DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Contaminants, Endocrine Disruption Reproductive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Contaminants, Endocrine Disruption Reproductive Environmental Health: From Genomics to Analytical Chemistry Louis J. Guillette Jr., Ph.D. Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology; Director of Marine Biomedicine; Endowed Chair of Marine Genomics Medical University of South Carolina & Hollings Marine Laboratory Genotype Genetic Determinism DNA RNA Protein Phenotype Genotype EpiGenetic Determinism DNA Environment expression RNA Protein Phenotype Stress Diet Behavioral & Nutrients & Environmental Contaminants (pesticides, metals, plasticizers, phytoestrogens) Body Burden Drugs & Stored Contaminants – Fat & Bone Supplements Legal & Illegal (smoking, alcohol, vitamins) Personal Care Products Genetics (phthalates, musk xylene) Parental Genetics & Epigenetics From Hamlin & Guillette, 2011, Embryo Today Sentinel Species 'Watch and Warn' • Powerful for studying environmental X gene perturbations • Weak for some mechanistic studies Environmental Factors Abiotic Xenobiotic Nutrition Factors Chemicals •Signaling Disruption •Endocrine •Nervous •Immune Environmental Factors Steroid Thyroid Obsogenic Signaling Signaling Signaling • Altered fertility & embryonic development • Altered metabolism & energy utilization • Altered fat storage and functioning OH H3C HO OH H3C HO OH H3C HO OH H3C OH OH H C H C RNA 3 3 HO Pol ER HO ER ER HO ER ERE TATA ER ER http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/pro_DNA/ster_horm_rec/dbd/ Transactivation assays with steroid hormone receptors Kohno et al. (2008) Integ. Comp. Biology 48:527- 534 HRE-Luciferase System Steroid or Test Chemicals Expression Plasmid Ligand Receptor Receptor- Ligand HRE Complex Reporter Plasmid Luciferase cDNA Transcription Translation Luminescenc Reporter Protein e (Luciferase) estrogen response element–thymidine kinase–luciferase consensus palindromic ERE ERa Ligand Domain Sequence Similarity Bottlenose Dolphin vs other vertebrates Iguchi & Guillette, unpubl. data In vitro Transactivation Assay Iguchi & Guillette, unpubl. data ESR1 (ERa and Contaminants Lungfish Sturgeon Gar Zebrafish Medaka Stickleback Fold Induction Giant Salamander Tokyo Salamander Axolotl Katsu et al. Mol Cell Endo 2006, 2007; Endocrinology 2008a,b Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Hormone Analyses Ashley Boggs et al. (NIST, NOAA & MUSC) • Uses retention times and fragmentation to detect hormones • Allows DIRECT detection of hormones • Applicable to all vertebrate wildlife species • Multiple hormones • single sample Cholesterol Pregnenolone Progesterone 17-OH-Pregnenolone 11-Deoxy-Corticosterone 17-OH Progesterone DHEA Corticosterone 11 Deoxy-Cortisol Androstenedione Cortisol Estrone Testosterone Adrenosterone Steroid Pathways Estradiol Estriol Steroid Hormone Profile17 from a Single Sample 4.4e5 4.2e5 Boggs et al. 4.0e5 1. Estriol 21 2. Estradiol-13C3, 3.8e5 3. Estradiol 4. 17-OH-Pregnenolone 3.6e5 5. DHEA 3.4e5 23 6. Cortisol 7. Cortisol-d4 3.2e5 8. Equilin 3.0e5 18 9. Estrone 10. 11-Deoxycortisol 2.8e5 11. Pregnenolone-13C2d2 2.6e5 12. Pregenolone 13. DHT 2.4e5 14. 17-OH-Progesterone 10 2.2e5 15. 17-OH-Progesterone-13C3 22 16. Corticosterone 2.0e5 14 17. Testosterone 1.8e5 13 18. Testosterone-13C3 15 19. Adrenosterone 1.6e5 3 20. 11-Deoxy-corticosterone Intensity, counts per second per counts Intensity, 24 21. Androstenedione, 1.4e5 22. Androstenedione-13C3 1.2e5 19 23. Progesterone 6 8,9 24. Progesterone-13C2 1.0e5 2 11 8.0e4 4 20 7 6.0e4 12 16 4.0e4 5 2.0e4 1 0.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 Time, min Female Pilot Whale Blubber • Definite Targets Defined peak & RSD < 15% ▫ Progesterone (P4) ▫ Cortisol (F) ▫ 11-Deoxy-Cortisol (S) • Probable Targets Above LOD & RSD < 20% ▫ Androstenedione (AE) ▫ Adrenosterone (AT) ▫ 11-Deoxy- Corticosterone (DOC) ▫ Pregnenolone (P5) Boggs et al. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Steroidogenic Pathway Poster-COMPLEX-24X36
