BALINESE TRADITIONAL LANDSCAPE (NI MADE YUDANTINI) BALINESE TRADITIONAL LANDSCAPE Written by: Ni Made Yudantini Lecturer of Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Balinese traditional landscape defend is an important effort to preseve a vernacular traditional landscape, which is can give calamity, beauty, peaceful, comfort feeling, for healthy, happiness as well as to give Balinese identity. It is also supported by the government program of “ Bali to head for Garden Island”. Principally, Balinese traditional landscape is soul by the philosophy of Balinese culture such as Tri Hita Karana concept, Rwa Bhineda concept, Desa Kala Patra concept, Sekala Niskala concept, etc. Structurally, Balinese traditional landscape can divide into five types as follows Regional landscape, Villages landscape, City landscape, highway landscape and Inheritance Garden. Balinese landscape can begin firstly through the landscaping in the house, where we can placed the garden. The most uniqueness of landscape in the traditional housing of Bali, there are including natah as an orientation of buildings, its garden, back yard/teba, lebuh and telajakan. Key word: Balinese Traditional Landscape, Concept. There are various definition of the DEFINITION OF LANDSCAPE landscape according to the scientific disciplines Back to the old English, Thurner (1987) or profession. According to Spirn (1988) found that the word landscape is defined as a landscape architects is a human and natural district or a tract of land. While according to world, in both an empirical and metaphysical Muller (1977) that cited by Wolfgang Haber sense. Landscape ecologist determines landscape (1966) landscape is combination of word “land” as a complex of relationship system that together with an ancient Germanic origin verb “scapjan” forming (also by virtue of physiognomy) a which is closely related to the word “shape” in recognisable part of the earth’s surface and is English. Landscape can be understood as formed and maintained by mutual action of shaping process in or on the land that can be abiotic and biotic forces as well as human action. done either by natural agent or by natural forces. Land painters sought to represent an ideal world This refers change, dynamic, or a succession of on canvas. Geographer developed the meaning phenomena and evolution. Landscape was an of landscape by coining the scientific definition evaluative word used in a sense, which derived as total character of a region of the earth; from the neoplatonic theory of art, to mean “an physically, biologically as well as socially ideal place” (Von Droste, 1995). It was (Zonneveld, 1995). eminently suited to characterising a goal of the planning and design process. However, the THE LANDSCAPE TYPE evaluative connotations of landscape were never The general types of landscape entirely discarded. Recently, the Oxford English morphology are scattered patch landscape, dictionary cites the pre dominant modern network landscape, interdigitated landscape, definition of landscape as a track of land with its checkerboard landscape, mosaic, grid, dot, dot distinguishing characteristic and features, and grid, zonation, alteration and gradual transition considered as a product of shaping processes and cline (figure 1). agent. 65 JURNAL PERMUKIMAN NATAH VOL. 1 NO. 2 JUNI 2003 : 52 - 108 Those natural elements will give us emotional impression such as happiness, comfort, calamity, closely feeling, pleasant, peaceful, shady, etc. (Gunadi, 1988). The important element that can be used to determine the landscaping, there are human, space and the contents of element (Dinas Kebersihan & Pertamanan Prop.Dati I Bali dengan Univertas Udayana, 1989). 1. Human as a part of universe will determine the landscape trough his culture, whether his economic, social, cultural as well. Human will create and arrange the landscape specifically. They culture implies the Figure 1 : Variety of structure and landscape positive respond for the quality of landscape, pattern whether in the past till now. We can see Source : Zonneveld (1995). through garden or landscape in the world that have high value. Two main reasons do underline for the distinguishing and classifying differences in 2. Spaces are created by human and naturally. morphological pattern for the landscape The space which is created by human, divide ecologist study (Zonneveld, 1995): into indoor and outdoor. Indoor content of floor, wall and ceiling, while outdoor only 1. Shape, format and size the most obvious and covered by flooring and walling. natural way distinguish areas at earth’s surface which may differ in their ecological 3. The contents of element including plant, process, behavior and genesis. animal, soil, stone, water, lamp garden, sculpture, pond etc. 2. The nature of the morphological pattern influence to a great extent of material, energy and information flows on the lands, BALINESE PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURAL both inside the area under consideration and DEVELOPMENT between spatial units at the earth’s surface at The concept of Balinese traditional any scale of consideration. space basically based on the philosophy of Cosmo’s religion that sees the human and THE ELEMENT OF LANDSCAPE universe as an unity which contains of the same elements (Panca Maha Bhuta). Thence it is There are two type of landscape clearly described the implementation between elements (Rahman, 1984): soul and universe through the symbols. 