Mineral Exploration Drilling

CODE OF PRACTICE Mineral exploration drilling

CODE OF PRACTICE Mineral exploration drilling Disclaimer Acknowledgements

The information contained in this publication is provided in Photographs used to illustrate this code of practice good faith and is believed to be reliable and accurate at the are published with the permission of the following time of publication. However, the information is provided on the people,organisations or companies. basis that the reader will be solely responsible for assessing the information and its veracity and usefulness. Page IV Millennium Minerals Ltd The State shall in no way be liable, in negligence or howsoever, Fig. 4.1 Exploration Safety Solutions for any loss sustained or incurred by anyone relying on the information, even if such information is or turns out to be wrong, Figs 4.2, 4.3 Sandvik Mining incomplete, out-of-date or misleading. Figs 6.1, 6.2 Exploration Safety Solutions In this disclaimer: Figs 7.1-7.3 Spill Station Australia Ltd State means the State of Western Australia and includes every Minister, agent, agency, department, statutory body corporate Fig. 8.1 J & S Drilling and instrumentality thereof and each employee or agent of any of them. Fig. 8.2 Exploration Safety Solutions Information includes information, data, representations, advice, Figs 9.1, 9.2 Sandvik Mining statements and opinions, expressly or implied set out in this publication. Figs 9.3, 9.4 Exploration Safety Solutions Loss includes loss, damage, liability, cost, expense, illness Fig. 10.1 Exploration Safety Solutions and injury (including death). Fig. 10.3 Sandvik Mining

Reference Fig. 11.1 Saferight

Department of Mines and Petroleum, 2012, Mineral exploration Fig. 12.3 Exploration Safety Solutions drilling – code of practice: Resources Safety, Department of Mines and Petroleum, Western Australia, 56 pp. Figs 13.1, 13.2 Arc Minerals ISBN 978 1 921163 73 9 Figs 15.1, 15.2 Exploration Safety Solutions

© Department of Mines and Petroleum 2012 Fig. 17.1 Millennium Minerals Ltd Except where the Copyright Act otherwise allows, reproduction Fig. 19.1 Exploration Safety Solutions in whole or part of this publication will be permitted only with the prior written permission of the Department of Mines and Fig. 21.1 Medic One Petroleum. Applications for permission should be addressed to the Manager Safety Communications, Resources Safety. Fig. 24.1-24.3 DDH1 Drilling Pty Ltd This publication is available on request in other formats for people with special needs. This publication is also available in digital format (PDF) online at www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Further details of publications produced by Resources Safety can be obtained by contacting: Resources Safety Department of Mines and Petroleum 100 Plain Street EAST PERTH WA 6004 Telephone: + 61 8 9358 8002 (general queries) + 61 8 9358 8154 (publication orders) NRS: 13 36 77 Facsimile: + 61 8 9358 8000 Email: [email protected] (general queries) [email protected] (publication orders)

II Foreword

Basis for code of practice Scope and application

This code of practice is issued by Resources Safety under the This code is a practical guide to assist those involved in mineral Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994, with the endorsement exploration to develop and implement safe systems of work of the Mining Industry Advisory Committee (MIAC) and approval for drilling operations, particularly in remote areas. Although from the Minister for Mines and Petroleum. specifically targeting mineral exploration drilling, the code may also be a useful source of information for other drilling A code of practice is a practical guide to achieving the standards applications. of occupational safety and health required under legislation. It applies to anyone who has a duty of care in the circumstances described in the code. In most cases, following a code of practice Who should use this code of practice? would achieve compliance with the duties in the legislation in relation to the subject matter of the code. However, like You should use this code if you have functions and regulations, codes of practice deal with particular issues and do responsibilities for managing risk on drilling operations for not cover all hazards or risks that may arise. Duty holders need to mineral exploration. The code may also be used by workers and consider all risks associated with work, not only those for which safety and health representatives who need to understand the regulations and codes of practice exist. hazards and risks associated with exploration drilling.

Codes of practice are admissible in court proceedings. Courts may regard a code of practice as evidence of what is known How to use this code of practice about a hazard, risk or control and may rely on the code in The code includes references to both mandatory and non- determining what is reasonably practicable in the circumstances mandatory actions. to which the code relates. The words “must” or “requires” indicate that legal requirements Compliance with the legislation may be achieved by following exist, which must be complied with. The word “should” indicates another method, such as a technical or an industry standard, if a recommended course of action, while “may” indicates an it provides an equivalent or higher standard of work health and optional course of action. safety than the code.

An inspector may refer to an approved code of practice when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice.

III

Contents

Foreword. �� III

Part 1 Risk management approach �� 1 1 Introduction �� 2 2 Site and drill pad preparation �� 5 3 Information, instruction, training and supervision �� 6

Part 2 Drilling hazards �� 9 4 Rotating and moving parts �� 10 5 Compressed air systems �� 12 6 Hydraulic systems �� 14 7 Hazardous substances and dangerous goods �� 16 8 Electricity �� 18 9 Manual tasks �� 20 10 Working at height �� 22 11 Falling objects �� 24 12 Working in hot environments �� 26 13 Fatigue and mental wellbeing �� 28 14 Dust �� 30 15 Noise �� 32 16 Ionising radiation �� 34 17 Hot work �� 36 18 Extreme weather and bushfires �� 38 19 Light vehicle movement �� 40 20 Heavy vehicle movement �� 42 21 Remoteness of exploration �� 44 22 Natural gases �� 46 23 Existing workings �� 48 24 Housekeeping �� 50

Part 3 Emergency preparedness �� 53 25 Emergency management �� 54 26 Emergency response planning �� 55 27 Useful links �� 56

V VI 1

PART 1 RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

xploration drilling Commonly used e methods

rise to it. This summary sources of assist in identifying the may rise to it. the risk. on the direct and contributing factors The second section focuses the risk of injuryto consider when assessing or harm to health operators to develop site-specific This allows from the hazard. operation will have its own complexity solutions – each drilling and specific requirements. examples of control measures to The third section provides prescriptive, Rather than being overly assist in risk mitigation. a basis for considering how best to the content aims to provide hierarchy of control when implementing Use the manage the risk. Low-level risk. controls to eliminate the hazard or reduce the equipment (PPE) controls such as providing personal protective as a last resort or administrative measures should only be used or to support other control measures. including incident The final section provides further information, summaries that highlight what can go wrong. and Part 3 comprises chapters on emergency management another on emergency response planning. are designed to stand alone so they can chapters The code’s auditing and be used for operational purposes such as training, toolbox presentations. 1.3 Auger drilling or gouging Auger drilling is a method of drilling holes by cutting The drill stem is with the chiselled tip of a rotating drill bit. shaped like a helical screw and is driven rotationally into the drill The rotational penetration of the drill bit produces ground. cuttings that are lifted to the surface by the helical edges or produce Auger drilling can flights of the rotating drill stem. although the rate of penetration boreholes quickly and efficiently, is Water depends on the type of formation being drilled. commonly used to hydrate dry holes to improve penetration and around 20 m, Auger drilling can reach depths of help lift cuttings. depending on the material being drilled and size of the rig and but involves high 30 rpm, rarely exceeding Rotation is slow, stem. and require care The rods are typically 1.5 or 3 m long, torque. when handling due to their weight and sharp flight edges. Auger drilling is commonly used to take samples in soft unconsolidated ground during the reconnaissance stage of often for environmental and geotechnical mineral exploration, but is also used in construction and mining. sampling, For reconnaissance Augers are available in various sizes. small augers mounted on trucks are often exploration projects, whereas large augers are used for construction drilling used, sinking foundation piles) and bucket augers for bulk (e.g. sampling.

Structure Aim Introduction

the workforce is consulted throughout the process reviewed for control measures are regularly monitored and effectiveness. assess the probability and severity of harm that may arise assess the probability and severity of harm that identify and implement appropriate controls. stages hazards are addressed at the design or planning anticipate and recognise hazards

• • • • • 1.2 approach The code is structured to support a risk management that encourages all personnel to: • 1. 1 1. is potentially hazardous but mineral Drilling in any environment in such as those encountered exploration in remote locations, This code of presents additional risk factors. Australia, Western and accessible guide to assist in the practice provides a practical and risk factors associated with drilling identification of hazards in drilling It is written to be used by anyone involved operations. offsider to the managing director, from the driller’s operations, associated with the drilling methods and addresses hazards Australian exploration (see Western commonly used in Section 1.3). 1 The code of practice describes minimum requirements that The code of practice describes minimum requirements it may be possible, However, provide an acceptable level of risk. to operate at the same or a lower under some circumstances, The code is level of risk using alternative control measures. and other not intended to prevent innovative safety measures, practices and equipment that give at least equivalent safety risk Documents such as audits, performance may be considered. action plans and maintenance records must be assessments, kept for as long as the drilling operation continues and at least six years after the operation is abandoned or suspended. This code of practice is focussed on the hazards of exploration pre- and post-drilling activities raise their own However, drilling. Chapter 2 of particular issues that need to be considered. Part 1 highlights hazards associated with the preparation of work sites and drill pads. camps, supervision training and information, The provision of instruction, Although not specifically are critical to risk management. they are an essential discussed in each hazard chapter, component of any risk control strategy and are discussed in Chapter 3 of Part 1. Part 2 comprises the major hazard categories identified for the first For each chapter, the remote exploration environment. inclusion and section summarises the rationale for the hazard’s activity or environment that may give identifies the equipment, The risk management approach is most effective when: The risk management approach is most effective