    Cholesterol The Steroidogenic Pathways Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), Hyperglycemia, azole antifungals, aging, smoking, E2, progesterone, azole smoking, dioxin toxicity, HIV, licorice, Phytoestrogens, flaxseed, licorice, Alcohol, IL-6, abdominal obesity, DHEA, antifungals, spironolactone etomidate, liarozole progestins, tamoxifen forskolin (-) (-) (-) (+) Pregnenolone CYPc17 17-OH-Pregnenolone 17,20 Lyase DHEAA17βHSD ndrostenediol (+) Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, PCOS (ovary), stress, alcohol, antiepileptics (+) CAH, chronic ETOH ingestion, PCB toxicity, progestins, D D D (-) (-) D PCB toxicity, DHEA, antiepileptics isoflavonoids, metformin, troglitazone, trilostane HS Pregnanediol Pregnanetriol β HS HS 3 HS β β β 3 3 3 (+) Hyperadrenalism, hyperthyroidism, hyperinsulinemia, PCOS, IL-4 (+) and IL-13, IGF-1, forskolin Smoking, dioxin, isoflavones, flaxseed, procyanidins, flavonoids, EGCG, epilobium, vitamin C, anastrazole, etc; CYPc17 17,20 Lyase 17βHSD Progesterone 17-OH-Progesterone Androstenedione Testosterone chrysin, stinging nettles, (-) and other flavonoids; β 5 ketoconazole, metformin α (+) (+) 1 5 1 Sodium depletion, high prolactin More cortisol: Less cortisol: Etiocholanolone Obesity (esp. visceral), A Good insulin sensitivity, ro CAH, late-onset adrenal hyperplasia, primary adrenal CYP2 metabolic A CYP2 hyperthyroidism, ro 5 m Excess adipose, alcohol, zinc (-) insufficiency, ankylosing spondylitis, increased salt (-) syndrome, hypothyroid, m α DHT at reduced inflammation, atas a (+) deficiency, stress, cravings, resveratrol,
    [Show full text]
  • Anabolic Steroids Detected in Bodybuilding Dietary Supplements– a Significant Risk to Public Health V
    Drug Testing 1esearch article and Analysis Received; ,. June ,01$ Revised; 1 September ,01$ <ccepted: $ September ,01$ =ublished online in 7iley Online Library 3!!!.drugtestinganalysis.com4 >%I 1..1..,?dta.17,@ Anabolic steroids detected in bodybuilding dietary supplements– a significant risk to public health V. Abbate,a A. T. Kicman,b M. Evans-Brown,c J. McVeigh,d D. A. #owan,b #. Wilson,e S. J. #olese and C. J. $alkerb& Twenty-four products suspected of containing anabolic steroids and sold in fitness equipment shops in the (nited Kingdom )(K) ere analyzed for their qualitative and semi-quantitative content using full scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ),#-M%*, accurate mass li'uid chromatography-mass spectrometry )-#-M%*, high pressure liquid chromatography ith diode array detection )./-#-"A"*, (V-Vis, and nuclear magnetic resonance )0M1* spectroscopy. 2n addition, 3-ray crystallography enabled the identification of one of the compounds, here reference standard as not available. 4f the 56 products tested, 57 contained steroids including kno n anabolic agents8 9: of these contained steroids that ere different to those indicated on the packaging and one product contained no steroid at all. 4verall, 97 different steroids ere identified8 95 of these are controlled in the (K under the Misuse of "rugs Act 9;<9. %everal of the products contained steroids that may be considered to have considerable pharmaco- logical activity, based on their chemical structures and the amounts present. This could un ittingly e=pose users to a significant risk to their health, hich is of particular concern for na>ve users. #opyright ? 5@96 !ohn $iley A %ons, -td.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical, Morphological and Biochemical Studies of a Virilizing Tumor in the Testis
    CLINICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF A VIRILIZING TUMOR IN THE TESTIS Kenneth Savard, … , Edwin C. Hamblen, Frank L. Engel J Clin Invest. 1960;39(3):534-553. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI104067. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/104067/pdf CLINICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF A VIRILIZING TUMOR IN THE TESTIS * By KENNETH SAVARD,t RALPH I. DORFMAN, BILLY BAGGETT,t LINDA L. FIELDING, LEWIS L. ENGEL,§ HARRY T. McPHERSON, LEONARD M. LISTER,II DAVID S. JOHNSONA EDWIN C. HAMBLEN AND FRANK L. ENGEL (IProm the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Mass.; The John Collins Warren Laboratories, Collis P. Huntington Memorial Hospital of Harvard Uni- versity at Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Department of Biological Chem- istry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; and the Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Pathology, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N. C.) (Submitted for publication May 18, 1959; accepted November 12, 1959) Although there is considerable indirect evidence such tumors cause elevated levels of urinary 17- indicating that virilizing testicular tumors exert ketosteroids. The morphology of these tumors their effects by producing androgenic steroid hor- leads one to predict that they are producing tes- mones, few attempts have been made to determine tosterone, since normal interstitial cells seem to the exact nature of the compounds produced. One have this function (22, 23). A few studies of the type of tumor which exerts particularly marked qualitative nature of the urinary steroids in pa- virilizing effects when found in prepubertal boys tients with this type of tumor seem to confirm such is that classified as an interstitial cell tumor of the a conclusion (13, 24).
