Scheme, developing the Ngamahanga block. • MohakaDevelopment Scheme, taking in the rest of the Mohaka block and Maori-owned lands in the Waipapa, Putere and Waihua blocks. Both the Mohaka and Waipapa blocks were declared part of the Mohaka Development Scheme on 5 October 1933 under section 522 of the Native Land Act 1931 'p88] This development scheme was "for the purpose of the better settlement and more effective utilization of Native land."[189] The effect of this order was that:[190] No owner, except with the consent of the Native Minister, is entitled to exercise any rights of ownership in connection with the land affected so as to interfere with or obstruct the carrying out of the said development scheme. 188 NZG,5 October 1933, p 2482. 189 Section 522, Native Land Act 1931. 190 NZG, 5 October 1933, p 2482. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 57 Generally, the Mohaka Development Scheme was an attempt to bring marginal hill country under extensive farming production with the investment of capital and labour. Official reports claimed some success in the early years: land was cleared of blackberry, and new paddocks sown with grass seed. Other activities were stimulated such as dairying, cropping, fencing, and general farming development. [191] 5.4 Kupa Whanau Participation in the Scheme Some members ofthe Kupa whanau were involved in the development scheme. In October 1929, the Registrar reported to the Under-Secretary of the Native Department that the consolidation group led by Hune Kupa had purchased four cows with assistance from the District Land Board.[I92] Additional stock was supplied to Hune Kupa in September 1929. This involved some 48 cows, 1 bull, 4 spring heifers and 2 heifer calves. However, butter fat production between 1933 and 1937 from Hune Kupa and his wife Emily Thompson was on a declining trend (see Table 5.4)y93] Table 5.4. Butter Fat Production of Hune Kupa and Emily Thompson, 1933-1937 1933-34 1,925 1934-35 1,718 1935-36 1,627 1936-37 103 Correspondence from Hune Kupa and Emily Thompson during the 1930s reveals that little support was being received from the development scheme. On 31 December 1935, Hune Kupa wrote to the Native Minister stating:[194] Since this scheme started, I have had no help to get a cowshed, a water supply, nor a home to live on the Waihua (No. 2C10). I am well up in years, close to 70 years old with no children. I have placed 191 See Alexander, The Mohaka block, p 83-128 for further details on the Mohaka Development Scheme. 192 Registrar, Tairawhiti NLC to Under-Sec, NA, 16 October 1929, Wai 201 M3 (a) p J344-J346. 193 Registrar, Tairawhiti NLC to Under-Sec, NA, 7 December 1937, Ibid, P J 417. 194 Hune Kupa to Native Minister, 31 December 1935, AAMK 869 587d, NA, Wellington. This letter was forwarded to the Minister from the Hastings MP, E. L. Cullen. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 58 my stepson on Waihua 2ClO ... he has a wife and 5 children, and a grown up son. They all live in a tin house which is (20 feet by 12) a one room to sleep and have their meals with no floor, and it is very damp .. .! have to drive cows day after day to the river which is 4 miles a day and cart water for the house ... When you come here I would like you to make it your duty to see me and to see things for yourself. You only get one side of the story at the offices. If it had not been for the commission I would not have owed what I owed and when I got my account I could have dropped dead. I have a lot to say to you, but I would like to meet you myself. I will look forward to an early reply, I am very anxious to have a house to live in for this family and I myself a small one. The local development officer, A.G. Nolan, reported to the Registrar regarding this petition. He confirmed the substance ofHune Kupa's complaint, that his Waihua land had been starved of farm and social investment, even for his preferred solution of placing Hune Kupa's stepson on the land:[195] I have for some time been endeavouring to get Rune Kupa to give up Waihua 2C 10 as on account of his age, it is impossible to work both places [Waihua and Waipapa sections]. Consequently there is very little put on the estimates for expenditure for this block. I was very pleased when he settled his stepson, Wowi Thompson, on this block ... but not the intention of Rune Kupa to hand over the land to Wowi ... The present tin house is not fit to reside in with his family and if anything can be done now to improve his living conditions and also do some work on the farm, I would be pleased to supply estimates. Old Rune Kupa should stay on his Waipapa property. After receiving this report, the Native Minister, Langstone, replied to Hune Kupa through his secretary