Sep-Oct-2015 Issue No.-13

Department of Forest, Environment & Climate Change, www.jharenvis.nic.in

i Preface

ith the rise in human population the biotic pressure Won our forest and biodiversity has increased. So, there is need to integrate advances in forestry science and through these enhance, protect and conserve the biodiversity of the state in sustainable manner. This issue of the newsletter covers the relevance of edible plants in our life, the polyphenol content in moringa, oil contents of Pongamia seeds, breeding behavior of Leopard cat and other issues. I hope this edition will be useful to the students, scientist, foresters, scholars and others. In future editions many

published by this centre. more useful / scientific articles /information / news will be

Dinesh Kumar, IFS CF, Plantation Research and Evaluation -cum- Envis Coordinator, Jharkhand, Ranchi

ii Contents 1 Editorial iv

2 Five common edible weeds in our backyards & surroundings 1-5

3 Variability in Polyphenol levels in Flowers of Moringa 5-8

4 The effect of row spacing on Peppermint production 8-10

5 Breeding of Leopard Cat in Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park 11-13

6 Determination of oil percentage in Pongamia pinnata seeds 14-16

7 Success story of production of ayurvedic ethics-Careya arborea Roxb. 16

8 Environmental Awareness Programme at Bero Rajkiya Madhya Vidyalaya 17

9 Trainees of Bernihat S.F.S, College Assam 18 Exposure visit of Range Forest Officer 10 Workshop On “Tranqullization Techniques, Capture & Restraints of Wild Animals”. 18 iii Editorial

Dinesh Kumar IFS CF plantation research and Evaluation,Jharkhand,Ranchi Cum Envis coordinator Advisory Committee Jharkhand Ranchi

Dr. M. Rajiuddin Pro vice chancellor Shri B. C. Nigam, IFS , Ranchi PCCF (Hoff) Ranchi, Jharkhand

Dr. Sanjay Singh Shri K. P. Pandey, IFS Scientist E & head FPMB APCCF, Jharkhand, Ranchi Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi Dr. P. K. Mishra Reviewer Shri Pankaj Singh Associate Professor Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi Research officer, FPMB Dr. Bharti S. Raipat Head of Zoology Shri Satyaprakash St. Xavier college, Ranchi President Neo human foundation Hazaribag Dr. P. Bhawana Scientist HARP, Plandu, Ranchi

iv Five common edible weeds in our backyards & surroundings LAL RATNAKAR SINGH, IFS CCF, Research, Jharkhand

Abstract/Summary ree, shrubs & herbs are common in our backyards and surroundings. During a morning walk, we come across a lots of vegetation mostly weeds along the roadsides, drains and waste land. Most Tof us treat many such plants as noxious weeds. If we develop interest in identifying these wild tribal people. A walk with a naturalist shows us plethora of tasty and nutritious plants growing as weed plants, we find that some of them are not only common but most nutritive and popular vegetables of which are not only a source of nutrition but also have great medicinal value. in our surroundings. During rainy season, our surroundings and forest floor is full of such vegetables The most common 5 edible weeds of Jharkhand are following

1. Gandhari sag (Amaranthus viridis)

t is the most common species of family Amaranthaceae and Iis almost cosmopolitan in its distribution. It is considered as a tasty food and is eaten in India

it in ones surroundings growing asand weed. abroad. In every One canvillage easily market find of Jharkhand and even in some markets of towns, it is widely sold.

A. viridis is an annual herb which grows from 6 to 50 cm height. It Amaranthus viridis (photograph taken from Ashok Nagar, Ranchi.) rounded, minutely mucronate, 1.25-1.75 mm long, not rupturing all year in subtropical and barely to clearly emarginate. or rupturing irregularly, surface tropicalpropagates climates. by seed It andis in flowers leaf in Flowers are green, monoecious, rough. Seed 1-1.25 mm, round, male and female intermixed, slightly compressed, dark brown September, and the seeds ripen in slender axillary to terminal to black with a paler thick border. fromApril. Aug It is to in October. flower Stemfrom isJuly erect to paniculate spikes 2-12 cm long or usually ascending, glabrous to and 2-5 mm wide, or in dense Leaves, leafy clusters are cooked pubescent, pubescent especially axillary clusters in the lower part upwards. Leaves glabrous or of the stem. Bracts deltoid- to . On a zero moisture basis, 100g as a spinach. It has a mild flavour. pubescent on the veins of the lanceolate-ovate, membraneous of leaves contains 283 calories, lower surface; petioles long (up with a short awn from the green 34.2g protein, 5.3g fat, 44.1g to 10 cm), leaf blade ovate to midrib. Perianth-segments 3, rhombic-oblong, 2-7 x 1.5-5.5 about 1.5 mm long. Stigmas 2-3. ash, 2243mg calcium, 500mg carbohydrate, 6.6g fibre, 16.4g cm, base tapered to blunt, tip Capsule more or less globose phosphorus, 27mg iron, 336mg 1 sodium, 2910mg potassium, be cooked whole, and becomes spinosus because the two 50mg vitamin A, 0.07mg very gelatinous like this, Due to species have different nutritional very small size, all the seeds are requirements [2]. A decoction of 11.8mg niacin and 790mg the entire plant is used to stop thiamine, 2.43mg riboflavin, ascorbic acid [1]. The seed and thus some of the seed pass contains 14 - 16% protein and rightdifficult through to crush the in thealimentary mouth [1]. The plant is emollient and dysentery and inflammation 4.7 - 7% fa [1]. Seed - cooked. canal without being assimilated. vermifuge [3]. The root juice Very small, about 1mm in diameter, but it is easy to harvest A. viridis can co-exist with the during urination. It is also taken and very nutritious. The seed can equally common Amaranthus tois treat used constipation to treat inflammation [4].