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Steroid Findings in “Designer Supplements”
    In: W Schänzer, H Geyer, A Gotzmann, U Mareck (eds.) Recent Advances In Doping Analysis (17). Sport und Buch Strauß - Köln 2009 M.K. Parr1), N. Haenelt1), G. Fußhöller1), U. Flenker1), H. Geyer1), G. Rodchenkov2), G. Opfermann1), W. Schänzer1) Recent steroid findings in “Designer Supplements” 1)Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany 2)Antidoping Centre Moscow, Moscow, Russia Abstract Several supplements have been purchased from two different internet-based suppliers and were analysed for their steroid content. Besides the findings of DHEA (and DHEA esters) products were found to contain 6-bromoandrostenedione, androstanoisoxazoles, and estra-4,9- diene-3,17-dione. Additionally Δ6-methyltestosterone was detected in the product “Jungle Warfare” from ALR Industries, androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione in the product “11Oxo” from Ergopharm, and finally the product “Oxyguno” distributed by Spectra Force Research was found to contain 4-chloro- 11-oxomethyltestosterone. These three compounds have been reported in the 1960s to show weak androgenic (about ½ of testosterone) and from weak to strong anabolic properties. The urinary metabolism was studied following the administration of one capsule to one test person each. The administration of Δ6-methyltestosterone was detectable for more than one week by monitoring the metabolites 17α-hydroxy-17β-methylandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one, 17α-methyl-5β- androstane-3α,17β-diol, and 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol. Oral administration of androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione resulted in several reduced metabolites with 11β- hydroxyandrosterone as main product. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry confirmed the exogenous origin of 11β-hydroxyandrosterone and 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone as well as their 11-oxo precursors for up to 24 hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Tissue Steroid Levels in Response to Reduced Testicular Estrogen Synthesis in the Male Pig, Sus
    1 Tissue steroid levels in response to reduced testicular estrogen synthesis in the male pig, Sus 2 scrofa 3 Heidi Kucera1, Birgit Puschner1, Alan Conley2, Trish Berger3* 4 5 1 Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 6 Davis, CA 7 2 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University 8 of California, Davis, CA 9 3 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 10 University of California, Davis, CA 11 12 Short title: Estrogen sulfates, aromatase activity and free estrogen concentrations in prostate, 13 testis and liver 14 15 * Corresponding author 16 E-mail: [email protected] (TB) 17 1 18 Abstract 19 Production of steroid hormones is complex and dependent upon steroidogenic enzymes, 20 cofactors, receptors, and transporters expressed within a tissue. Collectively, these factors create 21 an environment for tissue-specific steroid hormone profiles and potentially tissue-specific 22 responses to drug administration. Our objective was to assess steroid production, including 23 sulfated steroid metabolites in the boar testis, prostate, and liver following inhibition of 24 aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgen precursors to estrogens. Boars were treated with 25 the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole from 11 to 16 weeks of age and littermate boars received the 26 canola oil vehicle. Steroid profiles were evaluated in testes, prostate, and livers of 16, 20, and 40 27 week old boars using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Testis, prostate, and liver had 28 unique steroid profiles in vehicle-treated animals. Only C18 steroid hormones were altered by 29 treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole; no significant differences were detected in any 30 of the C19 or C21 steroids evaluated.