and the local Member pf Parliament, E.L. Cullen. He attributed the difficulties to the consolidation awards and the general difficulties of consolidation schemes. The Minister made no mention of the living conditions of the family or of any assistance towards improving them. [196] Hune Kupa and Emily Thompson followed up Langstone's reply with another letter on 28 December 1936 which illustrated a second problem under the development scheme, that of effective control when the occupier was not the owner. The letter stated that Wowi Thompson had no interest in Waihua 2C 10 and that the land belonged to the Kupa family alone. The trouble 195 Nolan to Registrar, 28 January 1936, Ibid. 196 Langstone to Cullen, MP, 15 December 1936, Ibid. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page S9 was that Thompson, who had the development officer's backing, was not sharing the income from the land:[197] We [Rune Kupa and Emily] have no way to get our butter and bread. The cows are not properly milked. Do you want us to beg of the charitable aid board for bread and butter, which we will have to do. We are not receiving a penny from our farm. Wowi Thompson is receiving all the money from the cream. We are, at least Rune Kupa is, quite satisfied with the consolidation scheme. There is no trouble with it at all. Therefore letting us face starvation and beg of others. We shall have to put it before a Magistrate Court so you people may know the true sense of the trouble. Mr Nolan knows all about the trouble. It seems to me that Mr Nolan, the Registrar of Gisbome and all you people are afraid of putting W owi Thompson off. I his mother ought to [know] him better than anyone else. Therefore I want a quick reply we have waited long enough. Our shop keeper won't give us anything not unless we pay cash for it. In February 1937, the dispute between Wowi Thompson and Hune Kupa resulted in Wowi leaving Waihua 2C10. Wowi wrote a letter to the Native Department in 1938 saying that he had been asked to live at Waihua 2C10 by Hune Kupa. He and his wife had 6 children, and a 'boy.' However, Wowi was only milking 12 cows and income from this could not support the family. He had been told to get off the land after spending two years cleaning up the section. [198] In July 1938, Hune Kupa wrote another letter to Cullen, requesting that Waihua 2C10 be leased to a Paheka eMr G. O'Grady). Again Hune Kupa claimed the development scheme had given no help: [199] Since development started I have never had any help to get a milking shed nor a home. On the Waihua 2C10 I have only a tin shed with no floor. On my Waipapa farm of 22 acres, I have a one roomed house, almost tumbling on us with a slab shed to cook in, no shed for milking. As I have been failing in health, I have made up my mind not to milk anymore, because I get a pension. 197 Rune Kupa and Emily Thompson to Secretary for Native Minister, 28 December 1936, Ibid. 198 Wowi Thompson to R. J Thompson, 6 September 1938, Ibid. 199 Rune Kupa to Cullen, MP, 25 July 1938, Ibid. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 60 Eventually, the dispute regarding Waihua 2C10 was resolved with Henry Hodges farming the land as a development unit in 1938. Henry Hodges also made an urgent request to the local MP for better housing in January 1940:[200] [I] have nine children living with me on this block and we are eating and sleeping together in a one roomed iron shack, 18 feet by 14 feet, with no lining and no floor. This application was approved, and a house was built by the Public Works Department. The cost of this house was charged against the unit account. [201] 5.5 Post-1941 Land Development and Block Histories During the Second World War, the Mohaka-Kahungunu development scheme continued at a reduced pace as a result of Maori enlistments in the armed forces. In 1946, the Native Department reported that at Mohaka, occupation problems had arisen in regard to those lease holders that did not achieve a certain standard in production:[202] In seven cases in this district the occupiers have failed to progress, and it has become evident that while they retain tenure no improvements can be anticipated. These cases will be referred to the Native Land Court for a recommendation and the owners given an opportunity to give their opinions at the hearing of the application. For example, Mohaka A24B was thought to be 'unsuccessfully farmed' by the Board of Maori Affairs. Mr Brewster, Development Officer, applied to the Land Court for a recommendation on the lease. In evidence the Officer quoted declining butter fat production statistics. [203] The lease of Mohaka A24B was then transferred to other owners of the block. Problems arising from leasing arrangements and poor farming performance also beset several of the Kupa sections. Henare Te Taka Kupa, who died on 19 April 1961, was succeeded by his eight 200 Henry Hodges to Cullen, MP, 12 January 1940, Ibid 201 Public Works Department from Under-Sec ND, 24 January 1940, Ibid. 202 Report of Native Department, 1946, G-10, AJHR, P 22. 