International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 9 Issue 6, June - 2019 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939 |

Rural Forestry Resources: Socio-economic Perspectives

Dr. Bidyanand Choudhary Assistant Professor Dept. of Economics J.N.College Dhurwa, Jharkhand, India

Abstract: Due to its origin, various physiographical and climatic conditions, Jharkhand is one of India's rich biodiversity countries. Its indigenous populations, mineral resources and extensive forest resources are well-known. Forest resources are seen as highly valued commodities throughout the state because most local people depend mainly on food and fuelwood for their daily subsistence needs. In economic, cultural and social life, forests play an important role and support rural livelihoods and food security in Jharkhand. The tropical humid, lagoon and tropical dry lagoon forests of Jharkhand and the predominant plant types such as Shorearobusta, Diospyrasmelanoxylon, Pterocarpusmarsupium, Buteamonosperma, Madhucalongivolia, etc. Timber, wood for fuel, forest and a variety of non-wood forest products (NTFPs) are commonly extracted, including fruits, nuts, edible fungi, vegetables, fish, foodstuffs, animals and medical plants, resins, essences as well as a range of barks and fibres such as bamboo, rattan, palm and grass. Surplus exploitation of useful plants, lack of knowledge and awareness of the present population status of plants, changes in habitats and specificities, a narrow distribution range and overgrazing constitute some of the serious threats to current populations. Furthermore, the abundance of rare plant species in a given area can be substantially restricted by natural enemies such as pathogens, herbivores and seed predators. For different experimental purposes, the collection of plant materials, especially from rare and endangered species of natural habitats, poses a threat to their wild natural populations. Attempts should be made to grow and multiply on a large scale in order to respond to the increasing demand and to long-term sustainability, to the continuing depletion of these valuable resources. Detailed research on geographical distribution patterns, habitat use patterns, ecological feeding and effects on important plant populations is urgently necessary. Keywords: Forest resources, Rural people, Challenges, Jharkhand, Life hood.

Introduction: Forests occupy 1/3 of the land area of the earth and offer human societies a variety of advantages. These benefits are often described in terms of resources for heating, cooking and industrial fuel and watersheds to provide the ability to generate hydroelectricity, food security and improve livelihoods, sequestration for carbon, improving the climate of soil and water conservation, recreation, etc. Furthermore, forests have an essential role in maintaining the quality of water, clean air, and helping climate regulation and providing various regulatory services in flooding, pollination, biological control of diseases, etc. After agriculture, forests are

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the second largest agricultural uses in India, covering 21.05% of the country's total geographical area. The ecological parameters determined by the dominant environmental and antipogénic variants are the forest's composition, structure, and diversity patterns. Forests play an important role in protecting ecological goods and services and their constituent species support human life [2]. By stabilising soils and the climate, and controlling water flows, they assist sustainable agriculture and human well-being. In Jharkhand, 57,6% of the population depend on fuelwood for cooking following Chattishgarh, Tripura, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Odisha and Manipur (49% of the population). The over-use of forest resources for both fuelwood and house building has led to deforestation of over 30% since the 1990s. Forest destruction causes the loss of biodiversity, pressure on the fragile ecosystem which ultimately leads to loss of soil fertility and erosion, and excessive river flow into the lowlands. The global net loss of forests is estimated at 3.3 million hectares a year, and agriculture is responsible for 80 percent destruction. About 85 percent of India's rural population uses the food supplement, livelihood, social uplift and treatment of different disorders with wild plants and their different parks. Forestry is the key to the socio-cultural and economic lives of tribes and provides a place for a large Indian tribal population. As traded goods to create a cash income under the conditions of the market and as raw materials in a variety of processed products, tribe communities depend on forests for sustenance and livelihood needs [9]. Tribal people live in harmony with nature and are closely connected with the environment. They love nature. Although mines in the State of Jharkhand have been rapidly developing, the bulk of rural and tribal populations' survival depends on the woods because many NTFPs are provided [3]. A very large part of the population is directly or indirectly reliant on Jharkhand as they are responsible for their daily household necessities. Physiographically, the Chhotanagpur plateau contains four main plateaus divided by narrow, steep sloping slopes. The variety of forests that included dry peninsular salt forests, north dry mixed deciduous woods, wet peninsular sal woods, dry caducious scrubland and a dry bamboo brake was blessed to Jharkhand. The main woods in the state include dry peninsular sal woods (45.03%), dry mixed deciduous woodlands (41.21%). The forests cover most of the forest area and include some of the finest forests. The entire forest carbon stock in the state is 222, 82 million tonnes, representing 3,15 percent of total forest carbon in the country (817,23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent). Table 1 mentions the major types of forest in Jharkhand. India's overall forest cover is 7,08,273 km2 (21,54%) with a forest area of 98,158 km2 (2,99%) and moderately dense forests of 9,38% with 3,01,7797 km2 open forest (9.18 percent ). In contrast, the forest area recorded in Jharkhand amounts to 23,605 km2 (29.61%) that is more than the country's forest cover percentage. The reserved, protected, and not classified forests are respectively 18,58%, 81,28% and 0,14%. The total forest and tree cover represents around 33,21 percent of the state's overall geographical area, the required 33 percent mark according to the 1998 National Forestry Policy. The state has lost some of its irreplaceable forest cover since it was founded. However, since 2005, forest cover increased significantly from 28.34% in 2005 to 29.61% in 2017. This is due to substantial proportion of the demand for wood and fuelwood from the tree outside the forests from industry and the rural people.