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 2 for rigmaintenance. normally atruck, diesel, tocarry waterandothersuppliesneeded Air-core drillrigsusuallyrequireasizablesupportvehicle, between theoutsideofdrillrodandwallshole. cuttings maybecontaminatedastheyarebroughttothesurface than thoseobtainedbyaugerorunstabilisedRABdrilling, where removed insidethedrillrodsandarelesspronetocontamination over RABdrillingasitprovidescleanersamples. Cuttingsare For mineralexploration, aircoredrillingisgenerallypreferred Rotation speedsaretypically50to100rpm. depths andbettersamplingqualitythandoesRABdrilling. drilling intofreshrock. Air-core drillsmayachieveslightlygreater rock fragments(regolith)coveringbedrockandisunsuitablefor psi) todrillthroughtheweatheredlayerofloosesoil, sandand Air-core drillingusessmallcompressors(around600cfmat250 are collectedinbucketsorbags. then passedthroughasamplehoseintocyclonewherethey surface byupwardairflowthroughtheinnertube. Samplesare inner tubeandtheinsidewallofdrillrod, andareliftedtothe by injectionofcompressedairintotheannulusbetween circulation drilling(describedbelow). Drillcuttingsarerecovered tube withintheouterbarrel, similartotherodsusedforreverse three blades. Drillrodsarehollowandfittedwithaninner bore aholeintounconsolidatedground. The drillbitgenerallyhas Air-core drillingemployshardenedsteelortungstenbladesto Air-core drilling 60 mm). relatively lightandhaveasmalldiameter(typicallylessthan small compressors(around600cfmat250psi). The rodsare Most RABdrillingiscarriedoutbylight-weightrigswithrelatively hole drillinginmines. readily obtained. Itisalsousedforwaterboredrillingandblast- and development, wherereasonablequalitysamplescanbe RAB drillingisusedprimarilyforfirst-passmineralexploration the cuttingsrisingfromborehole. commonly havetungsten-buttonsontheirwallstobreakdown prevent formationwateranddebrisenteringthehole. Stabilisers tubular steelattachedtothedrillstringreamorlinehole of stabilisers(alsoknownasreamers), whicharelengthsof of drillcuttingsfromthehole. This canbeovercomebytheuse formation canbecomecloggedwithdebris, precludingremoval where theannulusbetweendrillpipeandsurrounding of morethan50mbutcanbeineffectivebelowthewatertable, pipe andthewallofhole. RABdrillingcanachievedepths to thesurfacebyupwardflowunderpressurebetweendrill is pumpeddowntheholeduringdrilling. Cuttingsarereturned through whichcompressedair(ormixedwithfoamorwater) tungsten tipped, ismountedattheendofahollowdrillpipe downhole hammer to penetrate rock. The drill bit, which is usually RAB drillingemploysabladebit, bit(rollerbit)or triconerotary Percussion air-blast rotary (RAB) drilling usually carries an auxiliary compressorandboostercompressor.usually carriesanauxiliary diesel, vehicle water andmaintenancesupplies;theauxiliary vehicle,auxiliary normallytrucks. The supportvehiclecarries RC rigsareusuallyaccompaniedbyasupportvehicleandan sites areessential. However, duetothesize andweightoftherigs, goodroadstoall mineralexplorationwork.preferred methodformostpreliminary expensive thandiamondcoring(describedbelow)andisthusthe drilling, butachievesbetterpenetrationinharderrocks. Itisless This methodisslowerandmoreexpensivethanRABoraircore typically reachdepthsof300to500m, althoughitcanbemore. RC drillrigsareconsiderablylargerthanRABorair-core rigsand increases samplerecovery. This mixturemakessandycuttingsadheretoeachotherand super foamismixedwithwaterandpumpeddowntherodstring. cuttings tothesurface. Inthelattercase, anadditiveknownas collaring anewhole, toreducedust, andtoassistinlifting Although RCdrillingisair-powered, watermaybeinjectedwhen to therigbyhigh-pressurehosesviaamulti-valvemanifold. at 300to350psi)maybeused, inwhichcaseallareconnected such stand-alonecompressors(eachproviding900to1150cfm vehicle.compressors areusuallymountedonanauxiliary Several on therigdeckandaboostercompressormayberequired, so advancing drillbit, therock. thusdrying Spaceisat a premium that producereversecirculationalsopumpairaheadofthe rig-mounted compressors(around1,000cfmat500psi) cuttings,RC drillinggenerallyproducesdry asthelarge and bagging. cuttings aredirectedthroughahoseintocycloneforcollection inner tubeandliftingcuttingstothesurface. At thesurface, the between theouterandinnertubes, withtheairreturningup Circulation isachievedbypumpingairdownthedrillrods bedrock isexposedatthesurface, collarsmaynotberequired. depending onthestabilityofsurfaceformations. Where collapsing intothehole. Collarsmayextendto30mdepth, is installedatthesurfacetopreventunconsolidatedmaterial Before commencingdeeperdrilling, acollar(PVCormetalpiping) rotate atspeedsof30to50rpm. tungsten-carbide buttonsthatcancuthardrock. RCdrillrods (typically 115to150mmindiameter)withroundprotruding known asadownholehammer(DHH), whichdrivesadrillbit Penetration isachievedbyapneumaticreciprocatingpiston with rodsthataretypically6mlongandweighabout200kg. and aredesignedtohandlemuchlargerdownholeequipment, rods. However, RCrigscommonly haveamuchgreatercapacity are returnedtothesurfaceviaaninnertubeinsidedrill RC drillingissimilartoair-core drillinginthatthedrillcuttings Reverse-circulation (RC)drilling 3 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Sonic drilling to advance resonate energy uses high-frequency, Sonic drilling the resonant energy During drilling, or casing. the core barrel the bit face at various down the drill string to is transferred string evenly Simultaneously rotating the drill sonic frequencies. impact at the bit face. distributes the energy and generated inside the sonic head by two The resonant energy is inside the A pneumatic isolation system weights. counter-rotating energy from transmitting to the drill head prevents the resonant the energy down the drill string. rig and preferentially directs the resonant energy generated by the The sonic driller controls the formation being encountered to sonic oscillator to match the resonant sonic When productivity. achieve maximum drilling natural frequency of the drill string, energy coincides with the This results in the maximum amount of energy resonance occurs. the friction of the At the same time, being diverted to the face. is substantially soil immediately adjacent to the entire drill string resulting in very rates. fast penetration reduced, formations Sonic drilling is particularly useful when hard-to-drill are encountered and a high level of sample recovery is required. conventional air A sonic drill rig is similar in size and set up to a core drill rig. Diamond core drilling differs from other drilling methods used drilling methods used drilling differs from other Diamond core 27 core of rock (generally in that a solid in mineral exploration rather than mm), but can be up to 200 diameter, to 85 mm in is extracted from depth. cuttings, a short steel shank with The diamond drill bit comprises (“surface set”) or man-made a cutting head using natural In softer as the cutting medium. (“impregnated”) diamonds during geotechnical investigations sedimentary formations (e.g. such used, other cutting elements may be or coal exploration), polycrystallineas tungsten-carbide and diamond compacts compacts Impregnated bits using man-made diamond (PCD). applications because they can drill are preferred for hard-rock is the usual circulation fluid Water a wider range of formations. and cool the drill bit. used to remove the cuttings cylindrical core of rock progressively a As the drill bit advances, the drill bit. fills a double-tube core barrel immediately above a cable with Core samples are periodically recovered by lowering attaching it to the top of the an overshot down the drill string, and winching it to the inner tube (inner barrel) of the core barrel, The inner barrel is fitted with a core lifter mechanism to surface. While the core prevent core from dropping out during recovery. and placed in sections are being removed from the inner tube inner tube is lowered into the hole so a replacement core trays, This is referred to as the wireline that drilling can recommence. system. triple- or fractured rock, clay-bearing, For drilling through coal, the quality tube core barrels are sometimes used to improve a stainless steel split this method, For of the core recovered. At system. tube is fitted inside the inner tube of the double-tube can be opened to reveal the core in the split tube the surface, virtually undisturbed condition. an RC or Multipurpose drill rigs that can operate in either particularly in diamond core drilling role are sometimes used, These rigs can commence drilling in RC mode isolated locations. (known as pre-collaring) and change to diamond coring when the thus overcoming the need for a second target depth is reached, rig. Rotation speeds during diamond core drilling can vary from 150 to more than 1,500 rpm using to 400 rpm for surface set bits, drill rods are diamond Compared with RC rods, impregnated bits. is that the An unusual feature of diamond coring relatively light. distance between the rod and wall of the hole) is annulus (i.e. typically only 3 to 4 mm. Drilling depths greater than 2,500 m can be achieved with Penetration is much slower than other diamond core drilling. drilling methods because of the hardness of the rocks usually encountered and the time involved in retrieving core at depth. the rig can produce 30 to 40 m of Under average conditions, with samples having a very high integrity. core per shift, The typical drilling operation comprises a truck-mounted rig, fuel and casing, support truck to carry items such as the rods, and a 4WD field vehicle. water, Heliportable rigs allow good samples to be collected from almost any location. Diamond core drilling Diamond core

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 4 and drillpadsarelistedbelow. Some specificconsiderationswhenpreparingcamps, worksites Part 2ofthecodepractice. associated withtheseactivities, manyofwhichareaddressedin are criticalelementsforeffectivemanagementofthehazards exploration hazardsandrisks. Thorough planningandpreparation or beenseriouslyinjuredthroughinadequaterecognitionof There arenumerousincidentswherepersonnelhavedied • • • • • • • 2.2 • • • • • • • activities, whichinclude: drilling, itisalsoimportanttoconsiderpre-andpost-drilling While thiscodeofpracticeemphasisesthehazardsexploration 2.1 2

drill padpreparation work sitepreparation gridline preparation camp preparation mapping, samplingandsurveying clear, legibleandappropriately located. Safety andwarningsignsatthecampworksitesare sites, including designatedparkingareasandescaperoutes. There isatrafficmanagementsystemforthecampandwork support andemergencyvehicleaccess. Tracks tothecamp andworksitesaresuitablefordrilling, hazards andensurehygienicconditionsaremaintained. ablution amenitiesarelocatedtoreduceexposuredrilling The maintenanceandstoragefacilities, andeating (e.g. fuelload, flood plains). The campislocatedtoreduceexposurenaturalhazards clearly identified. andotherobstructionshavebeen underground services Overhead powerlinesoroverhangingvegetation, addressed (e.g. previouslycappeddrillholes). ground conditionsdelineated(e.g. oldworkings)or The explorationareahasbeensurveyed, andhazardous demobilisation andrehabilitation. downhole surveying

Site anddrillpadpreparation Site preparation Introduction • • • • • • • 2.3

Access routestothedrillsiteareclearlymarked. minimise exposureofpersonneltodrillinghazards. vehiclesarepositioned andset-upto The drillrigandservice Where required, edgeprotectionisinplaceforthedrillsite. Walkways aroundthedrillsiteareclearofobstacles. and arebarricadedtopreventinadvertentaccess. Sumps havebeenconstructedtocontainalldrillingfluids The drillsiteisclearofnaturalhazards. The preparedgroundorconstructedpadislevelandstable.

Drill padset-up 5 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

Training

by recognition of prior learning (RPL) by on-site recognition or validation of current competency (RCC or VOC) training and development program. via the operation’s the risk management process including the safe use of task-specific safe work methods, tools and equipment and safe systems of work.

• • • 3.4 This in the tasks they are assigned. People must be competent the knowledge and skills necessarymeans they must have to Competency is gained through training perform the task safely. supervisedand experience while being or mentored. provided must be appropriate The risk management training provide It must responsibilities. to the assigned roles and information on: • • All verification methods must include a documented assessment. All verification methods must include a documented Package Training The Resources and Infrastructure Industry (RII09) was developed by industry and is available from the National IndustryCouncil for Drilling, Skills SkillsDMC, It comprises units of Quarrying and Civil Infrastructure. Mining, competency that set out the minimum requirements for training General drilling operations are specifically and assessment. Further covered under Category 4.4.1 of the training package. information is available at www.skillsdmc.com.au There must also be a system to ensure affected personnel are retrained and reassessed whenever systems of work or plant or new systems of work or plant and and equipment change, equipment are introduced. The effectiveness of training can be increased by using case The effectiveness of training can be increased from mining workplaces to demonstrate or examples, studies, risk management principles for specific hazards. based and Assessment of competency should be evidence Competency may be verified: verified before work commences. instruction, training instruction, Instruction Information Introduction and supervision and Information,

applicable legislation, Australian and industry standards, and Australian and industry standards, applicable legislation, other guidance material. manuals provided by original equipment manufacturers manuals provided by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) procedures and plans policies, the operation’s

• 3.3 to be Personnel must be instructed about specific tasks the controls to be hazards and risks, including their undertaken, necessarysteps job the and tasks safely. the complete to applied, analyses (JSAs or Instructional tools such as job safety or hazard or procedures (SWIs or SWPs) and safe work instructions JHAs), used to document standard operation procedures (SOPs) may be reviewed and amended if equipment but should be the process, or conditions change. Instructions must be approved by the supervisor or management. Personnel must have the information necessary to complete This may include: tasks safely. • • 3.2 3.1 to have safe systems of work so All workplaces are required of The provision that workers can carry safely. out their work and supervision training are an essential instruction, information, The following strategy. component of any risk management this means in practical terms. sections describe what 3

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 6 available atwww.skillsdmc.com.au orteamleaderrolesis the transitionofoperatorstosupervisory communication skills. Informationaboutresourcestoassistin successfully requiresacomprehensiverangeofworkplace responsibility comesdowntomanagingpeople, andtodothis application ofarangenewskills. Muchoftheadditional orteamleaderroleinvolvesthe Moving intoasupervisory observations, consultationandinterventions. workplace engagedwiththeworkforceconductingmeaningful spendsmostoftheirtimeinthe An effectivesupervisor • • • • • • • ensure asafeworkplaceby: Senior drillersandsupervisors maintaining operatingrecords. controlling workprogramstoensureobjectivesaremet, and diagnosing andsolvingroutinenon-routineproblems, work areasandcrews, communicatingregularlywithothers, ofdrillingoperationsincludes managingassigned Supervision development oftechnicalsolutionstonon-routineproblems. and qualityoftheoutputotherscontributeto areresponsible forthequantity Senior drillersandsupervisors 3.5

inspecting andmonitoringworkplaceconditions providing clearworkinstructions task undertaken confirming thatworkersaretrainedandcompetentforthe demanding compliancewithsafetyrulesandprocedures. assuring implementationofthecompany’s safetysystems reporting andrectifyinghazards unsafe acts continuously evaluatingworkerperformanceandcorrecting

Supervision 7 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 8 2

PART 2 DRILLING HAZARDS Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

9 Example of effective guarding on a diamond drill rig

Risk controls Further information

Conduct an audit of drilling operations to ensure that Conduct an audit of drilling been taken to control risk all practical measures have and moving parts. associated with rotating to identify priorities for replacing, Conduct a risk assessment modifying or installing guarding. with due dates and responsibilities for Develop an action plan modification or installation of guarding. the replacement, guarding in place or a safe Do not rotate drill rods without cut-out or interlock isolation protocols, system of work (e.g. devices). A competent person should regularly review drilling and systems operations to ensure the adequacy of guarding of work. rig and test Install at least two emergency stops for the drill One should be located at the rig control panel them regularly. accessible and at least one other at a location that is easily during operation.

