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Download Contextual Report for Sweden Resituating the Local in Cohesion and Territorial Development D 6.2 National Report Sweden Comparing Västerbotten and Stockholm from a spatial justice perspective Authors: Linnea Löfving, Thomas Borén, Timothy Heleniak, Gustaf Norlén Report Information Title: Deliverable 6.2 National Report Sweden: Comparing Västerbotten and Stockholm from a spatial justice perspective Authors: Linnea Löfving, Thomas Borén, Timothy Heleniak, Gustaf Norlén Version: 1 Date of Publication: 15.05.2019 Dissemination level: Public Front picture: GRP by Region in Sweden, Wang, S, Nordregio Project Information Project Acronym RELOCAL Project Full title: Resituating the Local in Cohesion and Territorial Development Grant Agreement: 727097 Project Duration: 48 months Project coordinator: UEF i Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary Background ................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2 2. The Case Studies in a National Context ................................................................................ 4 2.1 Spatial justice in a national context ........................................................................................... 4 2.2 Policies Promoting Spatial Justice in a National Context .................................................. 8 2.3 Framing the Cases ........................................................................................................................... 11 3. The Studied Cases in a Comparative Perspective .......................................................... 15 3.1 Characterising the Cases............................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Findings Analytical Dimensions 1-5 ........................................................................................ 16 3.3 Findings Synthesising Dimensions A-C .................................................................................. 20 4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 24 5. References .................................................................................................................................... 28 6. Annexes ......................................................................................................................................... 30 6.1 List of Indicators .............................................................................................................................. 30 6.2 Additional information .................................................................................................................. 31 ii List of Tables Table 1. Data over Swedish Regions . Data sources: SCB and Eurostat (GDP) 31 Table 2. Data over municipalities in Västerbotten. Data sources: SCB and Eurostat (GDP) 32 Table 3. Data over districts in Stockholm City. Data source: City of Stockholm 33 iii Abbreviations DELMOS Delegation against Segregation EC European Commission EIP-AGRI Agricultural European Innovation Partnership ERDF European Regional Development Fund EGTC European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation ESF European Social Fund EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GMC Centre for Rural Medicine GRP Gross Rating Point HBTQ Homosexual, bisexual, trans and queer LAU Local Administrative Unit NSPA Northern Sparsley Populated Areas NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development R&D Research and Development SME Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises iv Executive Summary Background Sweden is one of two case study countries in RELOCAL classified as ‘society-based’ welfare regime which has largely been under social democratic political governments since after the second World War. As such, Sweden aims to be inclusive both socially and spatially, though commitment to these goals has been questioned. When discussing the case studies in the Swedish national context, it is pertinent to understand the Swedish administrative system. Municipalities are self-governing entities with extended jurisdictions. The regional level is by comparison small, and the state or national level is again strong, but can in a number of issues only with difficulty interfere in local, municipal affairs. The administrative system has by OECD (2017) been described as an ‘hourglass’, with a strong central government, considerable autonomy for the 290 municipalities, and rather limited responsibilities granted to regional authorities. Findings The concept of spatial justice or its direct Swedish translation ‘rumslig rättvisa’ is not used in Swedish national policy discourse. Neither is it used in the respective actions – in Stockholm and Västerbotten – that have been investigated in the case studies. It should also be noted that in both Stockholm and Västerbotten, the term ‘justice’ (rättvisa) is politically loaded and would connote leftist politics, whereas words such as ‘equal’ or ‘equal access’ is politically more neutral. Thus, instead of justice or spatial justice, other terms are used in the respective actions. Outlook The interpretation from stakeholders in both case studies are that the actions were successful within the scope of the respective project, but that more needs to be done to make an actual impact. Both actions have a realistic and pragmatic approach. In both cases, the actions rely on placed-based strategies for implementation and we argue that the results are achieved, to a large extent, as a function of them being related to localized decision-making and local administrations. In Stockholm, the action is clearly built on a local municipal initiative drawing first on a local mapping of the problem at hand, then drawing on local (and external) expertise to come up with ‘realistic’ suggestions for how to address the issues. This ‘place-baseness’ in largely related to the national political and administrative context. When comparing the two cases, the Swedish multilevel administrative system stands out as important to understand the opportunities and limitations for the respective actions, and as mentioned above the role of municipalities is crucial. In the Swedish context, municipalities are democratic, self-governing entities with extended rights (and obligations) in a row of policy fields. 1 1. Introduction This report compares the following two case studies of the RELOCAL project: Borén, T. (2019) The Stockholm Commission. Measures for an Equal and Socially Sustainable City, Sweden. RELOCAL Case Study N° 30/33. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. Löfving, L., Norlén, G. and Heleniak, T. (2019) Digital Västerbotten. Promoting Equal Standards of Living for Inland Municipalities through Digital Technologies, Sweden. RELOCAL Case Study N° 29/33. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. Please find additional details, analyses and material of the cases in the respective reports. The reports are available at: https://relocal.eu The purpose of this report is to compare the results of the two case studies (see above for full bibliographic references) in Sweden of the RELOCAL project and discuss them in light of the national policy context. The respective case studies are analysis of two quite different actions – one in Stockholm and one in Västerbotten. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and its largest city with a population of nearly one million persons. It has been a major destination of the many immigrants who have come to Sweden during recent decades. The Stockholm case study focus on the work done by the city to come up with grounded suggestions for how the city could become more socially sustainable and to what extent this implies a spatially just development, and the Västerbotten is a large, sparsely-populated region in northern Sweden where the population is increasingly concentrating into a few coastal municipalities making service provision in inland communities a challenge. Västerbotten case focus on digitization of inland, rural, municipalities and how this impacts on a spatially more just development (of e.g. public services). Nevertheless, when the results of the case studies are compared from a spatial justice perspective, a number of similarities (and differences) arise. The concept of spatial justice is key in the RELOCAL-project and understood as ‘an equitable spatial distribution of resources and opportunities, and fairness in the relations of power that shape and transform the social space’ (Madanipour et al 2017, p.74). Both case studies have moreover been guided by the overall hypothesis that ‘the processes of localisation and place-based public policy can make a positive contribution to spatial justice and democratic empowerment’, and by two overarching research questions: ‘Can spatial justice, as a fair and equitable distribution in space of socially valued resources and the opportunities to use them, be achieved through place-based strategies?’ and if so ‘Are these achievements place-bound or can they be also achieved across places and times?’ (ibid.). Both
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