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Wenn Schule Schule Macht SWR2 MANUSKRIPT ESSAYS FEATURES KOMMENTARE VORTRÄGE SWR2 Musikstunde Jazz across the border Mit Günther Huesmann Sendung: 01. September 2018 Redaktion: Martin Roth Produktion: SWR 2018 Bitte beachten Sie: Das Manuskript ist ausschließlich zum persönlichen, privaten Gebrauch bestimmt. Jede weitere Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Urhebers bzw. des SWR. Service: SWR2 Musikstunde können Sie auch als Live-Stream hören im SWR2 Webradio unter www.swr2.de Kennen Sie schon das Serviceangebot des Kulturradios SWR2? Mit der kostenlosen SWR2 Kulturkarte können Sie zu ermäßigten Eintrittspreisen Veranstaltungen des SWR2 und seiner vielen Kulturpartner im Sendegebiet besuchen. Mit dem Infoheft SWR2 Kulturservice sind Sie stets über SWR2 und die zahlreichen Veranstaltungen im SWR2-Kulturpartner-Netz informiert. Jetzt anmelden unter 07221/300 200 oder swr2.de SWR2 Musikstunde: Jazz across the border Signet SWR2 Musikstunde Mit Günther Huesmann, guten Morgen! Willkommen zu einer aktuellen Ausgabe von Jazz across the border. Globale Sounds im Zeichen der Improvisation, Jazz und Weltmusik zu Croissant und Milchkaffee. Viel Spaß! Titelmusik Ohne ihn würde die kubanische Musik heute anders klingen. Inspiriert von den Sounds des Jazz hat der Kontrabassist, Komponist und Bandleader die Klänge der Karibikinsel verändert: Cachao gehört zu den Gründervätern der Latin Music. Am 14. September wäre er 100 Jahre alt geworden. Wir feiern ihn schon heute – und wie ginge das besser, als mit seiner wunderbaren, dynamischen Musik. 1) El Manisero Komponist: Moses Simons Interpret: Cachao Y Su Orquestra Label:Grosso Recordings GR025 CD: Cachao’s Gonna Make You Dance! 3:02 „El Mansiero“ mit der Band des Kontrabassisten Cachao, aufgenommen 1957. Cachao hat die kubanische Musik gleich in doppelter Hinsicht revolutioniert. Er hat einen neuen Tanz, den Mambo, erfunden und auf der Karibikinsel populär gemacht. Und zweitens sorgte er mit seinen Descargas, seinen kubanischen Jam Sessions dafür, dass eine Musik, die zuvor reine Tanzmusik war, auch abstraktere Möglichkeiten zuließ – Klänge, die nicht funktional auf die Bedürfnisse der Ballrooms zugeschnitten waren, sondern eine Musik, in der es auch ums Zuhören geht, afro- kubanische Musik als „Kunst“. 2 2) La Floresta Komponist: O. Lopez Interpret: Cachao Label: Calle Mayor PC0574 CD: Cachao 2:41 „Floresta“, der Kontrabassist Israel Lopez in einer Aufnahme von 1957. Den Spitznamen Cachao bekam er, weil das der Vorname seines Großvaters war, auch der ein Musiker. „Unser Haus war ein Wrack“, erzählte Cachao, „Da waren überall Instrumente und Leute, die die ganze Zeit spielten.“ Ursprünglich wollte er klassischer Kontrabassist werden. Cachao hatte gute Voraussetzung dafür. Bis zu 30 Mitglieder sollen in seiner Familie Kontrabass gespielt haben. Wie dem auch sei: Mit 13 debütierte er mit dem Havanna Philharmonikern; der kleine Cachao musste auf einer Obstkiste stehen, um die Töne greifen zu können. Havanna war in den 1930er Jahren aber auch ein Vergnügungszentrum. Der Tanz Danzon war damals groß in Mode. Der hatte sich aus dem französischen Contredanse entwickelt, ursprünglich ein exklusives Salon-Vergnügen der weißen Oberschicht. In der kreolisierten Form wurde der Danzon zu einem kubanischen Nationaltanz. Cachao war noch ein Teenager, als er in den späten 1930er Jahren Mitglied in Kubas bekanntester Danzon-Kapelle wurde: bei Antonio Arcano y Sus Maravillas. 