2. Kanteli Chaulai (Amaranthus spinosus) t is called as spiny amaranth and is very similar to the IA.viridis except the spines. It is also an annual herb growing up to 60 cm. It is eaten raw or cooked as spinach removing the spines which are very sharp. The dried leaves contain (per 100g) 267 - 276 calories, 20 - 34.4% protein, 2 - 4.5% fat, 45 - 54% carbohydrate, 9.8 - 10.4% Amranthus spinosus (photograph taken from Garhkhatanga, Ranchi.) 5333mg calcium, 333 - 460mg phosphorus,fibre, 16.6 - 13.5 24% - 152.7mg ash, 1795 iron, - used to treat ulcerated mouths, 13 - 37mg sodium, 337 - 3528mg for later use [5]. The plant vaginal discharges, nosebleeds potassium, 27.9 - 40.8mg beta iscoming astringent, into flower diaphoretic, and dried and wounds [5, 6] The root is carotene equivalent, 0.06mg diuretic, emollient, febrifuge emmenagogue and galactogogue and galactogogue. The seed is [6]. A paste of the root is used in 8.6mg niacin and 503mg ascorbic used as a poultice for broken the treatment of menorrhagia, acidthiamine, [1]. 2.02mgSeed - riboflavin,cooked. Very7.7 - bones [1]. Plant is used gonorrhoea, eczema and colic [6, small, about 1mm in diameter, internally in the treatment of 4]. It helps to remove pus from but easy to harvest and are very internal bleeding, diarrhoea and boils [4]. The juice of the root nutritious. excessive menstruation [5]. It is used in Nepal to treat fevers, The plant can be used fresh or is also used in the treatment of urinary troubles, diarrhoea and it can also be harvested when snake bites [6]. Externally, it is dysentery [4].

3. Salanti Sag rooting at the nodes, 10 to 100 long, ovate, scarious; perianth (Alternantha sessilis) cm long. Leaves are sessile, long, sepals ovate, acute, thin, obovate, occasionally linear- ovary obcordate, compressed, . sessilis is a perennial lanceolate, 1-15 cm long, 0.3-3 style very short, capitellate. herb with prostrate cm wide, and petioles are 1-5 Fruits are utricles 1.8–3 mm Aherbaceous, weak, mm long. Flowers in small, long and 1.3–2 mm wide. Seeds cylindrical stems with distinct axillary sessile spikes, 0.7-1.5 are lenticular 0.9–1.5 mm long nodes and internodes, often mm long. Bracteoles about 1 cm and 0.8–1 mm wide.

2 A.sessilis prefers places with constant or periodically high humidity, but may however tolerate extremely dry conditions. It often grows in mixed association with several other aquatic species. The plant spreads by seeds, which are wind-and water-dispersed, and by rooting at stem nodes. Seedlings appear in April, and fruits appear during August- October in the Northern Hemisphere.

Leaves of A.sessilis is eaten as vegetable after cooking. It has Alternantha sessilis (photograph taken from Ashok Nagar, Ranchi.) medicinal value. The plant is blindness, to restore virility and stomach problems etc. Another used to cure hazy vision, night species A. philoxiroids is also eaten as vegetable.

4. Kena Sag (Commelina bengalensis) ommelina bengalensis is an annual herb. Commelina Cbengalensis is often found on disturbed sites, forest edges, road sides, agricultural sites, and home gardens. Commelina bengalensis is a rainy season weed which requires moist soil conditions for establishment. Once established it has a high drought tolerance.

Leaves are ovate to lanceolate, Commelina bengalensis (photograph taken from Ashok Nagar, Ranchi.) 2.5-7.5cm long, 1.5-4cm wide, with parallel veination, entire often found in clusters, funnel netted appearance [7]. leaf margins, and pubescence on shaped, fused by two sides, 10- top and bottom. The leaf sheath 20 mm long, 10-15 mm wide, on In India the leaves and stems is covered in red and sometimes peduncles 1-3.5 mm in length. of Commelina bengalensis white hairs at the apex which is are chopped and cooked as perfect, and chasmogamous vegetables and used as feed for for this species. Stems can be withAerial 3 petals flowers 3-4 are mm staminate,long. The livestock. Different components erecta primary or crawling identification along factor the of C. bengalensis are also used as ground rooting at the nodes or to lilac in color, with the lower a medicinal for ailments such as climbing if supported, 10-30cm petalupper lightertwo flower in color petals or are white blue sore feet, sore throat, burns, eye in height, 20-90cm in length, and much less prominent. Seeds irritation, thrush in infants, and are rectangular, 1.6-3 mm in stomach irritation. C. bengalensis and dichotomously branched. length, 1.3-1.8 mm wide, brown is also used to combat infertility. Flowerscovered are in produced a fine pubescence in spathes to black in color, and have a