Figure 4.1 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DEPARTMENT Safeguarding of machinery and plant 2009, AND PETROLEUM, Western and Resources Safety, WorkSafe – code of practice: 59 pp. Australia, 4.3 • • • • • • 4.4 Assessing the risks Hazards Rotating and moving parts moving and Rotating

Inadequate or lack of safeguarding Necessity to remove guarding to access parts for operational and maintenance tasks Proximity of personnel to rotating or moving parts Disregard or lack of policies and procedures related to controls or isolation of rotating or moving parts Exposure to rotating or moving parts sprockets, chains, pulleys (sheaves) and drive shafts chains, sprockets, fan blades pump drive shafts alternators and generators. drill rods, drill strings and rod handlers drill strings and drill rods, drill head drill mast drive shafts winch drums vehicle-mounted cranes and knife valves splitters, cyclones,

Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

Rating severity of the risk Exposure to these hazards can have fatal or extreme including amputation and scalping. consequences, • • • • 4.2 Direct risk factors • Contributing risk factors • • • • • • • • • • 4.1 have resulted from entanglement or Serious and fatal injuries working close to rotating and moving entrapment of personnel parts on drill rigs. eye and other injuries after being People have also received during maintenance or repair work, struck by projectiles ejected as grinders Contact with equipment such such as bit sharpening. injuries. friction or cutting to abrasive, and chainsaws can lead associated with drill rigs include: Rotating and moving parts 4

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 10 Figure 4.2 soft tissueinjuries. pulled fromthescalp, frictionburns, lacerationsandseveral managed tofreehimself. The driller’s injuriesincludedhair the mast. After havinghisjumperpulledfrombody, he pulled himintothegapbetweenrotatingdrillstringand He wasnotwearingasafetyhelmet. The rotatingdrillrods when heturnedhisheadtocheckthecontrolpanelgauges. of aUniversalUDR-1000drillrig. Drillingwasinprogress of thedrillrigwhenhishaircaughtinrotatingrods An explorationdrillerwaspaintingthebottomofmast INJURIES SUSTAINED WHILE WORKING ONDRILLINGMAST Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 47 operating. outmaintenanceworkwhile thedrillwas mast tocarry between therodsandmast. Hehadclimbedupthe was caughtbytherotatingdrillrodsandhedragged In 1992, adrillrigoffsiderlosthisarmwhenjacket lacerations toafoot. One workerlostthreetoesandtheotherreceivedsevere separate accidentswhileworkingupthemastofadrillrig. During 1991, twopersonswereseriouslyinjuredin INJURIES SUSTAINED WHILE WORKING ONDRILLINGMAST Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 36

and movingpartsofthedrillrig with guarding. Example ofremotecontrolconsole in combination The operatorisremovedfromrotating

Figure 4.3 the drawseveredthreeofoffsider’s fingers. closed thedrawatsametime. The slidingsteel plateof reaching uptopullthesamplebag out. However, thedriller into thedraw. The offsiderdidwhathehaddonebefore, was againsuckedup, butthistimeinside the coneand While drillingwiththesplitteroff, theplastic samplebag beneath thecyclonedraw. bag wasthenheldoverthemouthofashortadaptorcone block thesplitterandwasremoved. The sample injected intothedrillstring, thesamplecuttingstendedto When wetgroundwasencountered, orwhenwaterwas reach insidethesplitterandpullsamplebagout. the splitterbydustsuppressionfans. The offsiderwould the cyclonewasoccasionallysuckedupinsidebaseof ground, thelargeplasticbagonsamplesplitterbeneath When areversecirculation(RC)drillrigwasdrillingindry HAZARD POSEDBYCYCLONEDRAW INRCDRILLING Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 146 injuries intheincidentandlaterdied. loose clothing. Hesustainedseriousheadandinternalbody to monitorthepenetrationrate. Hewasnotwearingany thereturnpulleyand/orpull-downmechanism observing was seencrouchingneartherotatingdrillrod, apparently a diamonddrillexplorationrig. Beforetheaccident, he A drillerfoundcaughtbetweenthedrillrodandmastof IN CAUGHT A ROTATING DRILLROD–FATAL ACCIDENT and MinesSafetyBulletinNo. 21 Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 61

drill Example ofeffectiveguardingonamultipurpose rig

11 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Further information Risk controls

Mines Safety Bulletin No. 49: Use of compressed air for Use of compressed air 49: Mines Safety Bulletin No. cleaning purposes Booster compression 71: Mines Safety Bulletin No. explosions – reverse circulation (RC) drilling To assess the integrity and monitor wear of hoses, couplings the integrity and monitor wear of hoses, assess To person must regularly check the a competent and fittings, take immediate corrective action and compressed air system, Air receivers must be regularly inspected where necessary. and certified as complying with regulatory requirements. uncontrolled movement if a hose or coupling prevent To such as restraining devices, install fit-for-purpose fails, full-length hose stockings and whipchecks, slings, chains, The anchor points for restraining on compressed air hoses. devices must be appropriately rated and fit-for-purpose. blockages in Implement procedures for the safe removal of compressed air systems. Implement preventative maintenance programs for compressed air systems. ensure Before performing any maintenance or repairs, or pressure is released from the compressed air system, implement isolation procedures for stored energy. Restrict access to high-risk areas associated with compressed air systems. to eliminate the risk of air injection; do not use air hoses To clean personnel. Hoses, couplings, seals and air lines must be appropriately seals and couplings, Hoses, air system being used. rated for the compressed using consider hoses, minimise the use of high-pressure To points. engineered systems with designated connection rig and test Install at least two emergency stops on the drill One should be located at the control panel them regularly. accessible and at least one other at a location that is easily during operation. Install at least one emergency stop for each auxiliary compressor unit and test them regularly. off or redirect the air supply in the event of a hose shut To shut-off and or coupling failure or blockage; consider using relief valves in compressed air lines.

• • • • • • • • • 5.4 www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Resources Safety, Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the can have extreme consequences, Exposure to this hazard unrestrained hoses or ejected objects, including being struck by (embolism) and eye injuries. injection of air into the body 5.3 • • • • • Assessing the risks Hazards Compressed air systems Compressed

Proximity of personnel Misuse of compressed air Hoses, couplings and air lines that are not suitable for the couplings and air lines Hoses, compressed air system seals and air lines couplings, Integrity of hoses, Blockages within the compressed air system Absence or inadequacy of hose restraints Material in the air stream Uncontrolled release of air at high pressure sample cyclones bits and hammers drill rods, air hoists air hoses used for cleaning. compressors and associated hoses compressor boosters sample hoses

• • • • • • • Direct risk factors • Contributing risk factors • • • • 5.2 • • • 5.1 the most dangerous of all fluids used in Compressed air is by far the drilling industry. by a given volume of air can be reduced Unlike oil or water, the smaller volume of air can Once compressed, compression. the energy it has spring; that is, be likened to a compressed For example, state if released. to return to its pre-compressed can travel at speeds such that there is debris from blown hoses no time to react. be lethal. The uncontrolled release of stored energy can Compressed air systems can comprise: 5

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 12 Figure 5.1 his facewithabrasivesamplematerial. walking pastthecyclonewhenhoseruptured, blasting The samplehosefailednearthecyclone. The offsiderwas sub andapplyinghigh-pressureairintothesamplehose. to clearablockageinthehosebyattachingblow-back rig rupturedunderpressure. The drillerwasattempting sample hoseonareversecirculation(RC)explorationdrill A driller’s offsiderreceivedseriousfacial injurieswhena UNDER PRESSURE DRILLER’S OFFSIDERBLASTED WITH SAMPLEDUST Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 119 6 mm-diameterwirerope. was fittedwithacommerciallymadewhipcheckusing fitting byaclawtype4bolthoseclamp. Thehoseassembly which hadtobeamputated. The airhosewasheldonthe his ribsandrightlungaseverelycrushedarm, driller’s operatingplatform. Hereceivedseriousinjuriesto cyclone samplerairhosethatblewoffitsfittingabovethe the upperrightsideofhisbodyandarmbya3” diameter A drilleremployedonanexplorationrigwasstruck ACCIDENT RC DRILLRIG3” SAMPLEHOSECONNECTION–SERIOUS Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 92 the fittingbuttherewasnorestrainingchainorsling. injuries, whichprovedfatal. The airhosewasclampedto its fittingonacyclonesampler. Hereceivedserioushead by alarge-diametercompressedairhosethatblewoff An explorationdriller’s assistantwasstruckonthehead FATAL ACCIDENT COMPRESSED AIR HOSECONNECTION– Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 3

an RCdrillrig Example ofengineeredcompressedairsystemon

Figure 5.2 owner haveremovedallaluminiumdrillrodsfromservice. Since theoccurrence, theminingcompanyanddrillrig above, atornearertothesurface. certainly havebeeninjuriesifthefailurehadoccurred injured andtherewasnootherdamage. There wouldalmost Fortunately, thedrillcrewworkinginareawasnot the surface. inside ofthedrillcollar, dislodgingthesteeldrillrodslipsat high-pressure compressedairfromthesplitflowedup When therodfailed, asuddenanduncontrolledreleaseof The slipstablewasnexttothedrillcrewworkarea. distance downtheholebelowslipstableofdrillrig. failed sectionwaslocatedwithinthedrillholecasingashort about 94mwhenthealuminiumheaddrillrodfailed. The A reversecirculation(RC)drillrigwasdrillingatadepthof ALUMINIUM DRILLRODFAILURE Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 135 sample hose, andsufferedfatalhead other injuries. to thesamplehose. Hewasstruckbythewearbendand compressed air. The driller’s offsiderwasstandingnext a blockageinthesamplehosebyusinghighpressure flange onthecycloneasdrillerwasattemptingtoclear The wearbendassemblybrokeawayfromthewelded cyclone atanexplorationdrillingsite. by a40kg “wear bend” thatbecamedetachedfromthe A driller’s offsiderwasfatallyinjuredwhenhestruck BEND”OR “WEAR BYDUSTDEFLECTORBOX DRILLER’S OFFSIDERSTRUCK Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 145

points onanRCdrillrig Example offull-lengthhosestockingsandanchor

13 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au Further information Risk controls

NOHSC, 1999, Work-related deaths associated with Work-related 1999, NOHSC, 1989-1992 Australia, hydraulic equipment in Install at least two emergency stops on the drill rig and test Install at least two emergency stops on the drill One should be located at the control panel them regularly. accessible and at least one other at a location that is easily during operation. ignition of hydraulic fluids released by component prevent To hoses and lines to install screens or configure failure, minimise interaction with hot components or electrical sources. Install an automatic fire suppression system. couplings the integrity and monitor wear of hoses, assess To a including self-centring hydraulic levers, and fittings, competent person must regularly check the hydraulic and take immediate corrective action where system, necessary. Never use hands or fingers to search for or confirm hydraulic Gloves do not protect against this injection hazard. leaks. ensure During depressurisation of hydraulic systems, personnel are clear of moving parts or restraints are in place to prevent unexpected movement. Implement preventative maintenance programs for hydraulic systems. ensure Before performing any maintenance or repairs, pressure is released from the hydraulic system or implement isolation procedures for stored energy. Restrict access to high-risk areas associated with hydraulic systems. injection under the skin resulting in open wounds and injection under the skin infection fires or explosions burns and injuries from opening a pressurised system burns and injuries when with hot equipment thermal burns from contact to hydraulic oil under pressure. eye injuries from exposure seals and hydraulic lines must be couplings, Hoses, use. appropriately rated for the hydraulic system in use engineered the use of high-pressure hoses, minimise To systems where practicable. reduce sharp edges or use wear of hoses, minimise To wrapping). Kevlar or rubber shielding (e.g. and non-toxic hydraulic fluids. use non-flammable If suitable,

6.4 Australia, Safe Work • • • • • • • • • • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the can have serious consequences, Exposure to these hazards including: • • • • • 6.3 • • • •

Assessing the risks Hazards Hydraulic Hydraulic

Movement associated with depressurisation of hydraulic system Proximity of an ignition source Proximity of personnel and/or temperature that are not suitable for the couplings and oil lines Hoses, hydraulic system seals and oil lines couplings, Integrity of hoses, Absence or inadequacy of hose couplings and fittings pressure) from a Failure to relieve accumulated energy (i.e. hydraulic circuit Uncontrolled release of hydraulic fluids at high pressure Uncontrolled release of hydraulic fluids at high Flammability of hydraulic fluid of hydraulic fluid Toxicity Exposure to hot hydraulic components control valves. hydraulic pumps fluid reservoirs hydraulic cylinders pipes and hoses tubes,

• • • • • • • • • • • Contributing risk factors • 6.2 Direct risk factors • • • • 6.1 Although not under high pressure. Hydraulic systems use fluid with the risks associated air, as dangerous as compressed The potential not be underestimated. hydraulic systems should use of hydraulic fluids are pressure, hazards arising from the in atomised example, For flammability and toxicity. temperature, hydraulic fluid can such as a high-pressure pinhole leak, form, fireball. causing a flash fire with a substantial readily ignite, have resulted from exposure to any one Serious and fatal injuries hazards. or a combination of these Hydraulic systems comprise: 6 systems

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 14 Figure 6.1 put outusingtherig’s fireextinguishers. manifold. The oilignitedcausingaminorfire. Thefirewas drill rigruptured, sprayinghydraulicoiloverthehotexhaust While pullingrodsduringRABdrilling, ahydrauliclineonthe Occurrence report–2010 but theinjurieswerenotserious. suddenly camefreefromtheshaft. The pullerhithismouth standing overthemotorandpullerwhengeardrive damaged motorusinga10tcapacitygearpuller. Hewas driller wasattemptingtoremovethedrivegearfrom was notfitted. Withtheassistanceofadriller’s offsider, the replacement motorwasonsite, buttherequireddrivegear motor fromtheheadofanRCrigtoreplacemotor. A The drillingcrewhadremovedahydraulicrotation Occurrence report–2010

surfaces, that minimisesthepotentialforinteractionwithhot Example ofenclosedengineandhydraulicsystem andfacilitatesfirenoisesuppression