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Forest type Area ( km2) Percentage (%) 3C/2e (II) Moist peninsular 621.08 2.65 low-level Sal forest 5B/C1c Dry peninsular Sal 10,502.81 45.04 forest 5B/C2 Northern dry mixed 9610.49 41.22 deciduous forest 5/DS1 Dry deciduous scrub 701.36 3.01 5/E9 Dry bamboo brake 934.17 4.01 Plantation/TOF 954.09 4.09 Total 23,324.00 100 Table 1: Major types of forest in Jharkhand

Forest Resources Jharkhand's Economic Prospects: One of the aspects of sustainable forest management is the role of the forest sector in national economies, and progress to this end needs to be monitored. The forest-based industries of forests are timber, lake and medicinal plants. S. Strong, RoxbarboreaGmelina. Oh, former Sm., M. The major timber species of the state include longifolia, pseudo-sissooMiq., schleicheraoleosa, etc. In comparison to the availability of natural resources, the plywood and paper industry are less important in the state. In raw silk production, Bihar and Jharkhand were jointly involved, making up 50% of total national production, with a total area of 2325 km2 covering tasar food plants, 90% of which is S. Terminaliaarjuna (Roxb.) are robusta and the rest are Wight &Arn& T. Heyne formerly Roth. The kuchai silk and jharkhand is world-renowned. In the forests of Jharkhand are found a large number of medicinal plants of commercial importance [8]. The cocoon crops (silkworm), which is one of their main sources of income, are cultivated by the ethnic communities in Kolhan, Kharsawaan and Saraikela in western Singhbhum. Jharkhand State has 26.3 percent tribal inhabitants with 32 tribal communities in total. Tribal populations are highly suspected of their livelihood by NTFPs and other forest resources. It is estimated from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment that up to 96% of forest value is derived from NTFPs or MMPs and services. The NTFPs, including medications and foods, represent more than 5 000 commercial forest products. Jharkhand forests rich with MFPs: kendu leaves, seed and leaves of sal and mahua; amla, harra, katha, chiraunji; lake, resins, sabai grass; mahua and palash flowers; karanj seed, neem and kusum; silk; honey, etc. In Jharkhand, the turnover in kendu leaves was roughly INR 50, of which 75% was used as labour

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for the collection of kendu leaves by the indigenous people. The harvesting of Kendu leaves takes place within a period of two months, which for locals is a lean season. Forests are significant natural renewables that provide livelihoods for more than 25 percent of the world's population. Tribal people predominantly use Jharkhand Forest resources for various livelihood security purposes either commercially or at the local scale [4]. The state's forest biodiversity is seriously threatened by uncontrolled grazing, continuing fire, unsustainable usufruct harvesting, extension of agricultural fields, loss of habitats and fragments by mining, railways, human settlements, dams, etc.