203 Mohaka A24B, lease application, 8 March 1946, Wairoa MB, No. 50, P 191-200. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 61 children (Taka, Thomas, Henare Jr, Ellen, Richard, William, Stanley and Zeta)[204], several of whom were also involved in managing or farming his sections. Waihua A34, as we saw above, was Henare Te Taka Kupa's main land asset to emerge from the 1941 consolidation. It was farmed as a unit under the development scheme by Henry Hodges, unsuccessfully according to the Board of Maori Affairs. Henare Te Taka Kupa agreed, and wrote to the Registrar in 1947 stating:[205] Being the principal owner in the above block I wish to tender to you my objections and dissatisfaction to the present owner in charge Te Uru (Henry Hodges). [In the] past 8 years [there] has been deficiency in revenue. As an owner, I know the land can be more productive. At present, the place had gone right back .. .I have a nominee who is a son of mine to take over the place in my interest. The Registrar forwarded this letter to the Under-Secretary saying that the property currently showed "neglect in advanced degree" and that the occupier had been "troublesome"; he recommended a new occupier. [206] The Board of Maori Affairs applied to the Maori Land Court for a new occupation order and recommended Henare Te Taka Kupa Jr as the new occupier. The application was heard by the Native Land Court on 2 October 1947. Both Henare Te Taka Kupa and Brewster (Board of Maori Affairs) appeared before court stating that the unit was poorly farmed, and that Henry Hodges should be replaced by Henare Te Taka Kupa Jr. The Court agreed. In the words ofthe Court, Henry Hodges was "not playing the game." However, rather than push the Hodges family off the land, it ruled that the unit be farmed by the two oldest sons of Henry Hodgesy07] The issue took nearly a decade to resolve. Henare Te Taka Kupa eventually accepted the proposal, and Mihi and James Hodges were confirmed as the occupiers ofWaihua A34 unit in 1956. Waihua A34 was partitioned into two sections on 9 December 1959. Henare Te Taka Kupa and the remaining owners were allocated to Waihua A34B (85a 3r 31.6p). Waihua A34B was leased 204 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 74, P 94. 205 Henare Te Taka Kupa to Registrar, Gisborne, NLC, 17 March 1947, AAMK 869 597d, NA, Wellington. 206 Registrar to Under-Sec, Native Department, 17 March 1947, Ibid. 207 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 51,2 October 1947, p 71. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 62 to L. Hodges for 21 years on 1 January 1956. Henare Te Taka Kupa had 202.542 shares out of a total of 530.004 in this section in 1961. These shares were valued at £496.12.8y08] As at 25 August 1993, Court records indicate that Kevan Kupa, his grandson, owned 75.953 or 14.3 percent of the 530.004 shares.[209] After consolidation, Henare Te Taka Kupa gained a small interest in Mohaka A20, a large section of 835 acres. This section was later subject to the Paroa Development Scheme and was amalgamated into Mohaka C 10 and C 11. An overview of this scheme is included in Appendix D. On 4 October 1970, Taka Cooper gave these shares (and Waipapa A2) to his brother, Thomas Cooper. [210] Mohaka A48 was leased to the Keefe family in 1956. In 1961, Henare Te Taka Kupa had a total interest of2.266 shares out of a total of 225.576 shares in this block. These shares were valued at £8.10.9.[211] WaipapaA39, in which Henare Te Taka Kupahad a small interest, was leased to George Harvey for 21 years from 1 January 1960. The block was released from land development control on 21 October 1960. The District Land Committee reported:[212] There has been no active development on this block which in the past has in the main been occupied by the owners. An area of approximately 4 acres was formerly occupied by Wi Hirini, a farmer under Departmental control but no development monies were expended on this part of the block. A meeting of owners held on 9 May 1960 confirmed the lease of Waipapa A39 to George Harvey for 21 years with no right of renewal. Henare Te Taka Kupa had 2.894 shares in Waipapa A39 in 1961. These shares were valued at £7.5.0yI3] 208 Search Schedule, Determination Application, Henare Te Taka Kupa, PF 1758, MLC, Gisborne. 209 Title Binder, Waihua A34B, MLC Gisborne. 210 Cooper to Land Court, 4 October 1970, PF 1758, MLC Gisborne. 