Figure 6.2 exhaust. oil hadigniteduponcontactwiththehotturboandengine it coupledwiththemantleonrigmast, andthesprayof hose onthedrillrighadrupturedjustabovepointwhere injured. The incidentinvestigationrevealedthatahydraulic vehicles werealsousedtoextinguishthefire. No-onewas suppression system. Three fireextinguishersfromsupport the hydraulicsystemandactivatedonboardrigfire The drillerimmediatelyhittheemergencystop, shutdown rods whentheoffsidernoticedasmallfireonturbo. The drillershadjustcompletedaholeandwerepulling Occurrence report–2008 that morningduringthepre-startcheck. small fireextinguishedquickly. Thehoseshadbeenchecked upon contactbuttheemergencystopwasactivatedand harder andwashotterthannormal. The hydraulicoilignited and thedrillstringwasbogged, sothemotorwasworking oil ontotheturbomotor, about1.5maway. Itwasahotday motor pumpsplitandleakedoil. The windblewsomeofthe An O-ringonthehydraulicfittingofadrillrig’s rotation Occurrence report–2011

ignition reduce thesurfacetemperatureandeliminatean source Example ofturbochargerthathasbeeninsulatedto

15 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

Further information Risk controls

AS 1940:2004 The storage and handling of flammable and AS 1940:2004 combustible liquids The storage and handling of corrosive AS 3780:2008 substances Implement procedures for the safe transfer of substances. substances. Implement procedures for the safe transfer of particularly with fastfill systems for fuel, overfilling, avoid To unattended. never allow dangerous goods to be transferred ignition of flammable and combustible substances prevent To install screens or configure released by component failure, flammable hoses and lines to avoid interaction of released sources. substances with hot components and electrical a complete Sufficient spill response equipment to deal with or failure of the largest container of hazardous substances dangerous goods. bunded pallets or portable Use self-bunded containers, bunds for hazardous substances or dangerous goods. Install an automatic fire suppression system on the drill and provide appropriate fire fighting equipment where rig, flammable substances are used elsewhere on site. Implement preventative maintenance programs for all flammable substances systems. Clean up all spills of hazardous substances or dangerous absorption pads). goods and dispose of cleaning aids (e.g. Personnel should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to avoid contact when handling hazardous substances or dangerous goods. burns and injuries from fires, explosions or spills fires, burns and injuries from fires or explosions loss of equipment from inhalation or ingestion. contact, health effects from skin Ensure the dangerous goods inventory is maintained and and reduced where practicable. reviewed regularly, are Ensure current material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and control and available for all products used on site, response measures are implemented as necessary. seals and couplings, hoses, tanks), drums, Containers (e.g. lines must be rated for the substance in use. the integrity and monitor wear of containers, assess To a competent person should couplings and fittings, hoses, regularly check all storage and handling systems.

7.4 www.saiglobal.com Australian Standard, • • • • • • • • • • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the can have serious consequences, Exposure to these hazards including: • • • 7.3 • • • • Assessing the risks Hazards dangerous goods dangerous Hazardous substances and substances Hazardous

Proximity of an ignition source Corrosivity of substance Low friction coefficient (slipperiness) of substance storage and handling Transport, seals and lines couplings, Integrity of hoses, Uncontrolled release of hazardous or dangerous materials Uncontrolled release of hazardous or dangerous Flammability of substance of substance Toxicity petrol acids oils grease. diesel

• • • Contributing risk factors • • Direct risk factors • • • • • • • 7.2 • 7.1 and combustible substances present Spill and leaks of flammable a fire hazard. may result in dermatitis and other Exposure to hydrocarbons burns. Contact with acids can cause chemical illnesses. can present a slip hazard to Spilt or leaking oil and fuel and dust from Split hydrocarbons can also attract dirt employees. makes detection and monitoring of which the drilling operation, leaks difficult. commonly most goods dangerous and substances hazardous The used in drilling operations are: 7

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 16 extinguisher. manifold andignited. The firewasextinguishedusinga he removedthefuelhose, fuelsplashedontotheengine A driller’s offsiderwasrefuellinganRC drill rig. When Occurrence report–2010 where itignited. severed completely, sprayingdieselontotheturbocasing, revealed thatanotherfuelinjectorlinehadcrackedand fire wasextinguishedusingaextinguisher, aninspection engine bay. Hepushedtherig’s emergencystop. After the onto anewdrillsiteandnoticedsmokecomingfromthe About aweeklater, thedrillerwasmanoeuvringdrillrig spraying dieselontotheturbocasing, whereitignited. a fuelinjectorlinehadcrackedandseveredcompletely, After thefirewasextinguished, aninspectionrevealedthat emergency stopandactivatedthefiresuppressionsystem. from theenginebayofdrillrig. Hepushedtherig’s During drilling, adriller’s offsidernoticedflamescoming Occurrence report–2010 it. that envelopedtheunitandextendedametreortwobeyond likely theexhaustdriventurbocharger), generatingafireball was ignitedoncontactwithhotenginecomponents(most cloud inandaroundtheenginecompartment. The oilmist cooling fan. The oilbecameatomisedandwassprayedasa of theengineradiatorsystem)andoilwassprayedinto the connectiontoheatexchanger(whichformedpart A flexiblehoseintheengineoilcoolingcircuithadfailedat from thedieselenginewhenacomponentfailed. Two menworkingnearadrillrigwereburntbyfireball DRILLING RIGFIRE Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 20 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.2

Example ofbundedpallets Example ofdrive-onbund Example ofspillequipment 17 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE www.wtia.com.au Further information Risk controls

Electricity Regulations 1947 Electricity (Licensing) Regulations 1991 Implement safe systems of work for the use of electrical Implement safe systems of work for the use of after rain. particularly equipment and systems, ignition of hydrocarbons released by component prevent To hoses and lines to install screens or configure failure, minimise interaction with electrical sources. Ingress of water into electrical 30: Mines Safety Bulletin No. equipment Mining industry electrical 56: Mines Safety Bulletin No. accidents Health and safety in welding (2004) 7: Note No. Technical electrical safety (2003) Welding 22: Note No. Technical Transportable AS/NZS 3001:2008 Electrical installations – structures and vehicles including their site supplies Electrical work must be undertaken by licensed electricians. Electrical work must be correctly Electrical equipment and installations must be isolated before maintenance or repair work commences. (RCDs). Use safety switches and residual current devices equipment. Use voltage reducing devices (VRDs) on welding testing and tagging Implement electrical inspection, devices programs to ensure electrical equipment and safety are maintained in good working order. working Electrical equipment must be rated for the expected conditions. of Plan the site to allow for the appropriate placement and cords. cables electrical equipment,

• • • • 8.4 www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Resources Safety, • • • • • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the can have extreme consequences, Any exposure to electricity burns and fibrillation of electric shocks, including electrocution, the heart. to fires. Electrical faults can lead 8.3 • • • • • • • Welding Technology Institute Technology of Australia, Welding www.saiglobal.com Australian Standard, www.slp.wa.gov.au State Law Publisher, Assessing the risks Hazards Electricity

Wet conditions Wet Electrical defects Proximity of personnel Proximity of fuel Poor work practices Absence or inadequacy of isolation Damage to equipment Exposure to live electrical power sources Inappropriate electrical modifications electrical cables and extension cords electric fences welding and maintenance equipment inverters vehicle electrical systems overhead powerlines laundry kitchen equipment, and electrical appliances (e.g. personal items) tools, generators and lighting plants

• • • • • • • Direct risk factors • Contributing risk factors • • • 8.2 • • • • • • 8.1 Contact with in almost all workplaces. Electrical hazards exist or result in serious and permanent electricity can be lethal is a common Use of wet electrical equipment after rain injuries. welding can Electric arc flashes during cause of electric shock. faults Fires caused by electrical cause burns and eye damage. or destroy equipment. can injure people and damage during drilling operations and at Electrical hazards encountered camp sites include: 8

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 18 Figure 8.2 shock. between thetwolengthsofcasingwhenhereceived as itwasinsertedintothebore. Hewasholdingtheflange At thetime, hewasassistingwiththeweldingofcasing assistant receivedtwoelectricshocksinrapidsuccession. While insertingsteelcasingintoawaterbore, adriller’s Occurrence report–2011 in hospitaltoconfirmtherewerenoilleffects. stepped backwards. ECGscanswereconductedon-siteand had comeintocontactwiththeelectricfencewhenthey truck parked1mfromtheelectricfence. Their lowerbacks DC electricfencewhileloweringthesidegateonabooster Two driller’s offsidersreceivedelectricshocksfroma5000V Occurrence report–2011 electrician. tagged out. The severedwiringwasrepairedbythecontract The vanwasthendisconnectedfromthepowersupplyand until thenextdaywhenitwasrealisedtherenopower. tripped. However, theelectrical incidentwasnotidentified wiring foralightswitch. The vanwaspoweredandtheRCD exploration vanunknowinglydrilledthroughtheelectrical A fieldassistantreplacingadoorlatchonthewallofan Occurrence report–2010

Example ofhydraulic hosesandelectricalcablesthat areprotectedandseparatedwith nylonsleeves Figure 8.1 management untiltwodayslater. There werenoilleffectsbuttheincidentwasnotreportedto electric shockupontouchingawireconnectedtothemotor. working soadrillerhadinvestigated. Hereceivedasmall The spindrieronacampwashingmachinehadstopped Occurrence report–2009

Example of VRD onweldingequipment 19 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Further information Risk controls

Review the hazards from exposure to repetitive tasks or Review the hazards from exposure to repetitive necessary. and address as vibration, Incorporate ergonomic specifications in purchasing procedures. Plan the site to allow for orderly movement of personnel, equipment and materials. musculoskeletal disorders Prevention of package: Training from performing manual tasks in mining workplaces (2010) Manual tasks in mining fact sheet series Eliminate or mitigate hazardous manual tasks associated Eliminate or mitigate hazardous use automated drill-rod handling with drilling activities (e.g. and sample splitters). break-out systems systems, modified tooling. Eliminate the use of non-engineered, (e.g. Review the nature of loads and how they are handled and address as use of mechanical aids or assistive devices), necessary. plant and Review the hazards associated with hand tools, and address as equipment used during manual tasks, necessary. and Review the hazards associated with tyre changing and address as necessary. repairs,

• • • 9.4 ResourcesSafety www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ Resources Safety, • • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the musculoskeletal disorder significantly The risk of developing a more than one risk factor present in increases where there is cut-down (e.g. Non-engineered modification of tooling the task. systems) can increase the risk pipe wrench used on break-out of injury. 9.3 • • • • • Assessing the risks Hazards Manual Manual

Work environment Work work organisation and work practices Systems of work, Exposure to vibration Postures and movements of worker Forces (exertion) involved in tasks Duration and frequency of tasks clearing drill sites tyre changing of split rims. including use tyre repairs, rod handling sample handling use of hand tools and fuel and oil drums core trays, moving fittings, carrying loads while changing levels or twisting chronic injuries resulting from cumulative wear and tear chronic injuries resulting from cumulative wear and caused by repeated or on the musculoskeletal system, prolonged exposure to lower levels of force. acute injuries, where a single exposure to high force results where a single acute injuries, in sudden damage to the musculoskeletal system

• • • Direct risk factors • • • Indirect risk factors • • • 9.2 • • • • • • • 9.1 during drilling operations include Manual tasks undertaken carrying, pulling, pushing, lowering, physical work such as lifting, work They also include holding or restraining anything. moving, sustained postures (e.g. hammering), with repetitive actions (e.g. driving exposure to vibration (e.g. operating plant) and concurrent a truck). can lead to musculoskeletal disorders Hazardous manual tasks including: 9 tasks Hazardous manual tasks on a drill rig include:

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 20 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.1 above theanklejoint. He rolledhisfullweightontoanankle, andbrokehislegjust barrel losthisbalancewhenthedrillbitsuddenlyreleased. A drillerattemptingtoremoveadrillbitfromrod Occurrence report–2009 A driller’s offisiderinjuredhiswristwhileliftingdrillrods. Occurrence report–2010

rig Example ofmechanisedrodhandleronanRCdrill Closer viewofrodhandlingarmshown inFigure8.1

Figure 9.4 Figure 9.3 to averticalpositionsoitcouldbeaddedthedrillstring. RAB drillrodfromitshorizontalpositiononthetray A driller’s offsiderdislocatedhisshoulderwhileflickinga Occurrence report–2011 the wristwasfractured. X-ray butafollow-uptwoweekslaterindicatedthat the nextmorning. Nobreaksweredetectedintheinitial continued withlightduties. However, thewristwasswollen impact jarredhiswrist. wasreportedandhe The injury with arubbermallettoremoveitfromthecorebarrel. The A driller’s offsiderwashittingapieceofdiamonddrillcore Occurrence report–2010 pre-existing condition. rig whenhisshoulderdislocated, possiblyaggravatinga A driller’s offsiderwastensioningaboltondiamonddrill Occurrence report–2010

