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Reversing Malware [Based on Material from the Textbook]
SoftWindows 11/23/05 Reversing Malware [based on material from the textbook] Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG What is Malware? • Malware (malicious software) is any program that works against the interest of the system’s user or owner. • Question: Is a program that spies on the web browsing habits of the employees of a company considered malware? • What if the CEO authorized the installation of the spying program? Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Reversing Malware • Revering is the strongest weapon we have against the creators of malware. • Antivirus researchers engage in reversing in order to: – analyze the latest malware, – determine how dangerous the malware is, – learn the weaknesses of malware so that effective antivirus programs can be developed. Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Distributed Objects 1 SoftWindows 11/23/05 Uses of Malware • Why do people develop and deploy malware? – Financial gain – Psychological urges and childish desires to “beat the system”. – Access private data – … Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Typical Purposes of Malware • Backdoor access: – Attacker gains unlimited access to the machine. • Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks: – Infect a huge number of machines to try simultaneously to connect to a target server in hope of overwhelming it and making it crash. • Vandalism: – E.g., defacing a web site. • Resource Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s computing and network resources, such as using your neighbors’ Wireless Network. • Information Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s credit card numbers. Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Types of Malware • Viruses • Worms • Trojan Horses • Backdoors • Mobile code • Adware • Sticky software Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Distributed Objects 2 SoftWindows 11/23/05 Viruses • Viruses are self-replicating programs that usually have a malicious intent. -
Topics in Malware What Is Malware?
Topics in Malware What is Malware? • Malware (malicious software) is any program that works against the interest of the system’s user or owner. • Question: Is a program that spies on the web browsing habits of the employees of a company considered malware? • What if the CEO authorized the installation of the spying program? Uses of Malware • Why do people develop and deploy malware? – Financial gain – Psychological urges and childish desires to “beat the system”. – Access private data – … Typical purposes of Malware • Backdoor access: – Attacker gains unlimited access to the machine. • Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks: – Infect a huge number of machines to try simultaneously to connect to a target server in hope of overwhelming it and making it crash. • Vandalism: – E.g., defacing a web site. • Resource Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s computing and network resources, such as using your neighbors’ Wireless Network. • Information Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s credit card numbers. Types of Malware • Viruses • Worms • Trojan Horses • Backdoors • Mobile code • Adware • Sticky software Metamorphic viruses • Instead of encrypting the program’s body and making slight alterations in the decryption engine, alter the entire program each time it is replicated. • This makes it extremely difficult for antivirus writers to use signature-matching techniques to identify malware. • Metamorphism requires a powerful code analysis engine that needs to be embedded into the malware. Metamorphic viruses: Operation • Metamorphic engine scans the code and generates a different version of it every time the program is duplicated. • The metamorphic engine performs a wide variety of transformations on the malware and on the engine itself. -
TCP SYN-ACK) to Spoofed IP Addresses
Joint Japan-India Workshop on Cyber Security and Services/Applications for M2M and Fourteenth GISFI Standardization Series Meeting How to secure the network - Darknet based cyber-security technologies for global monitoring and analysis Koji NAKAO Research Executive Director, Distinguished Researcher, NICT Information Security Fellow, KDDI Outline of NICT Mission As the sole national research institute in the information and communications field, we as NICT will strive to advance national technologies and contribute to national policies in the field, by promoting our own research and development and by cooperating with and supporting outside parties. Collaboration between Industry, Academic Institutions and Government R&D carried out by NICT’s researchers Budget (FY 2012): approx. 