3 5. Dudhi Sag (Euphorbia hirta) .hirta is a very common Eweed of road sides, fallow perennial crops, grasslands, gardens,lands, lawns, cultivated ditch banks fields, and waste places. It prefers sunny to lightly shaded dry conditions, and is an early colonizer of bare ground. Tender young leaves and shoots - cooked as a vegetable It is a 15 to 50 cm tall annual herb with semi erect stem, Euphorbia hirta (photograph taken from Garhkhatanga, Ranchi.) several arising from a central tap root. stem creeping to ascending, column persistent. Seed very but apparently depresses the densely hairy, little-branched, small, oblong (0.57-0.70 mm heart and general respiration [9]. reddish or purplish, with yellow long, 0.065 mg/seed – [8], It is also used to treat intestinal hairs and milky sap. A short- reddish-brown, initially smooth, amoebic dysentery [11]. The lived weed that germinates and later slightly transversely whole plant is decocted and wrinkled. used in the treatment of athlete’s fruits in less than a month. foot, dysentery, enteritis and flowers throughout the year and It has traditionally been used in skin conditions [10]. It has been Leaves opposite, 1-4 cm long, India to treat bronchitic asthma used in the treatment of syphilis 1-1.5 cm wide, oblong- lanceolate and laryngeal spasm, though at [12]. Its sap is applied to warts present it is more used in the in order to destroy them [9]. The toothed margin, often reddish, treatment of intestinal amoebic treatment needs to be repeated , with a pointed tip and a finely often purple-blotched on the dysentery. Large doses cause 2 - 3 times a day over a period of upper surface, underside hairy, gastro-intestinal irritation, several weeks to be fully effective. base rounded and unequal; nausea and vomiting [9]. The petiole very short; nerves plant is anodyne, antipruritic, The aerial parts of the plant are distinct. Stipules small, linear. carminative, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, the summer and can be dried clusters, 5-10 mm across, of purgative and vermifuge [10]. forharvested later use when [9]. in These flower are during the numerous,Inflorescence minute, dense, greenish globular or The aerial parts of the plant are nature’s gift to the inhabitants

without petals arising from the the summer and can be dried requirements. These are also axilspinkish, of the shortly-stalked leaves; peduncles flowers forharvested later use when [5]. inThe flower stem, during taken someof forests source to fulfill of theirearning nutrition for reddish brown. Fruit yellowish, internally, is famed as a treatment them as they collect these wild hairy, 3-lobed capsule, 1.25-2 for asthma, bronchitis and leaves and after meeting their x 1.5 mm, splitting into three various other lung complaints. requirements, sell them in the 1-seeded segments; central The herb relaxes the bronchioles local markets.[13] REFERENCES 1 Duke, J. A. & Ayensu, E. S., Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. 705 S., 1300 Strichzeichnungen. Reference Publ., Inc. Algonac. Michigan, 1985. 2 Ramakrishnan PS, 1976. Comparative biology of two closely related nitrophilous species of Amaranthus living in the same area. Tropical Ecology, 17(2):100-109. 4 3 Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Asolkar L.V.,Kakkar K.K. ;Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, 1956-92, New Delhi. 4 Manandhar. N. P. Plants and People of Nepal, Timber Press, 2002 - Science - 599 pages. 5 Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. by DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley)USA. 6 Medicinal Plants of Nepal, His Majesty’s Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests, Department of Medicinal Plants, 1982 7 Prostko, E.P. and Culpepper, A.S. and Webster, T.M. and Flanders, J.T., 2005. Tropical Spiderwort Cooperative Extension.

8 NodaIdentification K, Teerawatsakul and Control M, in Praknogvongs Georgia Field Crops.C, Chaiwirtnukul Circular 884, L, 1984. Major Weeds in Thailand. Project Manual No. 1. Bangkok, Thailand: National Weed Science Research Institute. 9 Stuart. M. (Editor) The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism Orbis Publishing. London. 10 Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 11 Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley)London.. 12 Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 13 Singh L.R. (2014), Food security through Wild Leafy Vegetables in Chotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand; International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology, 4(4), 114-118

Variability in Polyphenol levels in Flowers of Moringa oleifera Lam.

PANKAJ SINGH AND SANJAY SINGH Forest Physiology and Molecular Biology Division Institute of Forest Productivity, NH-23, Lalgutwa, Ranchi Abstract/Summary oringa oleifera and other polyphenols making them suitable for human nutrition. The present study was Mundertaken to determine flowers contain the polyphenols rich amounts content of Ca, i.e. K, total waxes, phenol alkaloid, content quercetin in three kaempferolaccessions from different states of M. Oleifera

Gaya with a TPC of 1.6mg/g (16 g/kg). flowers. The Methanolic lowest TPC extract content were was usedfound to in determine Sambalpur the accession polyphenol i.e. content. Moringa flowers of Ranchi accession have the highest TPC of 2.2mg/g (22 g/Kg) followed by collected from different agro climatic conditions emphasizing upon selection of genotypes with good antioxidant1.02mg/g (10.2 status g/Kg). for future Significant breeding variation and improvement was found inin the species.values of The TPC recorded because values the plants of TPC were are even higher than those reported in a number of vegetables such as cabbage, spinach, peas, cauliflower indicatingKey words: suitability Polyphenol, of Moringa Moringa flowers Flower, high value Total human Phenol diet. Content