Example oftooldrawerundertray alightvehicle Example oftyrehandleronalightvehicle 21 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

Example of static line and sliding brake fitted to mast of a drill rig

Risk controls Further information

Eliminate hazards or hazardous work practices at height Eliminate hazards or hazardous points, automatic greasing system for mast lubrication (e.g. refill points). ground-level fuel and oil and ladders of access (e.g. Provide alternative means during equipment design) rather than walkways incorporated working at height. of fall risk with edge protection or Barricade or enclose areas install handrails. Implement fall injury for tasks that prevention systems involve working at height. and AS/NZS 1891:2007 Industrial fall-arrest systems devices

Figure 10.1 10.3 • • • • 10.4 AND EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION, OF CONSUMER DEPARTMENT workplaces – code of practice: Prevention of falls at 2004, Australia, 112 Western pp. WorkSafe, www.saiglobal.com Australian Standard, • W Assessing the risks Hazards

Absence or inadequacy of fall prevention system Ascending and descending drill masts vehicles and associated plant support Accessing drill rigs, Loading and unloading tools and equipment Jumping from heights Height of work Fall path Landing area rig masts rig decks truck trays. Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• Rating severity of the risk of a fall. Height alone does not determine the consequences land also affects What people contact as they fall and where they the severity of outcomes. Contributing risk factors • • • • Direct risk factors • • • • • • 10.2 10.1 have resulted when workers have fallen Serious and fatal injuries from height. at height for drilling operations include: areas Work 10 atheight orking

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 22 Figure 10.3 and injuringit. line ofdescent. Hefellabout1.5m, landingonhisshoulder caught hisleginthefuelhose, whichwasdrapedunderhis hose intoitshousingarea. As hewasclimbingdown, he climbed ontothevehicleinpreparationforrollingup truckparkedadjacent.a service After refuelling, theoffsider A driller’s offsiderwasrefuellinganaircoredrillingrigfrom Occurrence report–2010 later revealedthathehadbrokenhisankle. continue workandreceivedmedicaltreatment. An X-ray ground createdbyananimalfootprint. Hewasunableto 40 cmabovethegroundandhehadsteppedontorough work platformatthebackofrig. The platformwasabout A driller’s offsiderrolledhisanklewhensteppingoffthe Occurrence report–2010

Example ofsteps, walkwayandhandrailsforsafeaccesstoadrillrig Figure 10.2 disconnected hose. had walkedbackwardsoffthecatwalkwhiledragginga the groundwhilepackinguphighpressurehoses. He A driller’s offsiderfell1.4mfromacompressortruckto Occurrence report–2010

Display offallarrestequipment(unpacked) 23 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au Further information Risk controls

Implement procedures for tasks that involve working at Implement procedures for tasks that involve working heights. Delineate drop zones and restrict access to them. Falling objects fact sheet Ensure all rig components are regularly inspected and Ensure all rig components maintained. for rig Implement preventative maintenance programs components. a rig part falling as a result of attachment failure, prevent To sample hoses) tile boxes, secure high-risk components (e.g. wire slings). chains, with a restraint (e.g. edge protection and attachment provide Where practicable, points to secure tools with a lanyard. deployed Plan tasks to minimise the requirement for tooling at height. fit-for- lightweight, toolkits (e.g. “working at height” Establish lanyard attachment). multipurpose, purpose,

• • 11.4 Australia, Safe Work • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the objects fall is not the only factor The height from which of personnel being struck by determining the consequences shape and trajectory of the object and where it The weight, them. affect the severity of outcomes. strikes the person also 11.3 • • • • • • Falling Falling Assessing the risks Hazards

Poor housekeeping or maintenance Proximity of personnel to drop zones Drop zone Point of impact Integrity and design of rig components Use of tools and equipment at height Height of fall and shape of object Weight loads carried by vehicle-mounted cranes shackles and pins tools sheared bolts. wire-line equipment, including blocks, sheaves and inner blocks, including wire-line equipment, tubes hoses and fittings top drive units rod holders and carousel parts tile boxes drill rods, bits and hammers drill rods, Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • Contributing risk factors • • 11.2 Direct risk factors • • • • • • • • • • • • 11.1 have resulted when workers have been Serious and fatal injuries struck by falling objects. are subjected to high levels of A drill rig and its components The associated vibration and transport. stress during operation or damage rig parts and associated and jarring can dislodge fall. plant and cause them to Objects that may fall include: 11 objects

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 24 head andfallen. No-onewasinjured. the starterrod, thetopofrodhadunscrewedfrom sub. As thebottom hammersubwasbeingunscrewedfrom screwed intotheheadattopandbottomhammer to restonthesideofmast. The starterrodhadbeen 4 mstarterrodfelltowardsthecontrolpanelandcame Drillers wereunsiltinganRChammerwhenthetopof Occurrence report–2011 missing thedriller. and aguiderailfellfreeoftheheadmast, narrowly rods. Severalboltssnappedundertheincreasedpressure and thetorquehadbeenincreasedinanattempttofree During diamondcoredrilling, therodshadbecomebogged Occurrence report–2010 injuries. struck bytheassemblyandreceivedsevereheadother standing atthecontrolpanelwhileoperatingrig, was attachments weighedabout300kg. The driller, whowas drill rig, andfell6to8m. The assemblyandreturnhose A tileboxassemblybrokelooseonareversecirculation(RC) FITTING OF TILE BOXESONDRILLINGRIGS Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 189 a stringofdrillrodsfromverticalhole. weighing 270kgfellonhimasthedrillcrewwasremoving reverse circulation(RC)drillingwhena6m-longdrillrod A driller’s offsiderreceivedseriousspinalinjuriesduring DRILL RODHANDLING–SERIOUS ACCIDENT Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 87

11.1 Figure mud andgreasebuild-up. welds, whichwouldhavebeenobscuredinanycaseby there wasnoprogramforregularlyinspectingtheguide fatigued bytheweightofbitandrepeateduse; bracket, limitingthestructuralstrength, andhadbeen bit; thetableguideweldswerelocatedunderneatheach bit; thetableguidewasnotdesignedtoholdoversized revealed thatthemasthadnotbeentiltedtosupport whole lotcollapsed. No-onewasinjured. An investigation to besupportedbythesliptableassemblyguide, andthe backwards, thebitslippedoutcompletely. Itwastooheavy in thebreak-outwrench. As hestoppedandstepped approached thedisconnectedbit, henoticeditwasswaying winching bungandthenthewinchrope. As theoffsider the leaderdrillrodsodriller’s offsidercouldattachthe resting onaholdcoverplateafterbeingdisconnectedfrom A rollerbitabout4.5mlongandweighingatonnewas Occurrence report–2011 mast. Hewaswearingahardhat. the groundbyatopplatethathaddetachedfromdrillrig A driller’s offsiderwasstruckontheheadandknockedto Occurrence report–2011

hands whileworkingatheight or belt, Example oftoollanyardthatattachestouser’ andallowstoolstobeswitchedbetween s wrists

25 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE for signs of heat strain to ensure that they follow work–rest and hydration regimes. Further information Risk controls

– – Where practicable, workers should wear clothing suitable for workers Where practicable, drill fabric). cotton the environment (e.g. Ensure workers are aware of the underlying causes of heat Ensure workers are aware respond. recognise its symptoms and know how to strain, pre- workers with stress (e.g. Personnel at risk from heat such as cardiovascular disease existing medical conditions not and workers as influenza, or febrile illnesses such must be monitored at the acclimatised to site conditions) workplace: – – shade) and cool rest tents, Provide weather protection (e.g. and recovery areas. employees Implement acclimatisation policies covering new and those returning to work after a break. work Adjust hours of work so that physically demanding and schedule regular is done in cooler periods of the day, breaks and task rotation. Occurrence report – 2007 assistant suffered heat stress while working A driller’s in temperatures reported to be in the mid-forty degrees where he received He was taken to hospital, Celsius. intravenous fluids before being discharged the next morning. Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. 95 Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. WORKER OF EXPLORATION DEATH employee died after exposure to A nineteen-year-old He was a student and had extreme heat during exploration. little previous field experience.

• 12.4 All about heat: 2009, AND PETROLEUM, OF MINES DEPARTMENT 31. p. 3, 19 no. MineSafe vol. Heat stress 2003, I., AND FIRTH COLES G., DI CORLETO R., Australian standard and documentation for use in the Australian Institute of Group, Working Heat Stress environment: 59 pp. Occupational Hygienists, 12.3 risks associated with heat stress can be Controls to manage the carried out, tasks being environment, directed towards the work the tasks. and the individuals performing • • • • • W Assessing the risks

Type and amount of clothing and amount Type Lack of acclimatisation duration and intensity of physical activity Frequency, Certain medical conditions and medications Lack of physical fitness Drug and alcohol use Dehydration Humidity Wind velocity Extended frequency and duration of exposure Temperature Radiant heat Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• Rating severity of the risk fatigue rash, Exposure to heat stress can result in heat oedema, and cramps. Increased or continued exposure to heat stress can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke. dizziness or fainting, Heat stroke may result in permanent damage to the brain and or even death. other vital organs, • • • • • • • • Contributing risk factors • 12.2 Direct risk factors • • 12.1 Hazards environmental conditions, Australia is subject to extreme Western to over from below zero in winter, with temperatures ranging humidity, Hot conditions can be exacerbated by 50°C in summer. and season. depending on the location to heat mineral exploration can be regularly exposed in Workers but Exposure to cold can lead to hypothermia or cold stress. Western the more significant risk for hyperthermia is considered have Serious and fatal injuries Australian climatic conditions. and dehydration. resulted from heat strain 12 inhotenvironments orking

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 26 Figure 12.2 Figure 12.1 Acc Unacclimatised aid. Hereturnedtoworkonlightdutiesfor24hours. resting anddrinkingsowastakentohospitalformedical dizzy andhadstoppedsweating. Hestillfeltfaintafter A driller’s offsidersufferingheatstresshadfeltfaintand Occurrence report–2010 Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day limatised butreturningtoworkaftermorethan9daysoff 3 2 1 3 2 1 6 5 4

Recommended acclimatisationschedule Example ofshadeshelteratadiamond coredrillsite 100% exposuretofullworkregime 100% exposuretofullworkregime 50% 60% 70% 80% 80% Figure 12.3 causing himtopassoutandhisbodycramp. day. Tests indicatedthathisbodywaslowonelectrolytes, 36°C andhehadconsumedabout10Lofwateroverthe was takentohospital. The maximumtemperaturehadbeen A driller’s offsiderpassedoutwhilesettingupadrillsiteand Occurrence report–2010 90% 90%

Example ofair -conditioned cabinforoperator 27 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE due to mechanical breakdown due to mechanical breakdown for routine maintenance such as bad weather. caused by external factors Risk controls Further information

– – – Develop and implement policies and procedures to address Develop and implement wellbeing at the workplace. fatigue and support mental and task rotation. Schedule regular breaks and allow for downtime: should be achievable Targets – – – workers are aware of the Ensure management and can recognise the underlying causes of fatigue and stress, symptoms and know how to respond.