211 Search Schedule, Determination Application, Henare Te Taka Kupa, Ibid. 212 Application to release land, WaipapaA39, 21 October 1960, MA 64/5, TPK, Wellington. 213 Search Schedule, Determination Application, Henare Te Taka Kupa, PF 1758, MLC Gisborne. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 63 Waipapa A2 was also leased to George Harvey in December 1952 for a 21-year period. Renare Te Taka Kupa had 5.196 shares out ofa total 31.166 shares in A2 in 1970. These shares were valued at $10.00 in 1970Y14] 5.6 Conclusion The Mohak:a Consolidation Scheme was implemented by the Crown at Mohaka for a number of inter-related reasons. These reasons included the Crown's desire to reduce Maori title fragmentation, and reduce land deterioration. This report has, however, illustrated that a key theme driving the consolidation scheme was a desire by the Crown to consolidate its purchased interests. Without a consolidation scheme, the Crown could not translate its purchasing activities at Mohaka into salable assets. The Crown was also keen to realise the value of outstanding survey charges and rates. It seemed that Maori interests in the whole project were of secondary importance. As with other Native Land Court processes, the consolidation scheme involved a long period of inter-hapu and whanau disputes and competition over scarce resources. As illustrated by the interests of Henare Te Taka Kupa (as a case study), there was at best a limited gain from this huge bureaucratic procedure for the Maori owners enmeshed in it. Henare Te Taka Kupa' land holdings were amalgamated, however, these parcels remained scattered, difficult for him to manage and soon subject to partition and further fragmentation. Some of these parcels were also subject to Crown charges after consolidation. This report has found that although Henare Te Taka Kupa did not 'lose' land during the consolidation scheme, neither did he gain much. The Mohaka Consolidation Scheme acted in tandem with the Mohaka Development Scheme. This scheme aimed to place Maori on the land as small farmers. Like the consolidation scheme, the development scheme achieved little progress in the long term. Those owners not selected as unit farmers, such as Hune Kupa, were generally excluded from the scheme. Correspondence from Hune Kupa also illustrates that many Maori at Mohaka experienced very poor living conditions and inadequate housing. Basic decisions about land management were also transfered from the owners to local land development officers or the Native Land Court. This is illustrated by the efforts of Henare Te Taka Kupa, as the 214 Ibid. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 64 primary owner of Waihua A34, who was unable to get his own son to farm the land despite support from the Board of Maori Affairs. This loss of control contributed towards a general feeling of disempowerment and loss of confidence amongst Mohaka Maori. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 65 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Primary Sources National Archives, Wellington MA 1 20/1/6 Land Consolidation MA 1 W2490 51/3/8 Tairawhiti Maori Land Committee, 1950-1980 MA 1 29/5/2 Mohaka Consolidation vol 1 and 2, 1925-1964 MA W2490 141 36/29/5 Welfare Officers Reports, Tairawhiti, 1949-1957 AAMK 869/940fMohaka Development Scheme, Titles, voll, 2, and 3,1930-1958 AAMK 869/965e Raupunga Development Scheme, 1968-1970 AAMK 869/966a Rawhiti Development Scheme, 1970-1973 AAMK 869/578a Tairawhiti Native Lands Board, Units, 1936-1979 AAMK 869/582e Charlie Hodges, Mohaka 43, 1934-1978 AAMK 869/583b Putaranui or Keefe, Mohaka A48, 1934-1979 AAMK 869/587d Henry Hodges, Waihua A34, 1935-1978 AAMK 869/937e Tairawhiti District, general, 1931-1964 AAMK 869/958d Paroa Development Scheme, parts 1,2, and 3,1959-1972 H 194 8458 194/1/24 Native Health, Hawkes Bay, 1928-1941 Te Puni Kokiri, Wellington MA 64/5 Mohaka Development Scheme, Titles, part 4 MA 64/5/A Mohaka Development Scheme, Gazette Notices MA 16/5/3 Paroa Development Scheme, vol 5 Native/Maori Land Court Minute Books Various parts ofthe Wairoa and Napier Minute Books as indicated in the footnotes of this report. Maori Land Court, Gisborne 142, Whareraurakau, Block Order File Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Government Valuations Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, General File Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Mohaka Balances Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Waipapa Balances Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Waipapa Draft Lists Mohaka Consolidation Scheme, Group Books, No.1 and 2 Waipapa Succession Files, 1267a and 1267b, 1884-1958 Waipapa Title Binders 15/71/1 Waipapa Alienation File, A39 Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 66 19/16711 Waipapa A39 8/3/500 Waipapa, Correspondence, Vol 1, 2, and 3 678 Waipapa No.1-162, Court Applications 1274B, Waipapa Titles and Orders Archival Material, Wai 201 Record of Documents, Waitangi Tribunal A substantial amount of documents relating to this research proj ect was located within the Wai 201 Record of Documents. The specific files are indicated in the footnotes of this report. The general references are as follows: A59 Alienation Block Histories for Waipapa, Mohaka, Whareraurakau, Waihua, and Putere (Wai 119) C5a Supporting documents to Fergus Sinclair, land transactions on the north bank of the Mohaka River, 1860-1903. C7a Supporting documents to David Alexander; land dealings on the Mohaka River north ban1e, 1803-1992. M3 Supporting papers to David Alexander, The Mohaka Block, 1868-1941, 1996 M5 Supporting papers to David Alexander, The Waihua Block, 1996. M6 Supporting papers to David Alexander, The Rotokakarangu and Whareraurakau Blocks, 1996 M7 Supporting papers to David Alexander, The Putere, Pihanui, Owhio, and Maungataniwha Blocks, 1996. Reports filed on Wai 201 Record of Documents, Waitangi Tribunal A29 George Thomson, The Crown and Ngati Pahauwerafrom 1864, January 1992. J4 Richard Boast, Mohaka-Waikare Confiscation and its Aftermath: social and economic issues, 1994. J30a Don Loveridge, When the Freshets reach the sea: Ngati Pahauwera and their Lands, 1851- 1941, 1996 M3 David Alexander, The Mohaka Block, 1868-1941, October 1996. M4 David Alexander, The Mohaka Block, 1903-1941, An Overview, October 1996. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 67 M5 David Alexander, The Waihua Block, October 1996. M6 David Alexander, The Rotokakarangu and Whareraurakau Blocks, October 1996 M7 David Alexander, The Putere, Pihanui, Owhio, and Maungaataniwha Blocks, October, 1996. 2. Other Published Reports Campbell, SKL. National Overview on Land Consolidation Schemes, 1909-1931, Crown Forestry Rental Trust, June 1998 Cowie, D. Hawke's Bay, Rangahaua Whanui District Report, lIB, September 1996. Waitangi Tribunal. Mohaka River Report, Brooker and Friend; Wellington, 1992. Wai 731: The Kupa Whanau Page 68 Wai 731 WAITANGI TRIBUNAL CONCERNING the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 AND CONCERNING the 110haka ki Ahuriri Claims Inquiry DIRECTION COMMISSIONING RESEARCH 1. Pursuant to clause 5A of the second schedule of the Treaty ofWaitangi Act 1975, the Tribunal commissions Robert 11cClean and Richard Moorsom, members of staff, to complete a research report covering the following matters: On the basis of existing research and evidence presented to this inquiry and any additional relevant information: a) Identifies the land within the Mohaka ki Ahuriri inquiry district in which the Kupa whanau held interests at the time of original title determination and at subsequent partitions and successions. b) Details and reviews any title changes affecting the Kupa whanau as a result of alienation, the Mohaka Consolidation Scheme or any other Crown action and assesses the impact of such changes. c) Analyses the effects of the development schemes implemented in the Mohaka area on lands, improvements and wahi tapu in which the Kupa whanau had an interest. d) Briefly describes and assesses the consequential impact of any changes or effects under (b) and (c) up to recent times. 2. The commission commenced on 19 August 1998 and ends on 16 October 1998, at which time one copy of the report will be filed in unbound form together with indexed copies \ of any supporting archival documents. Page 2 3. The report may be received as evidence and the author may be cross-examined on it. 4. The registrar is to send copies of this direction to: ,; Richard Moorsom Robert McClean Claimants for Wai 119,299,436, 731 Counsel in the Mohaka ki Ahuriri claims inquiry Solicitor General, Crown Law Office Director, Office of Treaty Settlements Secretary, Crown Forestry Rental Trust Director, Te Puni Kokiri Dated at Gisbome this (, f day of September 1998. Ir-.,\~ Judge W W Isaac Presiding Officer WAITANGI TRIBUNAL [OFflCIAll 73 Rangitane Road RD2 HASTINGS 17 July 1998 t~,1ELLlNGTON . - 'f 2 0 J U! 1998 The Registrar. Waitangi TribUna[ .,.--...... -..... ------_-1 CLAIM #-1- 1 PO Box 5022 r'OURTS ','. WAI ,:~.~J...... WELLINGTON F~k.~.