5 Introduction ll parts of the Moringa that consume oleifera Lam. (Family- high amount AMoringaceae) trees are of fruits of edible, consumed by humans. Moringa have They are renewal source of a low risk tocopherol, phenolic compound, of cancer (Abdulla and protein, including the essential Gruber, 2000). sulphurβ-carotene, amino vitamin acids, Cmethionine and total Moringa and cysteine (Wealth of India, 1962; Verma et al., 1976). approximately Bharali et al. (2003) showed that oneflowers inch arein oral administration of a hydro diameter and a alcoholic extract of M. oleifera creamy white green pods can increase liver level colour. They Flowers of Moringa oleifera, Photo of cytochrome b and cytochrome could be harvested at any time, courtesy: Sh. Pankaj Singh P, catalase and glutathione- Due to their rich content of Ca, peroxidase that are responsible K, waxes, alkaloid, quercetin and consideredbut younger a flowersdelicacy are in better,many substances, such as carcinogens countries.quality wise. Some These people flowers opine are are mixed together with other andfor detoxificationtoxic plant ofcompounds. xenobiotic that they taste like mushrooms. foodskaempferol, to yield flowers high of nutritional M. oleifera Epidemiologic studies have food diets (Rangaswani et al., shown that population groups in a salad or fried in Moringa oil. 1946). Moringa flowers can be mixed lowers have nine amino kaempferitrin (Faizi et al., 1994, which the chemical composition acids, sucrose, D-glucose, Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). varies in population adapted to Ftraces of alkaloids, wax, Since this plant naturally occurs varying habitats is not known. qucertin and kaempferate, the in varying habitats, it is naive Thus, the present study was ash rich in potassium and calcium to expect a great magnitude of undertaken to determine (Rukmani et al., 1998). They have variation in the concentration the polyphenols content i.e. also been reported to contain and composition of chemical total phenol content in three ingredients in different parts of accessions from different states as alkaloids, kaempherol and the tree. However, the extent to of M. Oleifera some flavonoids pigments such Material and Method flowers. . oleifera and Sambalpur (Odisha) accessions (Table 1) maintained at IFP, Ranchi campus were selected Mfor determination flowers collected of polyphenols during February-Marchcontent. Flowers 2015 were from cleaned, Ranchi dried (Jharkhand), in oven, powdered Gaya (Bihar) and stored in plastic bags for further analysis. Table 1: Details of accessions from different areas of eastern India Sl. Accession Altitude State Latitude Longitude Agroclimatic Zone No. Code (m) JH-2 Central and Western 1 JRD Jharkhand 718 Plateau Zone B-3 South Bihar Alluvial 2 BGA Bihar 23°19’48˝N 85°12’7.5˝E 108 Plains OR-9 West-central Table 3 OSH Orissa 24°56’38˝N 85°18’23˝E 159 Land Zone 21°32’14˝N 83°53’41˝E 6 Preparation of methanolic extract ethanolic extraction was carried out using the procedure of Siddhuraju Mand Becker (2003) and Pakade et al. phenolic contents of methanolic extract of (2013) with some modifications. The total using the Folin- phenol method (Singleton andthe Moringa Rossi, 1965). flower The samples extract were was determinedtaken 0.1ml and made upto 0.25ml with distilled water and the sample was mixed with 0.25ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 0.5ml of sodium

was adjusted to 5ml using distilled water. Thecarbonate. reaction The mixture final reaction was incubated mixture volumein dark place for 30 minutes. The absorbance was Total phenolic content (g/Kg) in flower of M. oleifera. measured against a blank at 760 nm by UV- Visible spectrophotometer. Gallic acid was used as the standard for calibration curve. al. 1997; Kähkönen et al. The calibration curve was used to calculate species variability in their composition has been reported the total phenol content. (Valento et al., 2003; Siddiqui 1999). et al., However, 2015). significant within M. oleifera Phenolic compounds concentrations vary according to are rich in phenolic and have a good the growth conditions and locality (Chirinos et al., 2013), Tantioxidanthe findings revealactivity. that The recorded flowers values some of which might be controlled in order to optimize the of TPC are even higher than those reported in a polyphenol content (Manach et al., 2004). In the present number of vegetables such as cabbage, spinach, et al., 2013) indicating because the plants were collected from different agro climatic conditionsstudy also significant emphasizing variation upon wasselection found inof thegenotypes values of with TPC ispeas, well cauliflower known that (Pakade phenolic contents are directly good antioxidant status for future breeding and improvement linkedsuitability to theof Moringa antioxidant flowers properties high value (Evans diet. etIt in the species. References Biofactors 12:45-51. Bharali R., Tabassum J. and Azad M.R. (2003). Chemomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. on hepaticAbdulla carcinogenM. and Gruber metabolising P. (2000). Roleenzymes, of diet antioxidant modification parameters in cancer andprevention. skin papillomagenesis in mice. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 4: 131-139. Chirinos R., Pedreschi R., Rogez H., Larondelle Y. and Campos D. (2013). Phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activity in plants with nutritional and/or medicinal properties from the Peruvian Andean region. Industrial Crops and Products 47: 145–152. Evans C. R., Miler N. and Paganga G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Sciences 2:152–159. Faizi S., Siddiqui B.S., Saleem R., Siddiqui S., Aftab K. and Gilani A.U.H. (1994). Novel hypotensive agents, niazimin A, niazimin B, niazicin A, and niazicin B from Moringa oleifera occurring carbamates. Journal of Chemical Society (Perkin Transaction) 1: 3035–3040. Kähkönen M. P., Hopia, A. I., Vuorela, H. J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T. S., and: isolation Marina Heinonen of first naturally (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 3954–3962. Manach C., Scalbert A., Morand C., Remesy C. and Jimenez L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79:727-747. 7 Pakade V., Cukrowska E. and Chimuka L. (2013). Comparison of antioxidant activity of Moringa Oleifera and selected vegetables in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 109: 1-5. Moringa pterygosperma. Curr. Sci.15:316-317. RangaswaniRuckmani K., Kavimani S. and Sankarasubramian S., Anandan R. and S.Jaykar (1946). B. (1998). Chemical Effect components of Moringa oleifera of the Lam flowers on paracetamol- of induced hepatoxicity. Indian J. Pharm Sci. 60: 33–35. Siddhuraju P. and Becker K. (2003). Antioxidant properties of various solvent extract of total phenolic constituents from three different agro climatic origins of Drumstick Tree (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) leaves. J. Agric .Food Chem. 51: 2144-2155. Siddiqui M.W., Ayala-Zavala J.F. and Dhua R.S. (2015). Genotypic variation in tomatoes affecting processing and antioxidant attributes. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 55:1819-35. Singleton V.L. and Rossi J.A. (1965). Colorometry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungtic acid reagent. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 16: 144-158. The Wealth of India (A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products) (1962). Raw Materials, Vol. VI: L-M; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research: New Delhi, 425– 429. Valentão P., Dias A., Ferreira M., Silva B., Andrade P.B., Bastos M.L. and Seabra R.M. (2003). Variability in phenolic composition of Hypericum androsaemum. Nat. Prod. Res. 17:135-40. Verma S.C., Banerji R., Misra G. and Nigam S.K. (1976). Nutritional value of Moringa. Curr. Sci. 45:769-70. The effect of row spacing on Pepper- mint ( Mentha piperita L.) production R.S. PRASAD, SANJAY SINGH AND PANKAJ SINGH Forest Physiology and Molecular Biology Division Institute of Forest Productivity, Lalgutwa, Ranchi 835303 [email protected] Abstract/Summary eppermint largely grown for the extraction of the well known mint oil used in pharmaceutical, Pcultivation of M. piperita Jharkhand.confectionary Thus the andpresent other study food was flavoring undertaken industries. to the effect Despite of planting immense density potential i. e. the spacing large on scale the growth and herbage yield of M. haspiperita not under gained Jharkhand confidence conditions. of farmer The in easternexperiment India, was especially carried out in in randomized block design (RBD) with three row spacing i.e. 25cm, 50cm and 75cm replicated three times. The fresh herbage yield of M. piperita as second harvesting (51.40g/ha) indicating its superiority was 25 cm and 75 cm spacing. Therefore, the spacing of 50 cm is recommended for optimum was growth maximum and in productivity 50 cm spacing in terms in first of as herbage (58.25 q/ha)yield in well M. piperita under Jharkhand condition. Key words: Peppermint, oil, spacing, productivity Introduction eppermint ( Mentha Piper- x piperita), also known as Men- rhizomatous perennial plant ita L.) is an annual herb tha balsamea is a hybrid mint, growing to 35-90 cm tall with Pbelonging to the family a cross between water mint and smooth stems. The rhizomes are Labiateae. Peppermint (Mentha spearmint. It is a herbaceous