3) Arcano Y Su Ritmo Nuevo Komponist: Antonio Arcano Interpret: Arcano Y Sus Marvillas Label: Calle Mayor PC0572 CD: Perlas Cubanas: Epoca Cachao 3:14 Cachao in der Band von Arcano Y Sus Marvillas, wir hörten das Stück Arcano Y Su Ritmo Nuevo, aufgenommen Ende der 1930er Jahre. Die Danzons langweilten Cachao. Er und sein Bruder Orestes, der in der Band Klavier spielte und arrangierte, zogen die Tempi an. Sie holten afro-kubanische Perkussionsinstrumente in die Gruppe. Und sie schufen einen neuen Rhythmus, den sie „nuevo ritmo“ nannten. 3 Das an die Klänge der Salonmusik gewöhnte Publikum reagierte zunächst irritiert. Aber schon nach wenigen Monaten war der „ritmo nuevo der letzte Schrei. Die Lopez-Brüder hatten einen neuen Rhythmus der Latin-Musik erfunden: den Mambo. 4) Bilongo Komponist: Guillermo Rodríguez Fiffe Interpret: Chico O’Farrill And His Cuban All Stars Label: Grosso Recordings GR025 CD: Cachao’s Gonna Make You Dance 2:54 Der Mambo „Bilongo“ mit Chico O’Farrill And His Cuban All Stars. Und Cachao spielte den Kontrabass. Das Wort „Mambo“ tauchte in der modernen kubanischen Musik erstmals 1938 auf – in dem Stück „El Danzon Mambo“, komponiert von Cachao und seinem Bruder Orestes. Allgemein gilt jedoch Perez Prado als „König“ des Mambo; der Kubaner machte in den 1950er Jahren von New York aus den Tanz weltberühmt. Dabei hatten die Gebrüder Lopez den Mambo-Beat schon 20 Jahre früher entwickelt. Cachao war ein extrem bescheidener Mensch. „Lass dem Perez Prado seine Lorbeeren, wir haben den Groove.“, meinte er. „Schon morgens beim Rasieren komponiere ich einen Mambo“, sagte er. Mehr als 3000 Mambo-Melodien soll Cachao komponiert haben, aber selbst wenn es nur halb soviel wären, es wäre immer noch eine Leistung. Selbst noch als Cachao mit seinen afro-kubanischen Klängen Erfolg hatte, spielte er regelmäßig Kontrabass mit den Havanna Philharmonikern. Er war dabei, als Igor Strawinsky, Herbert von Karajan und Heitor Villa-Lobos das Sinfonieorchester dirigierten. Und Cachao war auch Mitglied der Havanna Philharmoniker, als Isaak Stern und Arthur Rubinstein in der kubanischen Hauptstadt Konzerte gaben. Man kann diesen klassischen Hintergrund manchmal spüren, wenn man Cachaos Aufnahmen hört. Er war der erste, der in der kubanischen Musik ein Kontrabass-Solo aufnahm. 1957 war das. Die Komposition „Chanson Triste“ von Sergei Koussevitzky diente ihm als Basis für seine Improvisation. „Sing, Kontrabass!“, „Canta Contrabajo“. “ 4 5) Canta Contrabajo Komponist: Sergei Koussevitzky/arr. Israel „Cachao“ Lopez Interpret: Cachao Label: Calle mayor PC0759 CD: Cachao 2:51 Cachao gilt als Schöpfer der Descargas, der kubanischen Jazz Sessions. Ende der 1950er Jahre versammelte der Kontrabassist Top-Musiker Havannas immer wieder zu spontanen Jam-Sessions. Oft wussten die Musiker nicht, dass aufgenommen wurde. Stundenlang wurde gespielt, Cachao drückte auf die Aufnahmetaste. Und manchmal stand auch eine Flasche Rum auf einem Tisch. 