Industry Based on Kendu Leaves: Kendu is one of the most valuably manufactured non-profits in several regions of India. They are distributed significantly across the main peninsula of India, such as Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, portion Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (a tobacco product know as Indian cheap smoke). In East India, many tribals depend on Kendu leaf gathering for tribal forest survival and financial lifelines. This tribal collects the kendu leaf in accordance with the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Law. The gathering of Kendu leaf is linked to rural subsistence and state revenue [1]. Kendu leaves the poor, particularly the tribal, as a source of economic resources and a source of livelihood. The production of Bidi is extensive in the workforce, and in practically all important states of India, bidi rolling, the bulk of which employs a staff. Between 750 billion and 1.2 trillion bidi sticks are generated per year by the industry. The anticipated output of kendu leaf plucking alone is approximately six weeks in agricultural holidays, generating around 7.5 million individuals, while rolling off bidis employ close to 4.4 million women and children, resulting in annual production of 600 billion to one trillion bidis. World Bank (2006) has reported that kendu leave provides work for 106 million people-days in collection and the secondary treatment for 675 million people. A study by the Indian voluntary health association, VHAI (2008). It was found that cigarette collection was very saisonal, and that there were over two lakh kendu collectors in India that were deprived of any alternative means of livelihoods for the rest of the year. In addition, the study showed that cigarette collection was extremely seasonal. Jharkhand State Forest Development Corporation (JSFDC) was appointed as the state's sole trading agency for kendu leaves. The entire income from the forests is 75–80 per cent. During the fiscal year 2012-13, it earned net sales of Rs. 41,244 crores and produced 37 lakh-man-day employment. In Jharkhand JSFDC systematically and organizedly collects and trades kendu leaves. To this end, 300 units called lots are distributed into the entire state forest area. The tribal plucks the Tendu leaves, which is monitored by the 'Munshi' to dry the leaves. It takes around 9-10 days for the drying process to produce standard bags, each with a capacity of 1000 bundles. Before collection time, these lots are auctioned to contractors. The company pays rural (primary collectors) collection prices at a preset rate each year. Rs. 1065 for the collecting of a normal bag was paid to rural residents in 2015-16. In terms of measurement, a standard bag is made by 1000 poles with each 52 leaves of pole. The company collected 3,01 lakh standard bags during the year 2015–16, for which it received Rs 45,15 crore. Thus the primary collector was paid Rs. 32,035 crore by the company to the principal collectors and for

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the financial year the amount was Rs. 13,38 crore. Table 2 provides information on kendu leaves from the district wisely. It shows that kendu leaves are made during the year (2009–10) in the different Jharkhand district. In the forest department, Kendu leaves have generated a contribution of 70– 80 percent although only 2.2–2.7 percent of the total annual earnings for impoverished people is anticipated for the economic contribution from Kendu Leaves to the household. In this sense the collecting of kendu leaf might be seen as a reduction in poverty. Saxena (2003) is aware of this since 1990 in the instance of Odisha, one of the leading producers of kendu. Therefore, Haque Committee is recommended to set a minimum support price for kendu as appointed by the Minister of Environment and Forest of the Union (2011). With a high tariff, traders offered to collect tendon leaves by state enterprises would pay even less to the tribal that collects the leaves. In comparison to heavy labour, the salaries obtained are quite modest 14-15 hours a day and employees confront acute job risks. In addition, it showed that the majority of them aspire to transition to safe alternative livelihoods from their present employment. Most of the tribes work in the tobacco sector at now has no option because of lack of skills or other possibilities for employment. As a result, the cycles of poverty, suffering and debt are constantly perpetual. The kendu leaves plucking to be related on the one hand, to the rural economy, with the State's income generation activity and its use on the other, only, has paradoxically been discussed in other alternative livelihoods between tobacco activists and the governmental policymakers, in order to reduce tobacco consumption in the country [6]. Even some state governments were encouraged, by means of different measures (such as insurance and educational awards), to extract Kendu leaves for state and individual benefits, in order to safeguard the right and livelihood of the local people to produce small-scope forests. However, in view of the current failure of the government to provide existing pro-poor services and employment initiatives the discussion still concerns the possibility of expanding jobs prospects. Thus, this paper sheds light on how the livelihood framework linked to the collection of kendu leave and the rights of the local populations envisaged in various legislation continue to be a detrimental factor in shifting the burden of bidi consumption in the country from the occupation of kendu leave to others, as demonstrated by data collected from five india states. Despite its enormous potential for revenue generation and socio-economic upliftment, little efforts were made to systematically estimate the production of kendu leafs and the effects of silvicultural activities.

