Geophysical Phenomena and the Alexandrian Littoral

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Geophysical Phenomena and the Alexandrian Littoral Geophysical Phenomena and the Alexandrian Littoral N. Evelpidou, C. Repapis, C. Zerefos, H. Tzalas and C. Synolakis Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-234-1 ISBN 978-1-78969-235-8 (e-Pdf) © N. Evelpidou, C. Repapis, C. Zerefos, H. Tzalas, C. Synolakis and Archaeopress 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by XXXX This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of figures and tables ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Acknowledgements �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Preface ...........................................................................................................................................vii 1� Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1.1 Location and physical geography ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1.2 Geological characteristics ................................................................................................................5 1.3 Geomorphology................................................................................................................................10 2� Subsidence regime �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 2.1 Bathymetry ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 2.2 Submerged ancient structures ......................................................................................................16 3� Evidence of offshore subsidence in Alexandria ������������������������������������������������������������������20 4� Palaeogeography ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 5� Historical maps �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 Veduta d’Alessandria Codice Urbinate 277 [1472] ......................................................................34 View of Alexandria from the Portolano of Piri Reis [1513] .......................................................36 Vray portraict de la Ville d’Alexandrie en Egypte [1547] .........................................................38 Plan M.P.nl-XLIX-43 of Alexandria from the Archivos General de Simancas [1605] .............40 Alexandria, Vetustissimum Aegypti Emporium [1619] .............................................................42 View of Alexandria by Vassili Barkij [1730] .................................................................................43 Description de la ville d’Alexandrie, telle qu’elle étoit du terms de Strabon, par M. Bonamy [1731] .................................................................................................................................................46 Carte et Plan du Port Neuf d’Alexandrie by Capt. Frederick Lewis Norden [1738] and Carte particulière de la Vielle et de la nouvelle Alexandrie et de ses Ports [1738] .........................48 Konstantin of Kiev ‘ [1795] .............................................49 Konstantin of Kiev [1795] ............49 Carte générale des côtes,Θέα του rades, λιμένος ports, της ville Αλεξανδρείας’ et environs d’Alexandrie dressée par M. Gratien le Père [1798] ........................................................‘Χάρτα της Άλεξανδρίας και............................................................................ των δύω αυτής λιμένων’ 53 Plan of the city harbours and environs of Alexandria, by Captain Smyth (1825) �����������������54 Plan d’Alexandrie par Mahmoud Bey el Falaki [1866] ���������������������������������������������������������������56 6� Historical references ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 7� The decline of Alexandria and physical disaster ����������������������������������������������������������������66 8� Modelling tsunami vulnerability �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 8.1 Simulating possible tsunamis in Alexandria ...............................................................................72 8.2 Scenario megathrust tsunami sources .......................................................................................73 8.3 Tsunami simulation results ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 8.4 Tsunami impacts at Alexandria .....................................................................................................75 9� Coastal zone �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������78 i 9.1 Silsileh .........................................................................................................................................78 9.2 Chatby .........................................................................................................................................78 9.3 Ibrahimia ....................................................................................................................................82 9.4 Sporting Beach ..........................................................................................................................83 9.5 Moustafa Kamel..........................................................................................................................85 9.6 Gleemenopoulos Beach .............................................................................................................85 9.7 Sidi Bishr .....................................................................................................................................85 9.8 Miami Island – Gezira Gabal el Khour (Gabr el Khour) ........................................................86 9.9 Montazah ...................................................................................................................................86 9.10 Maamourah ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������87 9.11 Abou Kir ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������87 9.12 Nelson’s Island (Abou Kir Island) ..........................................................................................88 10� Fish tanks �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89 10.1 Fish tanks in Alexandria .........................................................................................................90 10.2 Fish tank findings ....................................................................................................................92 10.2.1 Montazah fish tanks .......................................................................................................93 10.2.2 Abou Kir fish tank ...........................................................................................................98 10.2.3 Miami Island fish tank .................................................................................................104 10.3 Main sea level indicators ......................................................................................................112 10.3.1 Protective moles �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������112 10.3.2 Upper walkway (upper crepidine) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������113 10.3.3 Lower crepidines .............................................................................................................113 10.3.4 Closing gates (cataractae) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������113 10.3.5 Channels .........................................................................................................................114 10.4 Sea level modelling ................................................................................................................115 10.5 Relative sea level changes and Alexandria’s fish tanks ...................................................115 References ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118 ii List of figures and tables Figure 1a: Site map of coastal Alexandria. ........................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1b: Sites with valuable geomorphological and archaeological features in the Alexandrian coastal zone. .................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2: Long-term average Holocene rates
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