8 wide spreading, fleshy and base ing industries. At present India eral factors such as the lack of 5-9 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad share about 40 % of total world information on the agronomic darkfibrous green root. with The radish leaves veins are from and production of mentha oil. The aspects of the crop, production with an acute apex and coarsely area occupied in our country is different types of sites, harvest- estimated to be 35000-40000 ing and marketing have been re- light purple in colour many va- ha with annual production of ap- sponsible for it. Proper spacing toothed margins. The flower is rieties of the peppermint large- prox 5000 tons valued at Rs. 125 is of paramount importance for ly grown for the extraction of crores (Singh,1996). optional growth and produc- the well know oil of peppermint tivity of the species. Thus the Despite immense potential the present study was undertaken The major constituent of the large scale cultivation of M. to the effect of planting density oilused is formenthol flavoring which many is things.widely - i. e. spacing on the growth and used in pharmaceutical, confec- dence of farmer in eastern India, herbage yield of M. piperita un- - especiallypiperita has in notJharkhand. gained confiSev- der Jharkhand conditions.

Materialstionary and otherand foodMethod flavor he experiment was carried out in randomized block Tdesign (RBD) with three row spacing i.e. 25cm, 50cm and 75cm replicated three times. The sandy loam soil of the area has

Farm Yard Manures was applied. Planting5-6 pH. During materials field were preparation collect- ed from the mother bed estab- lished in the garden. Healthy and disease free splits with root evening. Fresh rhizomes with shootwere plantedapprox 7.5-12.5 in the field cm height in the Fresh splits with roots use as planting materials. - rus and Potash were applied at It required frequent irrigation - plantingsowing intotime the and field. nitrogen Phospho was at least every 10-15 days. When ing from the end of the July to applied in two equal split half at the plants are fully developed theplanting end justof August before and the flowersecond watering three to four times in a harvesting was done after 80- harvesting. Weeding and water- week was given. The plants were ingplanting were time done and when half afterrequired. first harvested after four months of and data was recorded. 100 days after first harvesting

Plants with row spacing 50 cm (left) and 75 cm row spacing (right).

9 Result and Discussion ow spacing has been indicated as an important Rfactor determining yield in many crops such as barley and wheat (Lafond, 1994), corn (Farnham, 2001) and Soybean (Bruin and Pedersen, 2008). The fresh herbage yield of M. piperita was maximum in 50 cm spacing

second harvesting (51.40g/ha) indicatingin first as (58.25its superiority q/ha) well was as 25 cm and 75 cm spacing (Fig. 1). It was obvious to record lowest yield in the 75 cm spacing Herbage yield (q/ha) in different spacing treatments. second harvesting). The mobility of(42.8q/ha the plants first andto cover 30.3q/ha space in between the rows may have led nutrition affecting plant growth the plant resulted in more leaf to less plantings density per unit and development of exhibit growth per plant leading to area, resulting in lower yield as lower herbage yield. Vadiel et higher herbage yield in moder- previously reported by Singh al. (1980) and Randhwa et al. ate spacing of 50 cm. Therefore, and Nand (1979). However (1984) have also reported the the spacing of 50 cm is recom- in case of 25 cm spacing high mended for optimum growth density of plants might have It appears that optimum plant and productivity in terms of enhanced competition for population,similar findings. proper utilization herbage yield in M. piperita un- growing space, light and mineral of moisture and nutrients by der Jharkhand condition.