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Sl.No. Nameofthedistrict ThenotifiedyieldofKenduleaves(inbS t.bags) 1. WestSinghbhum 44,298 2. Saraikela- 24,152 Kharsavan 3. EastSinghbhum 33,940 4. Lohardaga 9180 5. Ranchi 8355 6. Khunti 16,445 7. Gumla 8353 8. Simdega 37,357 9. Latehar 66,040 10. Daltonganj 85,507 11. Garhwa 1,39,868 12. Hazaribagh 47,390 13. Ramgarh 2958 14. Bokaro 27,502 15. Koderma 17,290 16. Chatra 1,07,700 17. Giridih 47,254 18. Dhanbad 4253 19. Sahebganj 24,803 20. Pakur 9200 21. Deoghar 4590 22. Dumka 15,900 23. Godda 9751 24. Jamtara 3649 Total 7,95,835 Table2:Kendu leaf productioninJharkhand ,Districtwise.

Sal Plates Manufacturing Industry: Sal Leaf is one of the most important NTFPs in tribal communities of Jharkhand collected and processed. Sal leaves are predominant and widespread household activities that boost household incomes for livelihood among ethnic groups. Jharkhand ethnic people adoratesal and they celebrate the festivity of Sarhul when new blooms are found in the salt trees and salt flowers are adorned with deities. Skillfullystitcheted and pressed salt leaf plates can be used locally in shopping, smaller hotels, temples, matrimonial events, etc. for a cheap, disposable, biodegradable, ecological substitute for thermocolate and plastic plates. Eco-conscious consumers also favour them, which means that both domestic and worldwide demand are significant. The production of leaf plates between Munda, Oraon and Lohara from Jharkhand is

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traditional, not as much remunerated and incommensurate. Sal leaves are mainly collected by the use of 20-25 ft. of plucking length or by picking up leaves that are dropped in the forest. Twig's are usually plucked with 4-5 leaves and the leaves from the twigs removed. Early in the morning you will travel to the forest again about 10 or 11 a.m. This is an 8-month practise that remains in motion, with the exception of March, April, July and August. Small bamboo are used to bind the green blades together. Nees or Neem Nails to the Pattal or Dendrocalamusstrictus (Roxb) (raw plates). In the open area under the sun, the stitched plates are dried for 3–4 hours with extreme care to prevent fungal assault. The plates are offered at very low costs without drying in the wet season. The dried plates are loosely packed and usually biked by villagers to a nearby market. Villagers sell plates to either local haat, or a small merchant there it passes various tiers of traders and ultimately reaches customers via stores. In addition, insufficient marketing infrastructure and lack of storage access obliges you to sell it on local haat or small trader. Many caterpillars and other insects are spoiling salt leaves. Heavy precipitation used to wash these caterpillars and forest insects away, but in modern days, the yield is smaller because of lower rainfall or unpredictable precipitation during moonsoon. Sometimes fungal attack might ruin plate owing to incorrect drying of the salt leaves. In the open area under the sun, the stitched plates are dried for 3–4 hours with extreme care to prevent fungal assault. Sometimes fire broke out during the rainy period in the salt forests and irregular rainfall has a big effect on the production of salt leaf (Figure 1).

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Figure 1: Traditional Sal leaf plate making