13.3 • • • • 13.4 OF MINES AND DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DEPARTMENT hours – code of practice: Working 2006, AND PETROLEUM, 32 pp. Australia, Western and Resources Safety, WorkSafe (includes risk management guideline) OF MINES AND DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DEPARTMENT Alcohol and other drugs at workplace 2008, AND PETROLEUM, Western and Resources Safety, WorkSafe – guidance note: 27 pp. Australia, AND EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION, OF CONSUMER DEPARTMENT aggression and of violence, Prevention and management 2007, Western Resources Safety, bullying at work – code of practice: 31 pp. Australia, AND EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION, OF CONSUMER DEPARTMENT Resources at work – guideline: Dealing with bullying 2007, Australia, 11 Western pp. Safety, for www.energyinst.org/hfbriefingnotes UK, Energy Institute, briefing notes on human factors for guidance www.hse.gov.uk UK, Health and Safety Executive, the including information on fatigue, material on human factors, fatigue risk index and stress Fatigue and mental wellbeing mental and Fatigue Assessing the risks Assessing the risks Hazards

Inadequate job skills Fitness for work Relationship stresses Poor or indequate diet Administrative pressures extreme temperatures, Extended exposure to hazards (e.g. hazardous substances) dust, vibration, noise, Inadequate quality and quantity of sleep and rest Hours worked, including travel and shiftwork including travel Hours worked, Repetitive physically demanding tasks Mental demands of work Production pressures Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

Fatigue and stress increase the likelihood of human error and Fatigue and stress increase the likelihood of human therefore the risk of serious injury or harm to health. • • • • Rating severity of the risk • Contributing risk factors • • Direct risk factors • • • • 13.2 13.1 working conditions encountered during The remote and isolated coupled with programs, Australian exploration drilling Western major health can result in work, extended hours and intensive These stress and anxiety. as fatigue, and safety issues such decision poor and judgement, include lapses in concentration reduced and behavioural issues such as risk taking, making, bullying and aggression. situational awareness, 13

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 28 Figure 13.2 our campisyourhomeawayfrom–thinkaboutitslocationandwhetheryoucanrelaxafterwork Figure 13.1

Y It isimportanttohaveacomfortablecampthatwelcoming–and good senseofhumour! 29 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Further information Risk controls

Disposable respirators should be replaced regularly to Disposable respirators should be replaced regularly prevent build-up of dust. Assess dust exposure and implement a dust management Assess dust exposure and a incorporate may be present, Where fibrous minerals plan. plan. fibrous minerals management assess the likelihood programs, When designing drilling or toxic metal-bearing radioactive of encountering fibrous, geological records). using historical minerals (e.g. (RC) Use diamond drilling rather than reverse circulation minerals. drilling in areas identified as high-risk for fibrous Use wet drilling methods. contained. Ensure dust produced by drilling is collected and practicable, Where dust collection and containment are not camp dust should be directed away from personnel and piped downwind). areas (e.g. fit tested and All staff required to wear respirators should be respirators air-purifying Powered trained in respirator use. are recommended for bearded people. During RC drilling of channel sediments, suspected blue During RC drilling of channel sediments, asbestos was intersected in the first 2 m but not noticed until almost a week later when field staff picked up the The asbestos management plan was initiated samples. of A review to deal with the immediate contamination. procedures was then conducted. Occurrence report – 2010 Fresh fibrous material (crocidolite) was intercepted while in the The geologist identified the asbestos wet RC drilling. Drilling was shut down and the comapny’s cyclone. rig’s fibrous minerals clean-up procedure activated. Occurrence report – 2011

• 14.4 Management 2010, AND PETROLEUM, OF MINES DEPARTMENT Australian mining operations – Western of fibrous minerals in Department of Mines and Petroleum, Resources Safety, guideline: 47 pp. Australia, Western Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the duration of relates to the volume of dust, The severity of the risk and fibres. and the composition of the particulates exposure, 14.3 • • • • • • • Dust Assessing the risks Hazards

Weather conditions, particularly wind velocity conditions, Weather Poorly fitting respiratory protection Stage of drilling (commencement of hole) Absence or inadequacy of dust suppression measures support Position of drill rig relative to other work areas, vehicles and camp Geology and hydrology Drilling method splitter cyclone (top vent) collar outlet for the outside return. scarring or irritation of the respiratory tract. or stuffing box T-piece lung disease (e.g. asbestos and other fibrous minerals, silica) asbestos and other fibrous minerals, lung disease (e.g. toxic metal- radioactive particles, systemic toxicity (e.g. bearing minerals) Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • Contributing risk factors • • • 14.2 Direct risk factors • • • • • • • • • • 14.1 substantial amounts of dust Drilling operations can generate can result more significantly, but, that not only reduce visibility from the inhalation of particles and in long-term health effects general dust has no specific toxic Although nuisance or fibres. it can overload lung clearance mechanisms. properties, types in dust can lead to: Exposure to some particle 14 In addition to the dusty environments commonly encountered In addition to the dusty environments commonly dust is generated during drilling, at mineral exploration sites, particularly at the:

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 30 Figure 14.2 Figure 14.1

Example ofadustextractionsystemonanRCdrillrig Example ofwater -injected RCdrillrig 31 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au Further information Control measures

National standard for occupational noise 1007(2000)] 2nd edition [NOHSC: Where the noise exposure standard can be exceeded, Where the noise exposure standard can be exceeded, provide hearing protection that enables effective communication. and Ensure plant and equipment are checked regularly maintained in good condition. hearing Attach prominent signage to delineate areas where protection is required. where appropriate, Attach noise labels to items of fixed plant, to provide a simple hazard warning. Ensure all employees Develop a hearing protection program. recognise when and where hearing protection is required, and that they comply with the program. Develop a fit-testing program for hearing protection. AS/NZS 1269 Set:2005 Occupational noise management an average noise level of more than 85 dB(A) for an eight- an average noise level of hour working day (LAeq,8h) of 140 dB(lin). peak noise levels in excess including procedures for noise Develop a noise control plan, dosimetry (personal noise exposure measurements surveys, and recording) and audiometry (hearing tests). plant and Set noise emission goals for the design of new of noise equipment to maintain the lowest possible level exposure. policy). Purchase quiet plant and equipment (“buy quiet” (e.g. Use noise suppression devices and techniques silencers). screens, enclosures,

• • • • • • • 15.4 AND EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION, OF CONSUMER DEPARTMENT Safety, Resources Noise control in mines – guideline. 2005, 47 pp. Australia, Western www.saiglobal.com Australian Standard, • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the dB(A) represent an unacceptable risk Exposure levels above 85 when people Control measures must be implemented to hearing. are exposed to: • • 15.3 • • • • Safe Work Australia, Australia, Safe Work These exposures are often exceeded during drilling operations. These exposures are often Noise Assessing the risks Hazards

Excessively noisy equipment Proximity to sources of noise Absence or inappropriate use of hearing protection Need to communicate while operating equipment Poorly fitting hearing protection Noise emissions the release of compressed air hammer). impact of use of tools (e.g. generators vehicles radios sirens warning signals. drilling engines air compressors Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • • 15.2 Direct risk factors • Contributing risk factors • • • • • • • • • 15.1 Prolonged exposure to high is noisy. The drilling environment in permanent and irreversible damage levels of noise can result for a person with severely impaired The quality of life to hearing. hearing is likely to be reduced. by drilling operations includes that The ambient noise generated from: 15 The highest (or peak) noise levels may represent an immediate The highest (or peak) noise levels may represent risk to hearing and can be generated by:

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 32 Figure 15.2 Figure 15.1

Example ofanenclosuretosuppressnoiseonadrillrig Example ofnoisesuppressionsystem onanaircompressor 33 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

Risk controls Further information

Radiation Workers’ Handbook – Radiation Control in the Workers’ Radiation Mining & Mineral Processing Industry (2009) Radiation Health Series No. 28 Code of Practice for the Safe Radiation Health Series No. Logging Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources in Borehole (1989) 2 Code of Practice for the Radiation Protection Series No. (2008) of Radioactive Material Transport Safe 2.1 Safety Guide for the Safe Radiation Protection Series No. of Radioactive Material (2008) Transport 9 Code of Practice and Radiation Protection Series No. Waste Safety Guide for Radiation Protection and Radioactive Management in Mining and Mineral Processing (2005) 15 Safety Guide for the Radiation Protection Series No. Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) (2008) Dose rates from NORM encountered during uranium or Dose rates from NORM generally low enough for simple thorium exploration are 15.3) to be sufficient to protect precautions (see Section against radiation exposure. can be significant health hazards if Borehole logging sources shielded or handled with appropriate they are not adequately care. or where sands exploration, thorium or mineral For uranium, implement a radiation a nuclear borehole logger is used, engineer management plan approved by the State mining and Radiological Council. ensure Implement a general dust management plan and workers are trained in its application.

• DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AND EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION OF CONSUMER DEPARTMENT WESTERN AND ENERGY THE CHAMBER OF MINERALS AND Managing naturally occurring radioactive 2010, AUSTRALIA, – guideline. material (NORM) in mining and mineral processing Chamber of Minerals and Energy, The Resources Safety and Australia. Western Agency, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety www.arpansa.gov.au • • • • • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the • • 16.3 • • 16.4 for www.radiologicalcouncil.wa.gov.au Radiological Council, information on safe practices in the use of radiation Australian Uranium Association, www.aua.org.au/Content/HandbooksandGuides.aspx Ionising Ionising Assessing the risks Hazards

Radioactive materials in core samples, drilling sludge, drill drilling sludge, Radioactive materials in core samples, cuttings and borehole logging equipment Radioactive dust particles in the air radon inversions trapping the radioactive gases Temperature and thoron Personal hygiene (radioactive dust on hands and clothing while eating or smoking) Inhalation of radioactive dust particles Inhalation of radon or thoron gas and decay products Ingestion of radionuclides Direct gamma irradiation from radioactive materials Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • • • • Contributing risk factors 16.2 Direct risk factors • Equipment are Nuclear borehole loggers and portable XRF analysers They emit sometimes used during exploration drilling programs. a significant ionising radiation of sufficient activity to constitute health hazard if not handled appropriately. Exposure to the ionising radiation emitted by analytical health hazard equipment presents a more immediate and severe than that posed by exposure to NORM. the use of artificial radioisotopes is strictly Australia, Western In Radiation Safety regulated by the Radiological Council under the Act 1975. 16.1 radioactive materials (NORM) Naturally occurring and thorium and their radioactive Low concentrations of uranium crust. throughout much of the earth’s decay products are present of these radionuclides can Higher than usual concentrations during drilling of uranium or thorium be brought to the surface if workers are and may present a radiation hazard mineralisation, exposed. source of potential exposure to Dust provides the greatest radioactive substances during drilling operations. 16 radiation

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 34 Figure 16.2 Figure 16.1 leaks. the radioactivesourceswereintactandtherehadbeenno site secureduntilaqualifiedtechniciancouldconfirmthat was notinjured. The vehiclehadtobeisolatedandthe He wastakentohospitalwhereitconfirmedthathe while travellingbetweenthedrillsiteandexplorationoffice. A downholegeophysicalloggingtechnicianrolledhisvehicle Occurrence report–2008

Example ofexclusionzoneunderradiationmanagementplan Example ofradiationmonitoringstation Figure 16.3

Example ofpersonalgeigercounter 35 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Risk controls Further information

Establish hot work procedures appropriate for the conditions Establish hot work procedures resources. and available emergency when total fire ban conditions Do not undertake hot work exist. bare designated areas (e.g. Restrict hot work to specially are within the line of sight of where practicable, ground) that, other crew members. fire hazards at the work appropriate steps to minimise Take materials. such as removing or shielding combustible area, of buckets extinguisher, Ensure fire-fighting resources (e.g. water) are readily accessible at the work area. fire bans and implications Total 90: Mines Safety Bulletin No. for mining operations Occurrence report – 2010 While clearing an exploration drill pad in a rocky area, nearby spinifex was set alight by a spark from the The dozer operator quickly extinguished blade. bulldozer’s which resulted in a small burn area of about 2 m. the fire,

17.3 • • • • • 17.4 www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Resources Safety, • Hot Assessing the risks Hazards

Proximity of personnel particularly wind velocity and conditions, Weather temperature Poor work practices Absence or inadequacy of fire-fighting resources Production of heat and sparks Proximity of combustible material repairs or maintenance using gas or electrical welding repairs or maintenance using gas or electrical equipment repairs using cutting equipment grinders. bit sharpening using air-powered Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

Rating severity of the risk The risk of a bushfire resulting from hot work increases with hot, windy conditions and the presence of dry vegetation. • • • • Direct risk factors Direct risk factors • Contributing risk factors • 17.2 • • • 17.1 cutting with hot work such as welding, The hazards associated sparks. radiant heat and metal, and grinding include hot within these may be well controlled Under normal conditions, The lack of specialised as workshops. dedicated work areas such work areas in remote regions can equipment and dedicated with hot work difficult to control. make the hazards associated engrossed in the person undertaking the hot work may be Also, These can quickly spot fires that start. the task and not notice which may have serious consequences escalate to bushfires, loss. including injuries and property Exploration activities that involve hot work include: 17 work Bulldozer or excavator blades that strike rock, such as during Bulldozer or excavator blades that strike rock, with can also produce sparks, clearing or rehabilitation activities, similar consequences.

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 36 Figure 17.1

ensure youhaveadequatefire-fightingresourcesforemergencyuse minimises theriskoffireandcanbeseenbyothercrewmembers. When settingupanareaforhotwork, considerwheresparksmightbecarriedbythewind. Choosealocationthat Beforestartinganyworkthatmaygeneratesparks,

37 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Further information Risk controls

Mines Safety Bulletin No. 46: Lightning – hazards and 46: Mines Safety Bulletin No. safeguards Lightning strikes – managing 60: Mines Safety Bulletin No. the risks Cyclone – emergency 79: Mines Safety Bulletin No. preparedness planning and preparation, Implement incident management and emergency response Implement incident management weather events and bushfires. plans to deal with severe monitoring protocols for severe Implement tracking and weather events and bushfires. to identify areas Use geomorphological information or flash flooding. susceptible to flooding policy and ensure all Develop a lightning protection “If you hear its application (e.g. personnel on site understand flee it.”). If you see it, fear it. it, likely impact Use a portable lightning detector to assess the of distant storm activity. check plant If there are signs of suspected lightning strikes, and equipment before use. Implement procedures for crossing watercourses. the potential for objects becoming projectiles minimise To or secure loose objects that anchor during high winds, cannot be stored in designated storage areas. Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. 148 Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. TROPICAL CYCLONE GEORGE Western crossed the Cyclone George Tropical Severe causing Australian coast near Port Hedland in March 2007, The eye extensive damage to areas in the north of the State. about passed over a rail construction accommodation camp, while the cyclone was at Category 3 intensity. 90 km inland, The winds associated with the cyclone displaced some which separated from their tie-downs accommodation units, Some units broke up and the pieces and hit adjacent units. at There were about 230 workers caused further damage. people were killed and 22 injured. Two the camp.