31.45 Billion Yen (420 Million US$) Personnel: 849 Researchers: 517 PhDs: 410 R&D assistance (as of April 2012) to industry and life convenient Japan Standard Time and academia Space Weather Forecast services Forecast Weather Space of the global community community global the of Growth of Economy of Japanese Growth Promotion of ICT a more for Security and Safety businesses Interaction with National ICT Policy problems major solve to Contribution 2 Internet Security Days 2012 Network Security Research Institute Collabor • Cyber attack monitoring, tracking, • Dynamic and optimal deployment of ation security functions analysis, response and prevention New GenerationNetwork Security • Prompt promotion of outcomes • Secure new generation network design Security Cybersecurity Architecture Laboratory Security Organizations Laboratory Daisuke Inoue Shin’ichiro Matsuo Kazumasa Taira Koji Nakao (Director General) (Distinguished Researcher) Security • Security evaluation of cryptography Fundamentals • Practical security • Post quantum cryptography Laboratory • Quantum security Shiho Moriai Recommendations for Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Lengths to Japan e-Government and SDOs 3 Internet Security Days 2012 Content for Today • Current Security Threats (e.g. -
Malware Slides
Topics in Malware What is Malware? • Malware (malicious software) is any program that works against the interest of the system’s user or owner. • Question: Is a program that spies on the web browsing habits of the employees of a company considered malware? • What if the CEO authorized the installation of the spying program? Uses of Malware • Why do people develop and deploy malware? – Financial gain – Psychological urges and childish desires to “beat the system”. – Access private data – … Typical purposes of Malware • Backdoor access: – Attacker gains unlimited access to the machine. • Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks: – Infect a huge number of machines to try simultaneously to connect to a target server in hope of overwhelming it and making it crash. • Vandalism: – E.g., defacing a web site. • Resource Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s computing and network resources, such as using your neighbors’ Wireless Network. • Information Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s credit card numbers. Types of Malware • Viruses • Worms • Trojan Horses • Backdoors • Mobile code • Adware • Sticky software Viruses • Viruses are self-replicating programs that usually have a malicious intent. • Old fashioned type of malware that has become less popular since the widespread use of the Internet. • The unique aspect of computer viruses is their ability to self-replicate. • However, someone (e.g., user) must execute them in order for them to propagate. Viruses (Cont’d) • Some viruses are harmful (e.g.,): – delete valuable information from a computer’s disk, – freeze the computer. • Other viruses are harmless (e.g.,): – display annoying messages to attract user attention, – just replicate themselves. -
Limiting Vulnerability Exposure Through Effective Patch Management: Threat Mitigation Through Vulnerability Remediation
Limiting Vulnerability Exposure through effective Patch Management: threat mitigation through vulnerability remediation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Computer Science of Rhodes University Dominic Stjohn Dolin White <[email protected]> January 2006 Abstract This document aims to provide a complete discussion on vulnerability and patch management.It looks first at the trends relating to vulnerabilities, exploits, attacks and patches. These trends provide the drivers of patch and vulnerability management. Understanding these allows the fol- lowing chapters to present both policy and technical solutions to the problem. The policy lays out a comprehensive set of steps that can be followed by any organisation to implement their own patch management policy, including practical advice on integration with other policies, manag- ing risk, strategies for reducing downtime and vulnerability and generating patch metrics. It then discusses how best a vendors should implement a related patch release policy that will allow end-users to most effectively and timeously mitigate vulnerabilities. The next chapter discussed the technical aspect of automating parts of such a policy and how defence in depth can be ap- plied to the field of patch management. The document then concludes that patch management is becoming more difficult and the guidelines described will go a long way into creating a workable and effective means for mitigating exposure to vulnerabilities. However, more research is needed into vulnerabilities, exploits and particularly into threats. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Backgrounds .................................... 1 1.2 PatchManagement ................................. 3 1.2.1 Definitions ................................. 4 1.3 TheNeedforPatchManagement. -
