Conifers of the Paci c Slope California, Oregon, and Washington
Michael Edward Kau mann
In association with: California Native Plant Society, North Coast Chapter Redwood Science Project, Humboldt State University Olympic National Park
Order this book online at www.backcountrypress.com or visit the interactive website at www.pacslope-conifers.com
© Copyright 2013 Michael Edward Kauffmann First Edition Text pages printed on 100% recycled, 100% post-consumer waste in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permis- sion from the author.
All photos, text, and maps by author, except where noted Book layout by author, cover design with help from Allison Poklemba Cover background image: Siskiyou Wilderness Front cover (left to right): western hemlock - foxtail pines - Jeffrey pine cone Back cover: Brewer spruce cone in the Marble Mountain Wilderness
Published by Backcountry Press | Kneeland, California
ISBN 978-0-939431-40-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2013901839 Printing by www.angelprint.com | Oceanside, California For John O. Sawyer
“Don’t talk to me about other worlds, separate realities, lost continents, or invisible realms-I know where I belong. Heaven is home. Utopia is here. Nirvana is now.” -Edward Abbey Table of Contents West of the Great Divide 8 Foreward: The birth of a love for conifers 11 The Pacific Slope 12 Global distribution and diversity of conifers 17 Key to Pacific Slope conifers
Section 1: CUPRESSACEAE Cypresses • Southwest cypresses Cupressus montana - San Pedro Martir cypress 26 Cupressus nevadensis - Piute cypress Cupressus revealiana - Rincon cypress 27 map p. 29 Cupressus stephensonii - Cuyamaca cypress Cupressus guadalupensis - Guadalupe cypress 28 Cupressus forbesii - Tecate cypress • California coastal cypresses 30 Cupressus abramsiana - Santa Cruz cypress map p. 30 31 Cupressus goveniana - Gowen cypress map p. 31 32 Cupressus macrocarpa - Monterey cypress map p. 32 33 Cupressus pigmaea - Mendocino cypress map p. 33 • Northern California interior cypresses 34 Cupressus bakeri - Baker cypress 35 Cupressus macnabiana - McNab cypress map p. 37 36 Cupressus sargentii - Sargent cypress
The “Cedars” 38 Callitropsis nootkatensis - yellow-cedar map p. 39 40 Calocedrus decurrens - incense-cedar map p. 41 42 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - Port Orford-cedar map p. 43 44 Thuja plicata- western redcedar map p. 45
Redwood and Sequoia 46 Sequoia sempervirens - redwood map p. 47 48 Sequoiadendron giganteum - giant sequoia map p. 49 Junipers 50 Juniperus californica - California juniper map p. 51 52 Juniperus communis - common juniper map p. 53 54 Juniperus grandis - Sierra juniper 55 Juniperus occidentalis - western juniper map p. 57 56 Juniperus osteosperma - Utah juniper Juniperus maritima - seaside juniper 58 map p. 59 Juniperus scopulorum - Rocky Mountain juniper
Section 2: PINACEAE Tr ue Fir s 62 Abies amabilis - Pacific silver fir map p. 63 64 Abies bracteata - bristlecone fir map p. 65 66 Abies concolor var. concolor - Rocky Mountain white fir 67 Abies concolor var. lowiana - California white fir map p. 69 68 Abies grandis - grand fir 70 Abies lasiocarpa - subalpine fir map p. 71 72 Abies magnifica - red fir 73 Abies procera - noble fir map p. 75 74 Abies x shastensis - Shasta fir
Larches 76 Larix lyallii - subalpine larch map p. 77 78 Larix occidentalis - western larch map p. 79
Spruces 80 Picea breweriana - Brewer spruce map p. 81 82 Picea engelmannii - Engelmann spruce map p. 83 84 Picea sitchensis - Sitka spruce map p. 85 Pines • Pinyon pines 86 Pinus edulis - Colorado pinyon pine 87 Pinus monophylla - singleleaf pinyon pine map p. 89 88 Pinus quadrifolia - Parry pine • Pines of the section Balfourianae 90 Pinus balfouriana ssp. balfouriana - northern foxtail pine 91 Pinus balfouriana ssp. austrina - southern foxtail pine map p. 93 92 Pinus longaeva - bristlecone pine • Strobus-like pines 94 Pinus albicaulis - whitebark pine map p. 95 96 Pinus flexilis- limber pine map p. 97 98 Pinus lambertiana - sugar pine map p. 99 100 Pinus monticola - western white pine map p. 101 • Ponderosa-like pines 102 Pinus coulteri - Coulter pine map p. 103 104 Pinus jeffreyi- Jeffrey pine map p. 105 106 Pinus ponderosa - ponderosa pine map p. 107 108 Pinus sabiniana - ghost pine map p. 109 110 Pinus torreyana - Torrey pine map p. 110 • Closed-cone pines 111 Pinus radiata - Monterey pine map p. 111 112 Pinus attenuata - knobcone pine map p. 113 114 Pinus muricata - bishop pine map p. 115 • Lodgepole pines 116 Pinus contorta ssp. contorta - shore pine 117 Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia - Sierra lodgepole pine map p. 119 118 Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana - lodgepole pine
Douglas-firs 120 Pseudotsuga macrocarpa - bigcone Douglas-fir map p. 121 122 Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas-fir map p. 123 Hemlocks 124 Tsuga heterophylla - western hemlock map p. 125 126 Tsuga mertensiana - mountain hemlock map p. 127
Section 3: TAXACEAE 130 Taxus brevifolia - Pacific yew map p. 131 132 Torreya californica - California nutmeg map p. 133
Tying a Bow around It 134 Glossary 136 Bibliography 137 Coniferous destinations along the Pacific Slope 142 Conifers and climate change 144 About the author
Special Thanks: To my friend and mentor John O. Sawyer, who provided inspiration for this book since its earliest stages. John passed away in the summer of 2012, but his contributions to native plants and beyond will last forever. My sweet wife Allison Poklemba has provided much of the love for feeding my passion for plants. Corey Lewis, David Rains Wallace, and David Fix worked with me extensively on the narrative. David Charlet, Stephen Arno, Christopher Earle, and Jeff Bisbee were exceptionally helpful with reviewing range maps and treatments. Denise Newman did one heck of a job copy editing. This book would not have achieved these finishing notes without the folks mentioned, and many others. While the successes of the book are due to all reviewers listed below, any shortcomings are solely attributable to the author. Content was thoroughly reviewed as well, but understandings change and new ideas arise. Inevitably, there will be issues to address in the next edition.
Contributing reviewers, in alphabetical order: All photos by author, unless Stephen Arno otherwise noted. Jeff Bisbee David Charlet Contributing Photographers: Christopher Earle Brandon Andre (3) David Fix Jeff Bisbee (23) Sue Leskiw Jeffrey Kane (5) Corey Lewis Joey Malone (2) Denise Newman Allison Poklemba (2) John O. Sawyer David Rains Wallace