References Kothari, SK. Singh, V.P and singh U.B. (1996). The effect of row spacing and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and oil yield composition of Japanese mint. J Med Aro Plant Science 18(1):17-21. Randhawa G. S. Mathey R. K., Sidhu B. S. and Saini S.S. (1984). Herb and oil yield of Mentha spicata under different row spacing and nitrogen level in Punjab. Indian Perfumer 28(384): 146-148. Singh A. (1996). Cultivation of mint and potential for increasing the production. Pafai. J. 18(3): 23-28. Singh N.P. and Nand K. (1979). Response of menthe citrate Ehrh to dates of planting and row spacing. Indian Perfumer 23(1): 50-52.

of bergamot mint ( Mentha citrae Ehrh). Indian Perfumer 24(1): 207-209. Vadiel B.A., Arumugham R. and Kumar N. (1980). Influence of row spacing on the yield and oil content Bruin Jason L. De and Pedersen P. (2008). Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on Soybean yield. Agron- omy Journal 100(3): 704- 710. Farnham, D. E. (2001). Row spacing, plant density and hybrid effects on corn grain yield and moisture. Agron. J. 93:1049–1053. Lafond, G. P. ( 1994). Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen on yield of barley and wheat under zero’till management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 74: 703-711.

10 Breeding of Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis) in Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park, Ormanjhi, Ranchi DR. AJAY KUMAR, M.V.SC. (Animal Breeding and Genetics), Zoo Vet., BBB Park, Ranchi Abstract/Summary Balanced ration , Stress free enclosures, in good ambience and climatic conditions maintain the the physiological & hormonal balance in wild inmates of Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park; which results in successful breeding. The Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis ) a small Wild Cat is breeding regularly since 2012, in Ranchi Zoo. Introduction Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park its more than 1100 wild animals bhar (Cervus unicolor), Jackal is situated in lush green natural belonging to 72 Species. Out of (Canis aureus), Indian Gaur (Bos Sal (Shorea robusta) forest of these 72 species around 28 spe- gaurus), Hyaena (Hyaena hyae- . It is situated on cies (04 Avian, 15 Mammalian na), and Leopard Cat (Felis ben- and 09 Reptilian) are of sched- the Ranchi-Ramgarh section of galensis) are the species breed- ule I & II category as per Wildlife the National Highway 33. The to- ing regularly in this zoo. tal area of the Biological Park is Protection Act 1972. 104 ha. Out of 104 hectare area, Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Black Among these species, Leopard the zoological section is spread Buck (Antelope cervicapra), Al- Cat, Indian Gaur, Black Buck, Al- in 83 hectare. It is categorized bino Black Buck (Antelope cer- bino Black Buck, and Himalayan as medium zoo by Centre Zoo vicapra), Himalayan Black Bear Bear are of schedule I category Authority of India, which exhib- (Selenarctos thibetanus), Sam- as per WPA 1972. Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis) The leopard cat (Felis bengalensis) is a small wild cat of South East Asia. It is about the size of domestic with two prominent dark stripes and a short and narrow white muzzle. The two dark stripes running fromcat but the more eyes slender to the ears with and larger smaller legs whiteand well streaks defined running webs eyesbetween to the the nose. toes. Its small head is marked

11 eopard cats are the most widely distributed Asian small Cats. Their distribution range extends from Amur region in the Russian Far East over the Korean peninsula, China, Indochina, the Indian Lto the west in northern Pakistan and to the South in Philippines and the Sunda Islands of Indonesia (Sunquist, M.; Sunquist F. 2002)

IUCN – Asian Leopard Cat Distribution Range

Diet of Leopard Cat he diet of Leopard Cat in nature is rodents (rats and mice), smaller mammals, birds and their eggs. Diet in the zoo is dressed chicken meat (500g per adult per day) and 5 ml multivitamin syrup per Tadult per day Conservation Status The population trend is decreasing due to habitat loss and Poaching for global illegal wildlife trade. As per

llWildlife Protection Act 1972 – Schedule I llIUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red list of threatened species – Least con- cerned since 2002. llCITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of Flora & Fauna) – Appendix – II. llUS Federal list – Endangered.

Species Characteristics : llSexual Maturity is reached around 12- 15 months llGestation period 65 – 75 days. llLitter size – 01 to 04 llWeight at birth – 80-90 grams. llEyes of newly born kitten open in 5-15 days. llAverage life span is 04 (Four) years in wild but in captivity the leopard cats have been known to live 12-15 years.

12 Breeding History in Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park : One pair (1:1) of leopard cat (Felis bengalensis) was brought from Assam state Zoo, Guwahati on 22.03.2012 and they are breeding regularly since June 2012 (Brief History is as below) llFirst mating of the pair was noticed on 24th and 25th March 2012 llFirst birth on 3rd June 2012 (Litter size 01) ll2nd birth on 4th April 2013 (Litter size 01) ll3rd birth on 7th April 2014 (Litter size 02) ll4th birth on 27th March 2015 (Litter size 02)

Now the present population of leopard cat grows to 8 (2:2:4) within three years in Bhagwan Birsa Bio- logical Park, Ranchi and seems to be a good resource for animal exchange programme within the zoos of India and abroad. Reference :

Reference Sunquist, M. ; Sunquist, F. (2002) : Wild Cats of the World, Chicago, University of Chicago press PP 225- 232.

Camera Trapping in PTR 13 Determination of oil percentage in Pongamia pinnata seeds Nikhat Usmani,Kumari Priyanka,Geetanjali Chaudhary Dept of Biotechnology, Ranchi, University, Ranchi Abstract/Summary

fuel resources are decreasing day by day .In this case Biodiesel seem to be a solution for future. AItn everis an increasingenvironmental demand viable of fuel.fuels Several has been researchers challenge have for today’s made systematic scientific workersefforts to .The use fossilplant oil and their esters as a fuel in compression ignition engines. In the present studies Biodiesel has been prepared from Karanja oil, as the acid value of this oil is more than 3 .it can be converted to biodiesel by

be easy to extract it .After extraction of crude oil it shows excellent properties like iodine number ,acid esterification followed by trans-esterification. Karanja is eco-friendly and found in abundance so it can