Bamboo Based Industries: Bamboo is a high multifunctional yield, high economically valuable renewable resource which may be used in many different ways. Its roots are able to reduce soil erosion by up to 75 percent, create oxygen than trees' equal strands, decrease luminous intensity, defend against rays, and secrete CO2. Bamboo is an effective tool to avoid soil erosion, maintain moisture enhancements on drilling slats and drain channels, etc., as a result of vast Rhizome Root system and leaf mulch buildup. The size and the market potential of the domestic bamboo economy is assessed at Rs. 2043 crores. India has across the world a greatest area of bamboo. Of the 1250 genera under 75 genera identified in the world, 11,361 km2 with around 130 species belong to 25 genera. Bamboo's forest coverage is comparable to 8,957 million acres, representing 12.6% of the country's overall forest cover. The demand at home is mainly due to the use of bamboo for construction, paper and pulp industries, bamboo flooring, furniture and so on in the handicraft sector. It also creates jobs in rural areas. Bamboo groves are rather abundant in Jharkhand and can be found gregariously on the hilly slopes of the region of the plateau in the forest. The bamboos are used as bedding, rugs, baskets, tokri, sup, hand-fans, prasad and flowers for temples, packing boxes in the fields for vegetables and fruits to protect crops from grassing, huts, town-making, stoning, etc. Bamboos are also utilised as a support system in the production of battle leaves by Paneris (beetle leaf farmers). In addition, the villagers and the men and the police generally utilise bamboo as a lathis (stick). In Dumka, Gumla and Jharkhand, East Singhbhum, Bamboo is found in abundance. Training and cum production centres have offered livelihoods to almost 2,000 families throughout the state, mainly Giridih, Goda, Dumka, Pakud, Sahebganj and Jamtada. The inhabitants of Kalindi company and a tribe involved in the production of bamboo in Eastern Singhbum are instructed to make professional goods by the Asur caste originators from . The attractiveness and charm of environmentally friendly items have captured world markets and citywide India. In large centres, metro stations are widely available stores for cleaning bins, tubes, ornamental objects, and even furniture. Instead of Jharkraft, the bamboo or handicraft related to handloom were used by other small-scale (registered in DIC). Table 13 below lists the State's highest bamboo districts.

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Sericulture (Silk) Industry: India ranks as the world's second most important silk producer after China. The four kinds of silk produced in India include Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga. Tasar's culture and activities have been widely practised for several decades on India's North Eastern and Sub-Himalayan Belts in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa Uttar Pradesh. During 2015–16, Jharkhand is the major producer of the Tasar silk and the country's first manufacturer with 2281 MT (80.92% of total Indian tasar silk). 1 Lakh 40,000 tribal families in the state of Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are involved in Tasar culture. Tasar culture is a forest business that in several countries of India has remained a vital component of the tribe economy with lakhs of the impoverished and the tribals, who do not have any other job [7]. Tribes are closely connected with forests and wild silk moth farming, spiritually, culturally and socio-economicly. The silk tasar is produced by the Antheraea mylitta silk moth. Antheraea mylitta large larvae are polyphagous and eat on many plant leaves such as T. Wight &Arn, T. Arjuna (Roxb.) AlataHeyne formerly Roth, Mauritian Ziziphus, S. Robust, ParvifloraRoxb Lagerstroemia. and so on. The main host of the tasar is S. Terminaliasp is robusta (80 percent) and the remainder. And other host trees. And other trees. For Tasar raising, just 5% of the Food Tasar plants are used. The tazar silkworms are only grown in the wild and are thus grown where their host plants are available. In 2006, Jharkhand Silk, Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (JHARCRAFT) was founded to support cluster design, education, entrepreneurship development, marketing and crude materials support to maintain its leading position in the field. Germany is followed by the USA, France, Hong Kong and the U.A.E.

Timber Industry: Timber is a natural building material that combines beauty, great performance with environmental advantages, renewable, sustainable, beautiful, solid and economic. It offers a variety of structure applications such as beams, walls, floors, clades, container cases, shaped bodies, huge wood panels, agriculture equipment, fence, cabinetry, housings, furnishings and mine props. The flexibility and versatility offered by this system is diverse. The tribal dependence on wood forestry resources has become an integral part of the daily life of Jharkhand, which results in ongoing unlawful extraction. The timber supply supported the everyday lifestyle requirements of tribes in the areas of house, fencing, pole, utensils, decorative ornaments, instruments of music, agricultural instruments, wood carving, furniture, fuelwood, charcoal, baby coatings, medicines, etc [5]. A site-specific analysis shows timber accrued to Rs. 2185,37 year −1 of the indigenous in in Jharkhand giving 7,83 percent of overall income. The wood is mostly obtained from forests, in addition to traditional agroforestry, community forestry and home-based forestry, utilised for packing boxes, agricultural equipment, furniture, housing, sports products, construction of cart and waggons,