18.4 www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Resources Safety, • • • 18.3 • • • • • • • • Bureau of Meteorology, www.bom.gov.au Bureau of Meteorology, Australia Western Authority of Fire and Emergency Services www.fesa.wa.gov.au (FESA), www.firenorth.org.au Australian Fire Information, North Extreme weather and bushfires and weather Extreme Assessing the risks Hazards

Flash floods often occur when a thunderstorm moves slowly Local drainage so that a small area receives a lot of rain. and run-off characteristics also control the area of greatest impact. Climate and season are factors to consider when Climate and season are factors to consider when determining the likelihood of severe weather events for a particular location. usually affecting Severe thunderstorms are localised events, so their smaller areas than tropical cyclones and floods, any They can occur at impacts are often underestimated. time of the year. Failure to recognise potential for lightning strikes and Failure to recognise potential for lightning strikes associated bushfires high winds Failure to secure loose objects in anticipation of Drill rig and associated plant, vehicles and infrastructure (e.g. vehicles and infrastructure (e.g. Drill rig and associated plant, caravans) not designed for cyclonic conditions perceived low-threat bushfires Failure to monitor existing, of Failure to recognise drainage and run-off characteristics surrounding terrain High winds Flooding Lightning Fire Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • • Rating severity of the risk Contributing risk factors • • • Direct risk factors Direct risk factors • • • • 18.2 18.1 weather events such as Australia is subject to severe Western areas, In remote thunderstorms. tropical cyclones and severe camp or other ignition sources (e.g. bushfires started by lightning particularly during burn-offs) can burn for weeks or months, fires, resulted from Serious and fatal injuries have periods of drought. for these planning and preparation inadequate identification, hazards. 18

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 38 Figure 18.2 Figure 18.3 boxes andtyres. items, andasupplytentcontainingsamplebags, chiptray accommodation containingcampbeds, swagsandpersonal A grassfireburntthefieldcamp, destroyingtent Occurrence report–2011

Cyclone alertratingusedin Fire dangerrating usedin Western Australia (www.fesa.wa.gov.au) Western Australia (www.fesa.wa.gov.au) Figure 18.1

Example ofahand-heldlightningdetector 39 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Risk controls Further information

Follow the recommendations of the original equipment Follow the recommendations vehicle inspection and maintenance. manufacturer (OEM) for and load configuration to Assess vehicle modifications and profile, determine the likely effect on vehicle stability and address as necessary. likely to Establish procedures for the terrain and conditions be encountered during travel. weather conditions. road and Monitor ground, around work Implement procedures for traffic management park-up areas. including areas and camp sites,

for information www.rac.com.au Automobile Club (RAC), Royal about country driving (in safe drivers section) Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the associated with the use of light vehicles Exposure to the hazards and rollovers, including crashes can have serious consequences, rolling into exploration camps. and unattended vehicles 19.3 • • • • • 19.4

Light vehicle movement vehicle Light Assessing the risks Hazards

Inadequate site traffic management, including parking Inadequate site traffic management, practices conditions Weather Other road users Travel distance, duration and time (e.g. sunrise, sunset) sunrise, duration and time (e.g. distance, Travel Failure to recognise changing conditions Driver competence and experience Stability and configuration of light vehicle when modified, loaded or towing Inadequate maintenance practices Driving style Road and ground conditions Terrain Visibility Fatigue and mental wellbeing (see Chapter 12) loss of control trees) native fauna, livestock, contact with obstacles (e.g. runaway vehicles poor visibility and collision with oncoming traffic. Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • • • • • • • • • Contributing risk factors 19.2 Direct risk factors • Hazards to be aware when using light vehicles include: Hazards to be aware when using light vehicles • • • • 19.1 associated with driving in remote In addition to the risks usually operations the way that light vehicles are used for drilling areas, Light risks that may not be obvious. can introduce additional modified to facilitate exploration work vehicles are commonly to are used air compressors), addition of water tanks, (e.g. These and tow caravans or trailers. carry heavy or bulky loads, and configuration. stability vehicle’s activities can change the or parking on slopes above camps, The issues associated with process. may also be overlooked in the planning work areas, 19

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 40 Figure 19.1 no-one wasinjured. tent. There werepeoplearoundatthetime, butfortunately truck rolledoveracoupleoftents, includingtherecreation up theslopefromitsparkingspotnearcontainer. The camp whensomeoneattemptedtomovethetruckfurther A drillsupporttruckrolledbackwardsdownaslopeintothe Occurrence report–2011

Ensure vehicle-trailerandloadconfigurationsareappropriatefortheanticipatedconditions rolled thevehicle. (a gravelroad)atabout10.30pmwhenhelostcontroland A drillerwasdrivingbacktocampalongthemainaccess Occurrence report–2011 41 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Further information Risk controls

Implement preventative maintenance programs to avoid Implement preventative maintenance programs in-transit damage. person should do a pre- a competent After rig movements, operational check of the rig and its components. Mobile equipment contact with 85: Mines Safety Bulletin No. high-voltage overhead powerlines Follow the recommendations of the original equipment Follow the recommendations rig movement. manufacturer (OEM) for design to determine Assess modifications to the OEM’s design specifications and rig or the likely effect on stability, as necessary. and address vehicle profile, likely to Establish procedures for the terrain and conditions including identifying the locations be encountered in transit, of powerlines. weather conditions. road and Monitor ground, drill rigs and Implement procedures for the manoeuvring of the roles and responsibilities including identifying equipment, of designated spotters.

• • 20.4 www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Resources Safety, • Rating severity of the risk Rating severity of the can have serious consequences, Exposure to these hazards powerlines) electrocution due to contact with either directly (e.g. fail due to damage sustained during if components or indirectly, movement. 20.3 • • • • •

Heavy vehicle movement vehicle Heavy Assessing the risks Hazards

Overhead objects conditions Weather Absence or inadequacy of spotters or guides Failure to follow manufacturer’s recommendations for rig Failure to follow manufacturer’s movement Site accessibility Rig modifications Integrity of drill rig and components Stability of vehicle Road and ground conditions Terrain Distance to be travelled Type, size and configuration of vehicle Type, movement over rough or uneven surfaces movement over sloping or boggy ground contact with powerlines contact with overhanging objects such as trees stress on movement with the mast raised can place undue components and affect rig stability. Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • • • • • • • • Contributing risk factors 20.2 Direct risk factors • • • • • • Hazards to be aware of when moving heavy vehicles include: Hazards to be aware of 20.1 hazards that may lead to serious Rig movements can generate with Contact damage to a drill rig. or fatal injuries or serious result in electrocution or destruction of overhead powerlines can can introduce Contact with trees and vegetation the rig by fire. ignite under which may the system, combustible material into transit may not Rig components damaged in suitable conditions. their failure when the rig is operational, be obvious or visible until can affect safe operation. 20

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 42 ligaments inoneshoulder. driver hithisheadonthewindscreenanddamaged holding thedrillrigbrokeandittoppledontoitsside. The left-hand sideoftheloadersunkintomud. The chains a puddle. The edgewassoftduetorecentrainandthe diamond drillrigdroveontotheroadshouldertoavoid arodtruckand truck-mounted A lowloadercarrying Occurrence report–2011 fatal injuries. failures ofthistypehaveahighpotentialtocauseseriousor Although no-onewasinjuredineitheroftheseincidents, ground. the mainframeofadrillrigfailedandmastfellto In asimilarincident, thebracketconnectingboomto shell andbrokeacabinwindow. the mastfromcompletelycollapsing, butithitthecabin connection tothemainframe. The hydraulicramsprevented A strutsupportingthemastofadrillrigfailedat FAILURE OFMASTSUPPORTS ONDRILLRIGS Mines SafetySignificantIncidentReportNo. 51 Figure 20.1

recommendations regardingrigmovement Consult theOEM’ s manualforinstructionsand

43 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE for www.casa.gov.au Risk controls Further information

Establish procedures to plan and monitor safe travel to and Establish procedures to from work in remote locations. and emergency response Implement communication, that reflect the remote incident management plans and ensure operational needs, conditions and address their application and how to use the personnel are trained in equipment. modes of fit-for-purpose Establish protocols for selecting transport. Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. 163 No. Mines Safety Significant Incident Report EMPLOYEE LOST IN REMOTE BUSH EXPLORATION During demobilisation of an exploration tenement site in the a contract driller went missing for about 30 hours. Pilbara, He had walked through scrub to retrieve a support vehicle about 6 km from the campsite but became lost when he failed to first find the vehicle and then access tracks His colleagues raised the alarm and gridlines in the area. The driller became some six hours after he was last seen. and spent the night in the dehydrated and disorientated, He was found about 10 km from the campsite and bush. treated for dehydration at the local regional hospital. Occurrence report – 2007 offsider travelling with supplies from town was A driller’s The driller travelled the route searching reported overdue. for him and found the supply truck crashed on the side of The The offsider was unconscious on the ground. the road. emergency response team from a nearby mine responded a serious head injuries, who had to assist the offsider, The injured fractured leg and suspected internal injuries. man was flown to Perth for medical treatment.

information about aviation requirements in remote areas information about aviation requirements in remote 21.3 • • • 21.4 Mine safety 2011, AND PETROLEUM, OF MINES DEPARTMENT Western Resources Safety, matters – travelling in remote areas. Australia. Minerals exploration 2004, GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND, of Natural Resources and Department safety guidance note, 70 pp. Queensland, Mines, Australia, Royal Flying Doctor Service of for information about safe outback www.flyingdoctor.org.au travel Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA), Remoteness of exploration Remoteness Assessing the risks Hazards

Fitness for work Absence or inadequacy of communications expertise Absence or inadequacy of medical facilities and modes of transport Available Roadworthiness of vehicles Airworthiness of aircraft Absence or inadequacy of trip planning, particularly for rarely Absence or inadequacy of trip planning, travelled routes and incident Absence or inadequacy of emergency response management plans Distance from medical and emergency services lack and condition of roads) Accessibility of workplace (e.g. vehicle or aircraft crashes urgent medical diagnosis and limited capacity to provide treatment personnel getting lost. Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• Rating severity of the risk Distance to and accessibility of the workplace are the major contributors to the severity of the risk when working remotely. and other factors also the interactions of these However, influence the severity of the risk. • • • • • Contributing risk factors • • 21.2 Direct risk factors • • • • • 21.1 working in remote locations can Lack of preparation for of dangerous incidents. exacerbate the consequences with drilling in remote locations Some of the hazards associated are: 21

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 44 Figure 21.2 Figure 21.1

Example ofremoteareatraumakit Example ofpersonallocationbeacon 45 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Risk controls Further information

When designing a drilling program, assess the likelihood assess the likelihood program, When designing a drilling using geological or hydrological data) of intersecting (e.g. gas-bearing strata. for monitoring and managing Implement procedures and ensure during drilling, hazardous gases released application. workers are trained in their Explosive gases associated 74: Mines Safety Bulletin No. with mining

22.3 • • 22.4 www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety Resources Safety, • , 2004, Minerals exploration 2004, GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND, of Natural Resources and Department safety guidance note, 70 pp. Queensland, Mines, Natural Natural Assessing the risks Hazards

volume of the gas pocket composition of the gas duration of gas release. Weather conditions, particularly wind velocity conditions, Weather Drilling method Stage of drilling (depth of hole) Absence or inadequacy of gas monitoring systems other work Site dynamics (positioning of drill rig relative to camp) support vehicles and areas, Geology and hydrology Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • • • Rating severity of the risk The severity of the risk is related to: Contributing risk factors • • • • 22.2 Direct risk factors • 22.1 other hazardous gases can be Pockets of methane and presence of combustible gases The intersected during drilling. also be exposed Personnel can and fires. can result in explosions gases. to asphyxiant and toxic 22 gases Methane is the most common combustible (explosive) gas Methane is the most common combustible (explosive) encountered during drilling.