Security Testing
Dependable Software Systems Security Testing © SERG Computer Security • The goal of computer security is to protect computer assets (e.g., servers, applications, web pages, data) from: – corruption – unauthorized access – denial of authorized access – malicious software • Security is strengthened by: – physically limiting the access of computers to trusted users – hardware mechanisms (e.g., biometrics) – operating system mechanisms that impose rules on untrusted programs (e.g., role-based access control) – anti-virus software to detect malware – secure coding techniques (e.g., array bounds checking) to make code less vulnerable to security attacks. © SERG Approach to Software Security • Verify that security mechanisms are trustworthy • Verify that security architecture adheres to the security policy • Verify that the applications that constitute the system are trustworthy – i.e., they have been developed using secure coding practices, or they are not malware. © SERG Security Architecture • A security architecture is a specification that is used as a guide to enforce security constraints • It specifies where security mechanisms (e.g., encryption, firewalls) need to be positioned in the software architecture • The quality of a security architecture also depends on the security of the applications that constitute the system © SERG Security Architecture • Security architecture describes the position of security mechanisms in the software architecture and comprises: – subsystems • e.g., web servers, application servers, DBMS, directories, web -
Virus V Kontextu Nových Médií
Historie počítačového viru Náhoda, šum a parazit v technologických sítích • rušení signálu v telegrafických sítích • Parazit v technologických sítích v 19.st. - člověk 1912 – Anarchie vln Radioamatéři jako předchůdci hackerů Předpoklady pro vznik počítačového viru (40. – 50. Léta) • John von Neumann - Idea replikace – 40.léta • myšlenka celulárního automatu, který reprodukuje sám sebe – kniha - Theory of Self- Reproducing Automata (1966) • V 70. letech John Horton Conway zjednodušuje Neumannovy myšlenky a navrhuje systém s velmi jednoduchými pravidly vývoje 1. Živá buňka s méně než dvěma živými sousedy umírá (Příliš malá hustota populace) 2. Živá buňka s 2-3 živými sousedy přežívá do další generace 3. Živá buňka s více než třemi živými sousedy umírá (příliš velká hustota populace) 4. Mrtvá buňka s přesně třemi sousedy ožívá (reprodukce) Game of life na Atari 2600 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSWhDHybXDY Von Neumannova architektura • 1. operační paměť • 2. aritmeticko-logická jednotka • 3. řadič – řídicí jednotka • 4. vstupní zařízení • 5. výstupní zařízení • Univerzální struktura počítače • Sekvenční zpracování dat • Programy i data se uchovávají v téže operační paměti • programy podobné virům byly označovány jako červy – programy, jež narušovaly osobní prostor jiných programů, často produkovaly náhodné operace a chyby - důsledek této architektury Užitečné, neškodné a zábavné samoreprodukční programy (60. -70. léta) • Core wars (od 1961) – vzájemný boj programů • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2Qjc- dAD_k • Cookie program (70. léta) -
Super Cd-Rom Ii! for Amiga & Cd32
I utoriais imagine .s.u ■ uciaivitL* 650M b OF GAMES. UTILITIES, OBJECTS AND MORE SUPER CD-ROM II! Hi Quality Version Available on AMIGALAND.COMFOR AMIGA & CD32 On CD-ROM: Exclusive game - Leading Lap SE Fast paced racing game never before released! Plus!!! 650Mb of utilities, demos, music, graphics, games and more ... CD-ROM edition (A 3.5 inch DD l\Io CD-ROM ? Ask your newsagent now. disk Edition is also available) VIDEO BACKUP 3 H 3 H O H U INT. DRIVES FLOPI n m M M i n n a PC881 A 5 00 ................................... £ 3 0 . 9 5 IoEXTENDER PC882 A2000 .................................£ 3 5 . 9 5 can add upto to 50% to PC883 A600/1200 ......................£ 3 5 . 9 5 ty and works [ T 3 lin g S Floppies end even the RAM disk. Disk official GVP RAM SIMMs. SYQUEST EZ ■ i M J i i i r m Expander works on eny Amiga with 4MB GVP RAM £ 1 5 1 GIGABYTE 3.5 SCSI......................£ 2 5 9 16MB GVP RAM £ 5 4 1 GIGABYTE 3.5 SCSI EXTERNAL £ 3 3 5 DISK EXPANDER £ 1 9 . 9 5 MICROPOLIS MIIIIBIIIII 2 GIGABYTE 3.5 SCSI £ C A L L A 68060 accelerator board for the A200 4 GIGABYTE 3.5 SCSI £ C A L L SCSI case s u ita b le lo r CD-ROM /HD/DAT running at 50MHz and allowing up* 9 GIGABYTE 3.5 SCSI £ C A L L and Optical drives. 128MB of user installable memory anc HITACHI SCSHI ha rd disk controller. 5 .2 5 - SCSI o r IDE CASE .......... -