value,Keywords; saponification Biodiesel, No Transesterification, ,calorific value. Esterification INTRODUCTION n Indian scenario the demand in height about 10-20 metres in of -5°C during its dormancy pe- of petroleum product like height with a large canopy which riod. Seeds mature about 10- Idiesel is increasing day by spreads equally wide. Pongamia day hence there is a dire need pinnata is found in abundance requires a long warm summer - in forest of Jharkhand, West Ben- (30-40°C11 months day aftertemperatures flowering. with It ible oil to produce biodiesel in gal, and north Eastern states. It warm nights minimally 17°C), Indiato find is a notsolution. feasible The in use view of ed of is non edible oil so it does not and is able to grow on low ag- big gap in demand and supply affect on the food grains. In the ricultural productivity (LAP) of such oil. Under Indian condi- scenario of imminent energy cri- land, thus minimizing competi- tion only non-edible oil can be ses fuelled by huge import bills tion with food crops or related used as biodiesel which are pro- and rising prices of petro based fertilizer/water/land resourc- duced in appreciable quantity products, biofuel seems to be op- es needed for food and fodder and can be grown in large scale tion of future. Pongamia pinnata production (Odeh et al., 2011). on non-cropped marginal lands a plant native to India appears Development of pongamia as and waste lands. Non-edible oils to have good potential value for a biofuel crop has largely been like Jatropa, Karanja and Ma- biodiesel considered less exot- centred in India, where scien- hua contain 30% or more oil in ic then jatropha, there is good tists have been assessing new their seed, fruit or nut. Around crops to support sustainable ru- chance that its oil is cheaper 75 plant species which have ral development since the 1990s. 30% or more oil in their seeds/ Biodiesel has become more at- The seeds are largely exploited tractive because of its environ- for extraction of non-edible oil listed (Azam et al., 2005). Pon- commercially known as ‘Karan- kernel,gamia pinnatahave been is droughtidentified resis and- made up of renewable resourc- jaa oil’. Bulked seeds consist of tant, semi–decidious, nitrogen esmental (Saucedo, benefits 2001). and fact Pongamia that it is 95% kernel and are reported to survives winter temperatures contain about 27.0- 40% oil.

Materialfixing leguminous and tree.method It is long he seed were collected ed. Seeds in good conditions ja seed for the extraction of oil from Dam- were cleaned, dried and pow- for the production of biodiesel. Taged seeds were discard- dered. Here we are using Karan- We saw that in Jharkhand state 14 alcoholicThe oil KOH was solution. saponified The alkali by refluxing with a known excess of was determined by titrating theconsumed excess alkali for with saponification standard

toHCl. saponify The saponification 1g of the given value fat. is defined as mg of KOH required Result and discussion Better oil yield have been found with petroleum ether solvent as compared to hexane. where Karanja is easily available Determination of Iodine Fresh extracted crude oil was because of tribal area. It is forest Number yellowish red/brown and having based products so the Karanja Iodine value or iodine number pungent odour. Acid value and tree can be the best option of bio fuel. by 100 gram of fat. It is a useful to be lower in petroleum ether Soxhlet extraction methods were parameteris defined asin gstudying of iodine oxidative absorb extractSaponification as compared value were to hexane found chosen for extraction of oil from rancidity of triacylglycerols since, extract. However, there was Karanja seed. The principle was higher the unsaturation, greater little difference seen in iodine based on the extraction of oil is the possibility of rancidity. value (Table-1). Overall it has using non polar solvents viz ether, Estimation of iodine number is been revealed that petroleum hexane, petroleum ether and basedon treatment of a known ether was better solvent for oil it involved repeated extraction weight of fat or oil with a known extraction than hexane (Sinha et of oil. The solvent was then volume of standard solution al., 1997). After extraction, cake distilled off completely and the of iodine monochloride and utilized as Manure for having oil was dried, weighed and the % then determining the amount the proper N, P & K content of oil was calculated. H e x a n e of unused iodine monochloride and ratio, material for biogas and petroleum ether (40-60 0C) from iodine liberated on addition (Methane) production, Material have been used as extraction of excess of KI. The released for Producing Proteins for Food, solvent for determination of iodine is titrated against 0.1 N Pharmaceutical and Industrial %oil in Karanja seed. After 8-10 sodium thyosulphate solution Applications by Chemical and hour, the solvent poured into pre using starch as an indicator. Biochemical Technologies and Determination of Production of Soluble Fibers for solvent until constant weight Food Uses (Bobade et al., 2012). achieved.weighed flaskThen and % oil removed in Karanja the Saponification Value seed was calculated using following formula:- Table-1: Percentage yield of oil from Karanja seed in % Oil in sample = Weight of oil different solvent and their chemical properties (g)/Weight of sample (g) x 100 Hexane Petroleum Ether Parameters Determination of Acid solvent Solvent Value % Oil yield 32.27 35.1 The acidity of fats and oil is Colour Pale yellow yellow expressed as its acid value or Odour pungent pungent Acid Value (mg/KOH) 2.08 1.68 KOH required neutralizing the freenumber fatty which acid present is defined in 1gm as mg of 19.10 14.59 fat or oil. Iodine Value 38.68 37.10 Saponification value 15 Conclusions On the basis of above study it is than diesel fuels due to relatively India and especially in Jharkhand revealed that the Karanja oils can high cost of edible oil. There is a and its surroundings and it is be used as a source of biodiesel dire need to explore non-edible cheaper compared to edible oils. to fulfill the Indian requirements oils as substitute feed stock for the Imminent energy crises fuelled by of high speed diesel oil. But the production of biodiesel. Non-edible huge import bills and rising prices making of biodiesel from edible oil like Karanja is easily available in of petro based products, biofuel oil is currently much more costly many parts of the world including seems to be option of future. References : Azam A.M., and Nahar N. M. (2005). Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed ois for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass and Bioenergy. 29:293-302 Bobade, S.N. and Khyade V.B. (2012). Detail study on the properties of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) for the production of biofuel. Research Journal of Chemical Science, 2: 16-20. Burkill, J.H. (1996) Dictionary of economic products of the Malay penimsula. Art Printing Heller, J. (1996). Physic nut. Jatropha curcas L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome. Success story of production of ayurvedic ethics- Careya arborea Roxb at Garkhatanga Nursery Kamleswar Prasad Sinha, RFO, Maheshpur Range, Ranchi