~__.. #\·ss Dear Sir, I, Kevan Te Taka Kupa of 73 Rangitane Road, R.D.2, Hastings, presently unemployed and affiliated to Ngati Pahauwera hapu, wish to lodge for myself and the descendants of Henare Taka Kupa, this concern regarding the Mohaka ki Ahuriri inquiry - Wai 299 - The Mohaka-Waikare Confiscation Claim Wai 119 - The Mohaka B[ock Claim as 1believe to date, a[[ the "Kupa descendants" have been advers[y disadvantaged and alienated from our turangawaewae by the Crown due to the Mohaka Consolidation Maori Scheme, hence the lack of specific information concerning our Grandfather's land. I shall forward a detailed claim format once the indepth research is complete, the time frame considered is six weeks the latest. Thank you for considering our present concern. No reira Na Kevan Te Taka Kupa Kath[een Margaret Lomax (Cooper) Wai 731: Appendix C Page Cl 81. 6 782/3 81. 6 Hokianga Family 782/3 81. 6 Hodges FamilyCrown 253 261. 12 Te Heke Kupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family RiwiaKupa MakereKupa Hodges Family Crown Hokianga Family Crown 87.7.6 Te Heke Kupa 29.12.6 Tamihana Family Ellis Family (both Z16 group) 39. 10 Hokianga Family (Z21) 11. 15. 10 11. 15. 10 Tamihana and Ellis Families 11. 15. 10 Hodges Family 11.15.10 Crown (sold to by Henare) 11. 15.10 Hokianga Family 33 317.17.0 TeHeke Tamihana Family Ellis Family RiwiaKupa MakereKupa Hodges Family Crown Crown Hokianga Family 41 394.18.0 Hodges Family and Crown Wai 731: Appendix C Page C2 136. O. 8 Interest by purchase 72. 10. 10 Riri, Kupa, and Harata Hokianga (group Z21) 40 63.12.6 Tamihana Family Ellis Family 13 38.3.2 Itereama Kupa 31 119.6.2 Riwia Kupa (Z2) Te HekeKupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family MakereKupa Hodges Family Hune Kupa (Z8) Te Taka Kupa Henare Te Taka Kupa Henerieta Hokianga Hokianga Family 56 89. 1. 9 Hodges Family 13 20.13.6 TeHekeKupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family RiwiaKupa Iehu Hodges Hodges Family Henare Kupa HuneKupa Hokianga Family 33 52.9.7 25 39. 15.8 Henare Te Taka Kupa Wai 731: Appendix C Page C3 Hokianga Family RiwiaKupa TeHeke MakereKupa HuneKupa Te Taka Henerieta Hokianga 1 Hodges Family Te Taka Kupa 1 Henare Te Taka Kupa 14.750 07.2.1 Tamihana Family Ellis Family 13.750 81. 4. 0 13.5 79.14.5 14. 750 87.2.1 RiwiaKupa Te Heke Kupa HuneKupa Henare Te Taka Kupa Henerieta Hokianga 14. 750 87.2.1 Hodges Family 14. 750 87.2.0 13.750 81. 4. 0 Harata Hokianga 523/72 Kupa Hokianga 523/72 Riri Hokianga 523/72 Miriama Hokena 429/96 RiwiaKupa 175/24 TeHeke Kupa 175/24 Te A whi Taranaki 429/96 Winiata Iehu Hodges 429/96 Henry Hodges 429/96 Te Taka Kupa 165/24 HuneKupa 165/24 Wai 731: Appendix C Page C4 Henerieta Hokianga HuneKupa Makere Kupa Hodges Family RiwiaKupa 1 31.3.4 RiwiaKupa Te Heke Kupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family MakereKupa Hodges Family HuneKupa TeTakaKupa Henare Te Taka Kupa Henerieta Hokianga Hokianga Family 1 RiwiaKupa TeHekeKupa MakereKupa Hodges Family HuneKupa TeTakaKupa Henerieta Hokianga Hodges Family 1 Te Heke Kupa RiwiaKupa MakereKupa Hodges Family HuneKupa Henare Kupa Hokianga Family Henare Te Taka Kupa 9. 16. 8 Henare Te Taka Kupa Wai 731: Appendix C Page C5 Riripeti Te Whareroa 1 liz 4.12.4 Te Heke Kupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family RiwiaKupa MakereKupa Hodges Family HuneKupa Hokianga Family 2 6.3.3 2.18.4 Tamihana Family Ellis Family 43. -- 7.16.8 Iehu Hodges Henerieta Hokianga 3. 16.8 Hokianga Family Henerieta Hokianga 2 7 29. 3. 6 Hokianga Family 21/40 22 1110 26. 18.6 RiwiaKupa TeHekeKupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family MakereKupa Hodges Family HuneKupa TeTakaKupa Henare Te Taka Kupa Henerieta Hokianga Hokianga Family 39 liz 48. 1. 0 Tamihana and Ellis Families 159/10 19.7 Te Heke Kupa Tamihana Family Ellis Family RiwiaKupa Wai 731: Appendix C Page C6 HuneKupa Henare Te Taka Kupa Hokianga Family 18.8.0 Henare Te Taka Kupa 18 22. 14.6 Hodges Family 32 69.5.6 194/5 42.17.6 Hodges Family 6 1. 9. 2 Henare Te Taka Kupa 7 2. 1. 8 Henare Te Taka Kupa Wai 731: Appendix D PageD1 APPENDIX D. PAROA DEVELOPMENT SCHEME, 1948-1989 This section contains an overview of the Paroa Development Scheme. This scheme included Mohaka A20, in which Henare Te Taka Kupa held a small interest. In 1948, the Mohaka Development Scheme generally ceased with only a few farm units in effective operation. The Board of Maori Affairs considered the Mohaka scheme to be a 'failure' as the land had reverted back to blackberry and scrub. Hereafter, most ofthe development lands were leased to Swifts Limited, and three remaining units (2,200 acres) were leased by Maori who had accumulated a huge capital debt. [1] The Mohaka lands, however, remained classified as development land, and subject to the control of the Board of Maori Affairs. The problems ofthe Mohaka lands were also tackled by the newly constituted Tairawhiti District Land Committee, an advisory committee which supervised Maori land development. Mohaka was considered, by the committee, to be 'in a mess' :[2] During the war years, blackberry and reversion of manuka practically got out of control, because of the lack of manure. [This resulted in] a diminished carrying capacity ... [and it is required] to re-sow the pastures now and renovate them. Other problems identified by the Registrar at a meeting of the District Land Committee on 2 November 1950 included: • Unsatisfactory occupation. According to the Registrar this was defined as "where we have a man on a holding who is inefficient, lazy and incompetent."