Exploration of Clustering Overlaps in a Ransomware
EXPLORATION OF CLUSTERING OVERLAPS IN A RANSOMWARE NETWORK BASED ON LINK STRUCTURES AND CONTENT RELEVANCE (Exploration of temporal events and the formation of cluster overlap in a ransomware network) BERNARD CHUKWUEMEKA OGAZI-ONYEMAECHI PhD, MEng, MSc, BSc Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy MARCH 2019 Contents EXPLORATION OF CLUSTERING OVERLAPS IN A RANSOMWARE NETWORK BASED ON LINK STRUCTURES AND CONTENT RELEVANCE ................................. i Contents ................................................................................................................................. ii List of figures ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Appendices ................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... xii Dedication........................................................................................................................... xiii Declaration ......................................................................................................................... xiv Abstract............................................................................................................................... -
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Limiting Vulnerability Exposure Through Effective Patch Management: Threat Mitigation Through Vulnerability Remediation
Limiting Vulnerability Exposure through effective Patch Management: threat mitigation through vulnerability remediation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Computer Science of Rhodes University Dominic Stjohn Dolin White <[email protected]> January 2006 Abstract This document aims to provide a complete discussion on vulnerability and patch management. The first chapters look at the trends relating to vulnerabilities, exploits, attacks and patches. These trends describe the drivers of patch and vulnerability management and situate the dis- cussion in the current security climate. The following chapters then aim to present both policy and technical solutions to the problem. The policies described lay out a comprehensive set of steps that can be followed by any organisation to implement their own patch management policy, including practical advice on integration with other policies, managing risk, identifying vulner- ability, strategies for reducing downtime and generating metrics to measure progress. Having covered the steps that can be taken by users, a strategy describing how best a vendor should implement a related patch release policy is provided. An argument is made that current monthly patch release schedules are inadequate to allow users to most effectively and timeously mitigate vulnerabilities. The final chapters discuss the technical aspect of automating parts of the policies described. In particular the concept of ’defense in depth’ is used to discuss additional strategies for ’buying time’ during the patch process. The document then goes on to conclude that in the face of increasing malicious activity and more complex patching, solid frameworks such as those provided in this document are required to ensure an organisation can fully manage the patching process. -
Norldot Commodore AMIGA Contents
\ Ca Capturing gray-scale images for your favorite Seconds after passing the Migraph Hand combining multiple images on one screen). Amiga ' video applications can be expensive, Scanner over you r artwork, a bit-mapped And Touch-Up's flexible editing tools work at complicated, and tedious - but it doesn't have monochrome image appears on your screen , all four zoom levels. So it's easy to edit the to be. Let Migraph lend a hand with the Migraph ready for editing . full-view image. Hand Scanner and Touch-Up : Smart software with an artist's touch. Compatibility is Touch-Up's specialty. It saves With our affordable hardware-software team a wide variety of file formats , including true you can scan, edit, and manipulate any image Migraph Touch-Up is the complete image 16-level and apparent 31 -level gray-scale IFF - and then save it - or any portion of it - as an editor and design tool for monochrome images. ideal for export to color paint programs and other optimized gray-scale IFF file. video applications. Touch-Up even optimizes the In just minutes you can single-handedly full-screen image height for NTSC video digitize color or black-and -white photographs, displays. logos, and line art for export to Deluxepaint III , Digi-Paint 3.0, and other popular programs. And The Migraph Hand Scanner and Touch-Up. it won 't cost you an arm and a leg to do it. Powerful tools for professional images. Gray-scale and high-contrast images - from Quality hardware for a quick capture. desktop to disk in minutes.