areya arborea Roxb embryo and obsolute coteledons keep in this in mind plantation re- commonly known as wild nesting in flishy pulp(Parrotta, et al search and evaluation Jharkhand guava, is a medium sized 2001).The stem bark is used in the Ranchi planed to survey and col- Cdeciduous tree; exhibiting dark treatment of tumours, Bronchitis, lection of seed cutting marking grey color and widely available Epileptic fits and skin disease the source i.e CPT identified in in India.The word Lecythidaceae (Kiritikar, et al 1975). It is also used Jharkhand. The collected seed are means large tropical trees bearing as a remedy for diarrhea (Sikarwar, applied sowing in polytube after large fruits with woody skins.A et al 1994) dysentery with bloody treatement of cold water. After 1 handsome tree up to 20 m height stools and ear pain (Bhandary, et month plantlet are coming out with spreading crown leaves are al 1975,Girach et al 1994). It is a about 90 % survival recorded.CF alternate, 15-2-30cm long and leech repellent, fish poison and of plantation research and evalua- 7.5 -15 cm wide, broadly obovate, antivenin activities have been tion have keen effort to explore and apex rounded, obtuse or shortly reported in the literature John mass production of this Rare spe- acuminate. Flower are large and 1984, Sclavanayahgam et al 19994, cies recovering from endangered handsome white pink or yellowish Tulapatra 1981). to normal status. After some days white, fruits are large globose,fleshy Due to over exploitation of this we are providing this plant species indehiscent and are crowned with plant species for ayurvedic med- in a large no for planting. the calyx-limb. Seed have large icine. They are becoming rare to

16 Environmental Awareness Programme at Bero Rajkiya Madhya Vidyalaya

harkhand Envis Centre orga- nized one day Environmental Awareness Programme at Bero JRajkiya Madhya Vidyalaya, Bero on 22 September 2015. About six hundred students from different classes along with school staff and teachers participated in the pro- gramme. Some events like painting and debate competition was also organized. Winners of competi- tions were awarded by Co-ordina- tor of Jharkhand Envis Centre Shri Dinesh Kumar (IFS). Some forest officer also partici- it. Mr. Kamleshwar Prasad Sinha the premises was also carried out pated in the programme Dinesh (ROF) Maheshpur Range, Mr. Ra- by the school teacher and forest Kumar, Conservator of Forest, mashish Prasad Singh(ROF) Bero officers. Plantation Research & Evaluation Range, Mr. Pankaj Kumar (Infor- In Bero Rajkiya Madhya Vidyalaya cum co-ordinator Jharkhand En- mation Officer, Envis Centre), Mr. about 100 plants were planted in vis Centre delivered a speech about Vikash Kumar and Mr. Sujit Ku- school ground. Students took the the current status and depletion of mar Shahdev, Educational Officer pledge for conservation of Envi- Biodiversity in Jharkhand and sug- of Bero Block graced the occasion. ronment. guested some measures to conserve Plantation of some rare plants in

17 Exposure visit of Range Forest Officer Trainees of Bernihat S.F.S, College Assam at Garkhatanga Nursery, Ranchi Period 13.07.2015 to 17.07.2015 trainees Range Forest Officers of Central Academy of State Forest 39Service, Burnihat, Assam visited research cum demonstration Nursery, Garkhatanga Ranchi on 13.07.2015 for an exposure education tour with Sri A.K Manjul Asst. Director F.T.S, Mahilong, Ranchi. A.K. Shrivastawa, ACF K.P Sinha Range Forest Officer & H.S lal Research Supervisor, Plantation Research & Evaluation, Ranchi briefed the trainees about the Medicinal plants garden, Bamboo also visited GIS Cell, Van Bhawan various research activities setum, Mist Chamber & other Doranda I.F.P Lalgutuva & Lac undertaken in the Nursery & activities: clonal propagation of Research, alongwith field. The Trainees were also different species. They also visited Tasar Research Institute Nagari. briefed about the efforts taken for Palamau Tiger Reserve to Study They had also interactions with the conservation of RET species. flora & fauna and the management PCCF (Hoff), Jharkhand and other They visited different parts of practice of P.T.R. The Trainees Forest Officials of the state. WORKSHOP ON “TRANQULLIZATION TECHNIQUES, CAPTURE & RESTRAINTS OF WILD ANIMALS”. orkshop on capture & restraints of wild animals workshop and field training. “Tranquilization along with the field practical at Forest Officers of Jharkhand Techniques, capture Birsa Mirg Vihar Kalamati Ranchi. got the knowledge about the W& restraints of wild animals” was Dr. Naveen Kumar Veterinary Tranquilization technique, capture conducted by F.T.S, Mahilong doctor, Mr. Moinuddin & Mr. & restraints of wild animal. This Ranchi for Range Forest Officer Waseem were also briefed the will help forest personnel in future from 26.10.2015 to 28.10.2015, techniques & assisted Mr. Nawab to tackle the warm animal conflict for I.F.S officers on 29.10.2015 & Safath Ali Khan during the arising in the state of Jharkhand. for J.F.S officers on 30.10.2015 at Ranchi. Mr. Nawab Safath Ali Khan & his team, the former National Shooting Champion of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh delivered the lecture on Tranquilization Techniques,

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