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cow shelters and warehouse sheds. Often these folks use illegal over exploitation of forest wood in widespread poverty and lack of livelihood opportunities. Therefore, overexploitation and unsustainable harvesting have led to serious forest degradation, degradation of biodiversity, decreased biomass yield with such a large tribal population and wide reliance pattern. Timber and bamboo plantations are the best environmental remediation technique in Bero Block and forest conservation and the diversification of livelihoods. The adoption of the approach presented would have significant positive consequences in terms of sustained social, economic, environmental and cultural security. The production of forest timber has decreased because forest conservation has received more priority. The wood-based businesses need to increase the supply by importing wood and encouraging planting from outside the forest in farmer's high- yield land with an increase in genetically modified tree species and increasing their own captive plantations to fulfil their growing demand.

Current Policies Improve Livelihood of Tribal in Jharkhand: Some of the forestry policy and programmes are as follows: • Tenancy Act (Bihar, SanthalParagana, and Chotanagpur): These legislation also includes rules to safeguard trees, regulating unaffected removal of trees and promoting TOF (trees outside forests). • JFM: JFM regulations aim to encourage the community's reaction in forest conservation and ensure the participation of people in forest protection, conservation, and forestry development. JFM is a social adaptation mechanism that seeks to produce enough future forest products in order to sustain the population's lakhs. • Forest Policy and Fauna Management Plans (JFMC) Jharkhand: State Governments expect a 3 percent contribution by the forestry sector to SGDP (State Growth Domestic Product). Some measures will be taken by the State Government to restore degraded forests, reproduce forests, cultivate area on private fallow grounds, use of adequate technology, environment in which forestry products can be resourced to include JFMCs and PRIs, and to share their real interests and urban forestry. In addition, forest revenue development, wilderness management, the conservation of biodiversity, hygienic conditions and the disposal plans abandoned are some strategic measures for environmental management. The new planning for forestry incorporates eco-development plans and eco-tourism that promotes scientific management of the forests. • The State Government anticipates, by means of the Forest Right Act, the rights of the residents of forestry who will allow them to commence the manufacture of agricultural yields in forest land adding to the state's GSDP. Furthermore, villagers in self-help groups (SHGs) could help collectively monitor forest production based clean jobs, teach them and supply the required tools to improve their livelihoods. • Development and added value of lake and other gums and resins: The focus of this programme will be the improvement of country income, facilitating large lake cultivation and added value through processing of lake growing areas by villagers via SHGs in the state (to be sold by the state marketing association) (IINRS 2015). • A large framework for promoting Minor Forest Products (MFP's) was set up by the Central government through the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MOTA) to provide safeguard for forest

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residents in particular, using a minimum support price (MSP) technique. The Jharkhand state- owned JHAMFCOFED is designated to be a state procurement agency for developing and marketing cooperatives for Jharkhand state-owned forest production. The system will secure the payment of the products collected from the forest by the indigenous community.

Conclusion: Increasing people and livestock population leads to increased demand for forest and woodland products due to the significant decline in the amount of per capita land. The low socio-economic state of indigenous populations in Jharkhand can be enhanced via efficient resource use, indigenous knowledge and skills. NTFP is crucial to Jharkhand and, consequently, employment through value-added enterprises based on NTFPs and their organised marketing systems should be encouraged in the rural economy and the livelihoods of tribal people. Bamboo goods and commercialisation have a number of functions in the country's inclusive economic growth, especially in rural areas. Plant-derived medicines are significant in traditional as well as modern medical systems, and Jharkhand is rich in diversity of medicinal plants. A thorough and thorough research is necessary to identify both a conservation approach and the preservation of the medicinal plant and the totality of the forest and forest products. The collection by scientists, for various experimental reasons, of plant material, and in particular rare and endangered plant species from natural settings represents a hazard to the wild population of these species. Attempts to grow and multiply on a wide scale to fulfil the growing demand and sustainability should be made, as these vital resources are continually depleted. Detailed research on geographical dispersion patterns, habitat use patterns, ecological feeding and effects on critical plant populations is urgently necessary.

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International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Science (IJRESS) 192 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)