1. Major Landscape Element is the bigger Basically, Hindu religion has five natural element which is difficult to change beliefs, that is called Panca Sradha, that is: such as mountain, river, forest, valley, lake and the power of universe (climate, sun, 1. Brahman, belief of the existence of wind, rain, earthquake, moon). God/Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa 2. Atman, belief of the existence of spirit 2. Minor Landscape Element is the smaller 3. Karmaphala, belief of the existence of cause element that can be easy to change. It is and effects including hill, stream, ditch, scrub, livestock, 4. Purnarbhawa, belief of the existence of human, lighting, conditioning, landscape reincarnation tools, building, road, the open space etc. 66 BALINESE TRADITIONAL LANDSCAPE (NI MADE YUDANTINI) 5. Moksa, belief of the existence of redemption 1. Tri Hita Karana Concept (to reach the freedom of spirit or eternal 2. Rwa Bhineda Concept spiritual happiness) 3. Desa Kala Patra Concept 4. Karma Phala Concept Through Panca Srada, the life of 5. Sekala Niskala Concept Balinese people (Hindu) are based on Dharma 6. Tri Masa Concept (the truth) that it has aim Moksartham 7. Catur Parama Artha Concept Jagadhitaya Caiti Dharma (to reach redemption 8. Taksu and Jengah Concept and prosperity of human life in the World). 9. Spatio Balinese Culture Concept Beside that, Hindu religion also has several concepts for Balinese culture development, which has formulated of Local Government of Bali (1994:17-19), such as: (figure 2) AKU Figure2: The Philosophy of Balinese Cultural Development Source : Balinese Traditional Architecture. creator, preservator, and destroyer. So wherever Those concept as a basis for Hindu they go, whatever they do, God always placed. people to preserve their inheritance and their Seemly, they won’t to separate with their God, culture. They belief of religion and culture are thus they become religious. Secondly, Balinese very close relationship, so it is difficult to society realise that they cannot live alone, they separate it. As Galloway denoted “religion is the need each other, then they create communal human faith or belief on the power in outside organisation (desa pakraman, subak, sekaa themselves, where they seeking for satisfy of teruna etc), which are based on religion lead to emotional needs and to get their stability of life, public interest. Togetherness principle of so religious belief emerge from human Balinese society is based on Tatwam Asi consciousness (Galloway, 1960:185) Concept (You are me) and sepi ing pamrih 1. Tri Hita Karana Concept concept (dedication without reward) as an implementation of Hindu belief. Thirdly, place Balinese were seen three causes of or region where they were born and life, it’s play prosperity, wealthy, safety and happiness. important role in the society. The village border, Firstly, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa/God as a 67 JURNAL PERMUKIMAN NATAH VOL. 1 NO. 2 JUNI 2003 : 52 - 108 banjar border or walls surrounding of houses, its adat (the local community organisation have spiritual and material aspect. Briefly, Tri responsible for religious and cultural matters). Hita Karana concept as one pattern to know why Such spaces need to be maintained by either the Balinese society have safety feeling. In this case Desa Dinas (i.e. the community level arm of Tri Hita Karana are included Parahyangan/God, local and provincial government) or the Pawongan/ activities organisation, and responsibility should be given to desa adat. Palemahan/ areas or region of environment. 2. Rwa Bhineda Concept The philosophy of Tri Hita Karana is recognized as the basis for development This concept has a dualistic that planning within the Province. The three crucial reflected to or life always has two constraints interactions within this philosophy are harmony categories i.e.: good and bad, holy and proven, relation between human being to God and top and down, etc. Rwa Bhineda concept shown human being to other environment life and the relationship between macrocosm and human being to the nature. This concept