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 46 were thenperiodicallysurveyed. geologistadvised.supervising The gaslevelsatthedrill site the company’s proceduressothesitewas vacatedandthe drill collar. The testresultswereabovethesafelimitssetby equipment deployedtotestfordangerousgasesaroundthe offsider. The rigmotorwasshutdownandgasdetecting bubbled upthedrillstringandsplashedmudonto head fromthedrillstringtoinsertanewrod. Gasthen smell ofhydrogensulphidegaswhenremovingthedrill mineralisation, thedrillerandoffsiderdetectedastrong During diamondcoredrillingtotestfornickelsulphide Occurrence report–2007 direct itawayfromtherig. dissipate anygasemergingfromthedrillholecollarand equipment isnowkeptonsiteandalargefanoperatesto hole assoonthetargethorizonwasdrilled. Monitoring of gasweredetectedbutthedrillrigwaspulledoff had tobecementedandthendrilledout. Onlyfainttraces order toproceedsafely, thegas-emittingpartofhole earlier inthedrillingbuthadbeenconsiderednormal. In restricted emissions. Faintgassmellshadbeendetected encountered higherintheholebutwatercolumnhad water return. An investigationsuggestedthatthegaswas An attempttoflushtheholewasunsuccessful, withno of methane, carbonmonoxideandhydrogensulphide. detector borrowedfromaminesiteconfirmedthepresence the tube. However, thegasemission continued. A gas He waitedforthegastoabatebeforeattemptinglower the rigandinformedcamppersonnelmanagement. while pullingthecoretube. Heimmediatelyshutdown A drillernoticedtheairwasshimmeringaboveadrillhole Occurrence report–2007 Figure 22.1

Example ofhand-heldgasmonitoringequipment 47 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE Risk controls Further information

When designing a drilling program, assess the likelihood assess the likelihood program, When designing a drilling geological maps and aerial using historical records, (e.g. historical workings and photographs) of encountering and make Record this information on a plan previous drilling. staff and drilling personnel. it available to geological survey the drill site and Before commencing drilling, forbid Barricade high-risk areas, delineate hazardous areas. rehabilitate existing if necessary, entry into old workings and, drillholes. plug and rehabilitate all At the completion of drilling, drillholes. Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. 79 Mines Safety Significant Incident Report No. DRILL HOLE INTERSECTIONS EXPLORATION A reverse circulation (RC) drill rig carrying out surface exploration drilling intersected an old drill hole that had been plugged and was no longer visible from the surface. An increase in air pressure in the old hole resulted in the cement plug being blown out of the hole — narrowly offsider. missing the driller’s

23.3 • • • 23.4 Mineral 2007, AND PETROLEUM, OF MINES DEPARTMENT Environment exploration/rehabilitation activities guidelines, Australia, 13 Western pp. Division, Old mine 2005, AND RESOURCES, OF INDUSTRY DEPARTMENT Health Division, workings – stay out and stay alive! Safety and Australia. Western Mine safety 2011, AND PETROLEUM, OF MINES DEPARTMENT Resources Safety, matters – openpit mining over old workings. Australia. Western Minerals exploration 2004, GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND, of Natural Resources and Department safety guidance note, 70 pp. Queensland, Mines, Existing Existing Assessing the risks Hazards

Past poor abandonment practices Absence or inadequacy of drillhole rehabilitation Proximity to previous drill sites during infill drilling Working or travelling in areas containing existing workings or travelling in areas containing Working Unidentified or obscured existing workings ground subsidence eroded or open drillholes plugs and debris ejected from adjacent drillholes. unprotected mine openings Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

The more historical mining and previous drilling that has The more historical mining and previous drilling the exposure to the hazards the greater occurred in an area, associated with existing workings. • • • Rating severity of the risk Direct risk factors • Contributing risk factors • • • • 23.2 • 23.1 are costeans and drillholes Abandoned mine workings, Deterioration over Australia. Western commonplace in regional barriers to access can make them time of old fences or other result from Potentially serious injuries or death can ineffective. asphyxiation or personnel engulfment, ground collapse, falls, ejected from old drillholes penetrated being struck by projectiles during drilling. The hazards include: 23 workings

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 48 Figure 23.1

Contact Resources Safetyisthecustodianof

[email protected] forinformationaboutaccessingthemineplancollection Western Australian mineplansdatingback tothelate1880s.

49 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

Example of well laid-out diamond core drill site showing designated storage area and use of conditions crushed rock to minimise dust and improve underfoot

Further information

Establish designated storage and rubbish disposal areas. Establish designated storage and ablution facilities with suitable Provide designated eating waste disposal. Occurrence report – 2011 was walking around an RC drill rig when offsider A driller’s outside he was struck in the back of the leg by the RC return pipe when it rotated. Occurrence report – 2007 collaring A drill crew setting up a drill rig was about to start The the hole when the driller smelt something burning. to the rig’s wiring loom from the starter motor and generator was on control panel had been run under the engine and The driller put out the fire using a fire extinguisher. fire. Occurrence report – 2011 from its A drill support truck rolled backwards down a slope It rolled parking spot and into the camp when being moved. at the over several tents but there were few people around time and no-one was injured.

Figure 24.1 • • 24.4 Minerals exploration 2004, , GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND and Department of Natural Resources safety guidance note, 70 pp. Queensland, Mines, Housekeeping Risk controls Assessing the risks Hazards

Manage the handling and storage of hazardous substances and fuels. Undertake daily inspections and clean-ups. Plan the site to allow for orderly movement of personnel, Plan the site to allow for orderly movement of personnel, equipment and materials. Ensure tools and equipment are properly stored after use. Ensure plant and equipment are checked regularly and maintained in good condition. Inadequate maintenance practices materials Improper storage and handling of equipment and Non-adherence to site clean-up schedule Poor hygiene practices Site layout Management of hazardous substances Management of fuel and ignition sources Inappropriate work practices Risk controls Ensure all personnel who may be exposed to these hazards instruction and training to receive adequate information, reduce the risk of injury. Senior drillers and supervisors must ensure that personnel understand the are competent for the assigned job, and follow the established hazards and job requirements, procedures.

• • 24.3 • • • Poor housekeeping can increase the risk of injuries from slips, from slips, Poor housekeeping can increase the risk of injuries It can exacerbate by falling objects. falls and being struck trips, contribute to electrical injuries from hazardous manual tasks, and lead to spills and exposure to chemicals, fires, incidents, disease following exposure to unhygienic conditions. • • • • Rating severity of the risk • • • Contributing risk factors • 24.2 Direct risk factors 24.1 tidy site with well organised Maintaining a clean and part of a equipment and stores is an important operations, at a drilling Poor housekeeping good housekeeping program. and fires can lead to injuries, including the camp, operation, damage to health. 24

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 50 Figure 24.3 Figure 24.2

Example ofwelllaid-outdrillsiteshowingtoolracksandequipmentstorage work Example ofawell laid-outdrillsitewithclearpathways, area shelterprovided by caravanawning, andtoiletlocatedaway from

51 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 52 3

PART 3 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE

53 major trauma (e.g. fractures, severed limbs) fractures, major trauma (e.g. hyperthermia or hypothermia electrocution or electrical burns chemical burns or poisoning illness or aggravation of existing medical condition viral or bacterial infection bites or stings radiological exposure or contamination. – – – – – – – – engagement and commitment to managing risk of risk- allocation of appropriate resources and promotion reduction activities with drilling increased understanding of the risks associated operations improved decision-making about risks and informed emergency response planning improved safety performance with a focus on prevention rather than response. rollover or collision of vehicle or machineryrollover or collision of vehicle vehicles or infrastructure fire on drill rig, rig or equipment collapse or failure of a drill missing person plane or helicopter crash treatment for remote diagnosis and medical – – – – – – – – physical or sexual assault including violence or aggression, lightning strike or other natural cyclone, flood, bushfire, event.

Emergency management and response planning should focus on Emergency management include: Emergencies at drilling operations worst-case scenarios. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Useful information based on real-life emergencies may also be obtained from industry safety alerts. To assist in the development of emergency response plans, in the development of emergency response plans, assist To and analysis of workers should be involved in the identification worst-case scenarios to ensure: management Emergency Emergency Introduction

response – implement the appropriate emergency response plan recovery a post-emergency review of the – conduct effectiveness of the emergency response plan and revise it as necessary. risk assessment – identify and analyse the hazards risk assessment – identify and analyse the hazards associated with potential emergency scenarios prevention – determine appropriate control measures to eliminate or reduce the impact of hazards preparedness – implement control measures to minimise the including emergency response likelihood of emergencies, plans

• • • • • 25.2 Risk management approach Emergency management involves: 25.1 that endangers or actual or imminent, An emergency is an event, response and requires a coordinated threatens to endanger life, to ensure preservation of injury of life and prevention and illness. described as incidents or accidents, Emergencies are sometimes disasters. and can include natural nature of mineral exploration drilling The potentially hazardous they are and the often remote locations where operations, emergency mean that emergency management and carried out, to the health and safety of response planning are critical effective communication and appropriate In particular, personnel. to establish medical care during an emergency can be difficult and sustain in remote areas. the likelihood Emergency management involves understanding of an emergency occurring and its potential consequence, mitigate its should the emergency occur being prepared to Effective and recovering afterwards. respond effectively, effects, plans in place emergency management means that there are is for all identified emergency scenarios so the response comprehensive and coordinated. of The critical element of preparedness is the development scenarios. emergency response plans for identified emergency response All personnel should be familiar with the emergency to ensure they understand their strategy before entering the site, responsibilities and what to do in an emergency. 25

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 54 ensure emergencyresponseplansaremaintained. There shouldbedocumentreviewandcontrolproceduresthat communications equipment. should beprominentlydisplayedintheworkplaceandkeptwith A stand-alonepageorpages, withtheaboveinformation • • • • • • • • emergency responseplans: The followingbasicinformationshouldbeincludedinall 26.2 • • • • and proceduresintheeventofanemergency. They should: Emergency responseplansassignanddocumentresponsibilities 26.1 26

be availabletoallpersonnelonsite. include appropriateuseofillustrationssuchasmaps important information be compiledandlaidouttofacilitatequickaccess be writteninplainEnglish number ofpersonnelonsite. specialist fields(e.g. firefighting) trained infirstaid, communicationssystemsandother contact detailsandspecificcompetenciesforpersonnel assignment ofemergencyresponseduties be contactedduringanemergency contact informationforpersonsoragenciesthatmayneedto contact detailsfortheoperatingcompanyandcontractors location inrelationtonearesttown longitude) GPS coordinatesandgeographicallocation(i.e. latitudeand name oftheproject, tenement, landtitleorlease

Content commontoallplans Emergenc Emergency responseplanning y responseplans improve theemergencyresponseplan. emergency ordrillwillhelpidentify modificationsneededto Debriefings conductedassoonpracticableafteran respond. out. Evacuation drillscanbeusedtoevaluatehowpeople response drillsinvolvingallonsitepersonnelshouldbecarried their effectiveness. Both “desk-top” testsandemergency Emergency responseplansshouldberegularlytestedtoensure Consultation maybeappropriatewith: • • • • • • • • plans fordrillingoperationsinclude: Other matterstoconsiderwhendevelopingemergencyresponse 26.3 • • • • • • • • • • •

emergency services (e.g.emergency services RoyalFlyingDoctorService) maps, aerialphotographs, andGPSlocationsforuseby developing clearwrittendirectionstothesite, including provision forsiteevacuation provision forevacuationofinjuredpersonnel identification ofmusterpoints indicating radiobeaconorEPIRB) (e.g. two-wayradio, satellitephone, emergency-position communication equipmenttobeusedduringanemergency emergency responseunfolds external agenciesarepromptlyinformedandupdatedasthe are keptinformedduringanemergency, andtherelevant communication systemsthatwillensureallpersonnel duties ofsitepersonnelduringanemergency emergency responseplan duties ofthepersonresponsibleforimplementing occupants ofadjacentland. local shires safetyregulators industry first aidandhealthcareproviders police, fireandemergencyservices local andmajorregionalhospitals Royal FlyingDoctorService fighting). training asappropriate(e.g. communicationsequipment, fire remote areafirstaidtrainingforallworkersandother fromexternalsources services fighting andrescueequipment), includingequipmentand todealwithanemergency(e.g.necessary firstaid, fire equipment andfacilitiesidentifiedintheriskassessment location ofpotentialhelicopterorlightaircraftlandingareas vehicles location ofpotentialtransfersitesforemergencytransport

Other considerations 55 Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE www.police.wa.gov.au www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au Useful Useful

State Emergency Services, www.ses-wa.asn.au State Emergency Services, Australia Western Police, Australian Emergency Management, www.em.gov.au Australian Emergency Management, www.bom.gov.au Bureau of Meteorology, www.health.wa.gov.au/services Department of Health, Australia Western Authority of Fire and Emergency Services www.fesa.wa.gov.au (FESA), www.flyingdoctor.org.au Royal Flying Doctor Service, Australia, Safe Work 27 links

Mineral exploration drilling – CODE OF PRACTICE 56

Resources Safety Department of Mines and Petroleum 100 Plain Street EAST PERTH WA 6004

Telephone: + 61 8 9358 8002 NRS: 13 36 77 Facsimile: + 61 8 9358 8000 Email: [email protected] Website: www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety RSDDec12_785