    [Show full text]
  • Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamic
    Open Access Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Research Article Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double- ISSN Standard DNA/RNA of Human Preserving 2639-6777 Stem Cells-Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium-4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) Using Synchrotron Radiation Alireza Heidari* Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA *Address for Correspondence: Dr. Alireza Abstract Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, In the current study, we have investigated pros and cons controversy on molecular imaging and dynamics USA, Email: of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/ [email protected]; Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) using [email protected] synchrotron radiation. In this regard, the enzymatic oxidation of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving Submitted: 31 October 2017 stem cells-binding Nano molecules by haem peroxidases (or heme peroxidases) such as Horseradish Peroxidase Approved: 13 November 2017 (HPR), Chloroperoxidase (CPO), Lactoperoxidase (LPO) and Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) is an important process from Published: 15 November 2017 both the synthetic and mechanistic point of view. Copyright: 2017 Heidari A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Reversal of Tilapia
    SEX REVERSAL OF TILAPIA Ronald P. Phelps Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 United States Thomas J. Popma Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 United States Phelps, R.P. and T.J. Popma. 2000. Sex reversal of tilapia. Pages 34–59 in B.A. Costa-Pierce and J.E. Rakocy, eds. Tilapia Aquacul- ture in the Americas, Vol. 2. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. ABSTRACT is compensated for the high survival of fry as the result of the large size at hatching with a large yolk Early maturation and frequent spawning are reserve and the mouth brooding maternal care given management challenges when working with tilapia. until the hatchlings are 10 mm or larger. The low Male tilapia are preferred for culture because of their fecundity is also compensated for by frequent faster growth. Of the various techniques that have spawning of these asynchronous species where the been developed to provide male tilapia for culture, low fecundity per spawn may be parlayed into a sex reversal is the most commonly used procedure. yearly quantity of eggs/kg equal to many group syn- Recently hatched tilapia fry do not have developed chronous spawning species. gonads. It is possible to intervene at this early point in the life history and direct gonadal development Ideally a fish species used in aquaculture will to produce monosex populations. Exogenous ste- not reproduce in the culture environment before roids given during the gonadal development period reaching market size. From this perspective tilapia can control the phenotype overriding the expression present some challenges to the fish culturist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nipple Test Studies in the Local and Systemic Effects on Topical Application of Various Sex-Hormones W
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector THE NIPPLE TEST STUDIES IN THE LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS ON TOPICAL APPLICATION OF VARIOUS SEX-HORMONES W. JADASSOHN, M.D., E. UEHLINGER, M.D., AND A. MARGOT' (Submitted September 21, 1937) [Translated by Rudolf L. Baer, M.D. (New York City)J Enlargement of the nipple in guinea-pigs after injections of preparations containing female sex-hormone has been observed for some time and has been repeatedly reported in more recent communications. For several reasons it seemed desirable to work out a test or a method by which one could measure and chart the enlargement of the nipple. It appeared a priori correct to use as many different test organs as possible, because experience with previous tests has shown that the results obtained on different organs are not necessarily comparable (compare, for example, the results with the seminal- vesicle test in rats and the cock's-comb tests). Thus far the testing of female sex hormones has been carried out on the genital organs of female experimental animals (espe- cially the Ailen-Doisy test). It was of particular interest to use a test comparable with the cock's comb test in which an extra- 'From the Dermatologic Clinic (Prof. G. Miescher); the Pathologic Institute of the University of Zurich (Prof. H. v. Meyenburg), and the Institute for Tech- nical Chemistry of the E. T. H. (Prof. H. E. Fierz), Zurich. Read before the Medical-Biological Section of the Swiss Society of Natural Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • And Its Metabolites Urine by LC/APCI/MS and GC/MS