[3] • Uneconomic holdings. • Over-capitalisation. 1 MohakaDeveiopment, Memo, 1958, AAMK 869 941b, NA, Wellington. 2 Minutes of the Tairawhiti District Land Committee, 2 November 1950, MA 1 W2490, NA Wellington. 3 Ibid, P 6-7. Wai 731: Appendix D PageD2 • Unsatisfactory tenure. The Registrar proposed a radical re-consolidation of Mohaka without the owners' participation:[4] It does seem that in the past we have taken too much notice of what the owners want. Did you, Mr Morice, with Mr Flowers [Land Development Officers], consider at any time that you would forget all about the ownership and make a new start? Divide the whole Mohaka scheme into economic holdings and re-allot them to the best settlers. We know, of course, that it would be a very sweeping thing to do, but in the long run it may have to come, and one wonders whether this was not the time to do it. Mr Morice replied that this idea was never considered, but was the "right method of approach .. .If we say, We will start again, we will wipe all these uneconomic farms and occupiers, then I think: we could get somewhere."[5] Mr Morice added later in the meeting that past recommendations by the committee have been "ineffective" and that it was only "deferring the evil day. Its far better to face up to the problem, even though its going to hurt someone. Its for the ultimate benefit. ,,[6] In response to these concerns, the Maori Affairs Department sent an Inspecting Field Officer, Mr Flowers, to Mohaka on 7 August 1952. Mr Flowers, with Mr Morice, was instructed to inspect the Mohaka area in order to plan for further utilization especially regarding those farms which had over-capitalised. The Under-Secretary added that "this is a genuine attempt to solve these problem cases in your district and it is sincerely hoped that something decisive will be the outcome of the investigations."[7] In April 1958, Mohaka gained further attention from the Tairawhiti District Maori Land Committee. The Committee visited Mohaka and reported that the area was "not being utilised, and infested with noxious weeds and scrub."[8] The Committee thought complete redevelopment 4 Ibid, P 11. 5 Ibid, P 11. 6 Ibid, P 20. 7 Under-Sec MA to District Officer, Gisborne, 7 August 1952, AAMK 869 578a, NA, Wellington. The author has not been able to locate Mr Flower's 1952 report. 8 Mohaka Development, Memo, 1958, AAMK 869 941b, NA, Wellington. Wai 731: Appendix D PageD3 was desirable, and recommended that "the area should be re-developed irrespective of individual titles" and that "all land in the area be dealt with" (up to 4,000 acres).[9] Murray Linton (Land Utilisation Officer) considered himself to be "responsible" for the decision to have "another look" at Mohaka. Murray reported: [10] When last in this district [Mohaka] I came to the conclusion that the proper thing to do was to melt the whole lot down and have another go. A bit there and there would never give a satisfactory answer. The Department of Maori Affairs visited Mohaka on 12-13 August 1958 and a community meeting was held to discuss development options at the Raupunga Memorial Hall. This meeting was attended by officers Holst, Peterson, Linton, Smith, Turi Carroll, and about 50 interested owners and other locals.[ll] After introductions, Mr Holst stated:[12] The Maori Land Committee had asked for action and that was the reason for their presence, at the meeting, and to fmd out the feeling ofthe people in regard to the development proposal of their lands. The proposal in mind was to take over some of the larger areas to commence with and develop and fann it as one holding until such time as the debt was reduced to a reasonable sum and then hand over to a Committee to farm as an Incorporation. Other smaller areas would be added as the scheme progressed and absorbed into the larger block. While the department considered that all 'idle' lands would be brought under the scheme, 13 of the largest Mohaka blocks would be amalgamated (Mohaka A19-A24 and A71-A76, approximately 2,800 acres). This process would involve:[13] A valuation would be made of each individual block and then an application made to cancel all partitions and each owner allocated shares in the main block to the value ofthe shares owned before the partitions were cancelled. This would mean that all would share in one block instead of a lot of smaller blocks, and later share in all improvements over the whole block. 