1957 veröffentlichte Cachao kurze Ausschnitte von diesen Sessions – „Descarga-Miniaturen“, wie er sie nannte. Sie gehören zu den Juwelen der Latin-Musik. 6) La Luz Komponist: I. Lopez Interpret: Cachao Y Su Conjunto Label: Essential Media Group 94231 32392 CD: Cuban Music Jam Session 4:41 1957 brachte Cachao etliche Top-Musiker Havannas zusammen und spielte das denkwürdige Album „Cuban Jam Session In Miniature“ ein. Wir hörten in der SWR2 Musikstunde und Jazz across the border das Stück „La Luz“. „Als wir die berühmten Descargas mit Cachao aufnahmen“, erzählte der legendäre Congaspieler Tata Güines, „gingen wir um 5 Uhr in der Früh ins Studio, weil alle Gigs an verschiedenen Orten hatten. Es war eine historische Aufnahme-Session, ohne Arrangements, niemand wusste vorher, was wir tun würden. Cachao sagte einfach: „Jetzt machen wir einfach dies.“ Es war unsere Art wie wir die Dinge anpackten, wir brauchten keine ausgeschriebenen Parts. Fast alles nahmen wir ohne Klavier auf – einfach nur Perkussion, Kontrabass und Gesang. „Cachao Y Su Ritmo Caliente“ – diese Platte machte Schule. Wir revolutionieren die Welt der Descargas.“ 5 7) Estudio En Trompeta Komponist: Israel Lopez Interpret: Cachao Y Su Ritmo Caliente Label: Caney CCD 501 CD: Cachao Y Su Ritmo Caliente – From Havanna to New York 2:17 „Estudio En Trompeta“ mit Cachao Y Su Ritmo Caliente. El Negro Vivar blies die Trompete und das Conga-Solo kam von dem legendären Tata Güines. Es wird viel improvisiert in den Descargas von Cachao. Es ist deshalb immer wieder gesagt worden, der Kontrabassist habe Jazz mit kubanischer Musik vermischen wollen. Aber ganz so pauschal lässt sich das nicht sagen. Natürlich war Cachao vom Jazz fasziniert, er hat und sich von Musikern wie Duke Ellington und Dizzy Gillespie inspirieren lassen. Aber Cachao sagte auch, er habe nicht den Jazz im Kopf gehabt, als er diese Sessions zusammenstellte. Sehr viel zutreffender ist: zum ersten Mal wurde die „heißeste“ Musik Kubas in einer Art und Weise präsentiert, die nicht in erster Linie aufs Tanzen abzielte. Natürlich kann man zu dieser Klängen tanzen, und wie! Aber Cachao und seine Mitmusiker ließen die Ideen von Mambo, Danzon und Cha Cha Cha weit hinter sich zurück. Cachao holte die Bass Tumbaos (die Conga-Trommeln) aus Son und den ländlichen folkloristischen Rhumbas in seine Band. Der Akzent liegt auf starker Perkussion und Improvisation. 8) Siboney Komponist: Ernesto Lecuona Interpret: Cachao Y Su Conjunto Label: Calle Mayor PC0574 CD: Cachao 4:07 „Siboney“, aufgenommen 1957 von Cachao. „In der kubanischen Musik hat es immer schon Improvisation gegeben.“ sagt der Bassist Carlos del Puerto, „Im Tanz Danzon improvisiert die Flöte, in der Rhumba gilt dasselbe für die Quinto. Aber was Cachao mit den Descargas schaffte, war etwas 6 ganz anderes: Systematisch brachte er jeden Musiker der Gruppe dazu, einen improvisatorischen Ausflug zu wagen.“ 9) Descarga Cubana Komponist: O. Estivil Interpret: Cachao Y Su Ritmo Caliente Label: Egrem CD 0169 CD: Descargas – Cuban Jam Sessions 3:02 In der „Descarga Cubana“ spielte Cachao das Kontrabass-Solo und Ray Barreto das Timbales-Solo. „Eines Tages machte
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