    Determination ofAdrenosterone and its Metabolites Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2009, Vol. 30, No. 7 1489 Determination of Adrenosterone and its Metabolites in Human Urine by LC/APCI/MS and GC/MS Eunjung HanJ* Okkyoung Yim,t Sun-young Beak「Jaeyeon Chung「Ji-hye Lee「Jungahn Kim,* and YUnje Kim” ‘Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 136-791, Korea. * E-mail: [email protected] * Department of Chemistry, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea Received March 16, 2009, Accepted May 11, 2009 This study was done for the determination and excretion profile of adrenosterone and its metabolites in human urine using both liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Adrenosterone and its two metabolites were detected in human urine after administration a healthy volunteer with 75 mg of adrenosterone. We found that adrenosterone -M1 (C19H26O3) was a reduction and adrenosterone -M2 (C19H26O4) was a hydroxylation at C-ring, which did not know the exact position of the C-ring. The adrenosterone parent was detected by GC/TOF-MS, but not detected by LC/APCI/MS because of low intensity. Adrenosterone and its two metabolites were excreted as their glucuronided fractions. The recovery of this method ranged from 100.7 to 118.4% and the reproducibility and accuracy test were 85.5 to 112.0% and 1.1 to 8.4%, respectively. The excretion studies showed that adrenosterone and its metabolites were detectable in human urine during a 48 h period after oral administration, with maximum level of excretion at 4.1 h.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham a New Dawn for Androgens
    University of Birmingham A new dawn for androgens Pretorius, Elzette; Arlt, Wiebke; Storbeck, Karl-Heinz DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014 License: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Pretorius, E, Arlt, W & Storbeck, K-H 2016, 'A new dawn for androgens: novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids', Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Microbially-Regulated
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MICROBIALLY-REGULATED INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL HMGB1: STRESS, CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE PRITZKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY COMMITTEE ON MOLECULAR METABOLISM AND NUTRITION BY NOELLE PATNO CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Noelle Patno All rights reserved DEDICATION I dedicate this to Jeannette Messer, Ph.D., and Candace Cham, Ph.D., without whose tireless effort and constant attention to me and my work, this thesis would not have been completed. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ v List of Figures ..................................................................................................................ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices ...........................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xii Abstract ......................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Moderate Alcohol Consumption in Chronic Form Enhances The
    Accepted Manuscript Moderate alcohol consumption in chronic form enhances the synthesis of cho- lesterol and C-21 steroid hormones, while treatment with Tinospora cordifolia modulate these events in men Suman Kumari, Ashwani Mittal, Rajesh Dabur PII: S0039-128X(16)00083-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.016 Reference: STE 7953 To appear in: Steroids Received Date: 10 December 2015 Revised Date: 14 March 2016 Accepted Date: 22 March 2016 Please cite this article as: Kumari, S., Mittal, A., Dabur, R., Moderate alcohol consumption in chronic form enhances the synthesis of cholesterol and C-21 steroid hormones, while treatment with Tinospora cordifolia modulate these events in men, Steroids (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.016 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Moderate alcohol consumption in chronic form enhances the synthesis of cholesterol and C-21 steroid hormones, while treatment with Tinospora cordifolia modulate these events in men Suman Kumari1, Ashwani Mittal3, Rajesh Dabur1,2 * 1Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana - 124001. India 2National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences, Nehru Garden, Kothrud, Pune, Maharastra-411038. India 3Department of Biochemistry, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra -136119, Haryana, India.
    [Show full text]