9 Ibid. 10 Murray Linton, Land Utilisation Officer, to Bill? MA, 20 April 1958, AAMK 869 941b, NA Wellington. 11 Notes on Meeting at Raupunga, l3 August 1958, MA, 64/5, pt 4, TPK, Wellington. 12 Ibid, P 2. 13 Ibid. Wai 731: Appendix D PageD4 In order to facilitate owner participation, a committee of owners would be set up to work in liaison with the supervisor, and annual shareholders meetings would be held. Mr Linton added: [14] You are the owners of the land. The land is yours and the debt would be yours. It was only the Government that had the money for development, the money could not be raised from banks or stock firms. It is difficult to judge the response of the Mohaka owners. Some owners expressed support (Joe Kopu and Charlie Hodges), and others required further information. Turi Carroll gave his full approval to the scheme. On 14 April 1959, the Board of Maori Affairs approved the development of certain Mohaka subdivisions totalling 2,838 acres. The scheme was projected to cost approximately £62,000 and to last for seven years. After these seven years, the scheme would show an annual surplus (£4,470) and be returned to an owners' incorporationY5] Another meeting of owners was held on 12 July 1959. This meeting was attended by over a 100 owners. After a full days discussion, the meeting passed two resolutions unanimously:[16] • That titles be amalgamated excepting house sites. • That development proposals under one title be approved. The proposed amalgamation of sections was submitted to the Land Court on 15 October 1959. The Court ordered that 20 Mohaka sections were to be consolidated into Mohaka C9 (Paroa Station). These sections included Mohaka A20 (A, B and C). [17] Mohaka C9 totalled 2, 903 acres. 14 Ibid, P 3. 15 Brief to Minister of Maori Affairs, Mohaka Development Scheme, 30 July 1958, MA 64/5, TPK, Wellington. 16 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 63, P 23, 15 October 1959. 17 Ibid. Wai 731: Appendix D Page D5 In 1966, five more Mohaka sections were consolidated as CI0 into Paroa Station, and these were followed by the addition ofWaihua Al in 1968. These additions expanded Paroa Station to a size of over 4,000 acres. It soon became apparent that the development of Paroa Station was going to be more difficult than anticipated, and more costly. The October 1959 Paroa Station report stated that the difficulties ofthe scheme were not properly recognised at the outset, and higher expenditure was required to control noxious weeds, stock retention, and water supply problems. [18] By 1968, Paroa Station was still under the control of the Department and had yet to produce a profit. The Paroa Station manager was replaced, and a 1973 review recommended the station be returned to incorporated owners in three years. The 1973 review stated that blackberry was still a major problem, along with high stock loss. [19] The 1973 recommendation was not taken up and the scheme continued. During the 1980s, Paroa Station finally began to make a profit, and on 20 September 1988, the Board of Maori Affairs approved the transfer of the station to the Paroa Trust, formed in 1986. The Maori Land Court had vested the Paroa Development Scheme in the Trust on 20 March 1986. [20] Paroa Station was 1 returned to the Maori owners by the Minister of Maori Affairs on 30 July 1989.£1 ] Another development scheme began in the 1960s in the Mohaka area. This scheme, known as the Raupunga or Rawhiti scheme, did not affect land held by Henare Te Taka Kupa. Generally, the Rawhiti scheme covered mostly Crown land (Mohaka B2, B3) and Mohaka A 7, A8, A16, and A19. The scheme was stimulated in response by a call from the Wairoa Co-op Dairy Company for more productivity from land around Raupunga. [22] A meeting of owners was held on 23 March 1969. This meeting was chaired by Sir Turi Carroll and attended by about 100 owners. At first, the owners did not support the scheme. The Board of Maori Affairs approved the Rawhiti Development Scheme on 3 December 1970. This land was later found to be uneconomic for farming purposes, and was later the subject of a land exchange with the New Zealand Forest 18 Paroa Station Report, October 1959, AAMK 869 958d, NA, Wellington, pt l. 19 Paroa Station Review, 14 March 1973, AAMK 869 959b, pt 3, NA, Wellington. 20 Wairoa Minute Book, No. 84,20 March 1986, pp 173-18l. 21 Paroa Land Development, MA 64/511, TPK, Wellington. 22 Wairoa Co-op Dairy Company to Hon. Talboys, 24 September 1968, AAMK, 869/965, NA Wellington. Wai 731: Appendix D PageD6 Service. [23] Further details on this scheme and the land exchange have not been researched by the authors. 23 Rawhiti Station Report, 1973, Ibid.