TSUNAMI HAZARDS the International Journal of the Tsunami Society Volume 24 Number 2 Published Electronically 2006
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Alexander the Great's Tombolos at Tyre and Alexandria, Eastern Mediterranean ⁎ N
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Geomorphology 100 (2008) 377–400 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Alexander the Great's tombolos at Tyre and Alexandria, eastern Mediterranean ⁎ N. Marriner a, , J.P. Goiran b, C. Morhange a a CNRS CEREGE UMR 6635, Université Aix-Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France b CNRS MOM Archéorient UMR 5133, 5/7 rue Raulin, 69365 Lyon cedex 07, France Received 25 July 2007; received in revised form 10 January 2008; accepted 11 January 2008 Available online 2 February 2008 Abstract Tyre and Alexandria's coastlines are today characterised by wave-dominated tombolos, peculiar sand isthmuses that link former islands to the adjacent continent. Paradoxically, despite a long history of inquiry into spit and barrier formation, understanding of the dynamics and sedimentary history of tombolos over the Holocene timescale is poor. At Tyre and Alexandria we demonstrate that these rare coastal features are the heritage of a long history of natural morphodynamic forcing and human impacts. In 332 BC, following a protracted seven-month siege of the city, Alexander the Great's engineers cleverly exploited a shallow sublittoral sand bank to seize the island fortress; Tyre's causeway served as a prototype for Alexandria's Heptastadium built a few months later. We report stratigraphic and geomorphological data from the two sand spits, proposing a chronostratigraphic model of tombolo evolution. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Tombolo; Spit; Tyre; Alexandria; Mediterranean; Holocene 1. Introduction Courtaud, 2000; Browder and McNinch, 2006); (2) establishing a typology of shoreline salients and tombolos (Zenkovich, 1967; The term tombolo is used to define a spit of sand or shingle Sanderson and Eliot, 1996); and (3) modelling the geometrical linking an island to the adjacent coast. -
Fault Model of the 12Th Century Southwestern Hokkaido Earthquake
Ioki et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2019) 71:54 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1034-6 FULL PAPER Open Access Fault model of the 12th century southwestern Hokkaido earthquake estimated from tsunami deposit distributions Kei Ioki1* , Yuichiro Tanioka2, Gentaro Kawakami3, Yoshihiro Kase3, Kenji Nishina3, Wataru Hirose3, Kei’ichi Hayashi3 and Ryo Takahashi3 Abstract Tsunami deposits were collected along the coast of southwestern Hokkaido and Okushiri Island, northern Japan. The distribution of these deposits suggested that large earthquakes and tsunamis have repeatedly occurred of south- western Hokkaido. Along the southern coast of Okushiri Island, fve tsunami sand/gravel layers have been deposited during the last 3000 years. The latest was deposited by the 1741 Oshima–Oshima landslide tsunami and the second by the 12th century tsunami. The later tsunami was probably generated by a large earthquake because submarine seismo-turbidites with similar age exist in the region and a large inland landslide had occurred in Okushiri Island in approximately the 12th century. The ages of paleo-tsunami events prior to the 12th century are 1.5–1.6, 2.4–2.6, 2.8–3.1 ka. In this study, a fault model of the 12th century earthquake was estimated by comparing tsunami deposit distributions and calculated tsunami inundation areas at fve sites in Okushiri Island and Hiyama region. Fault model F17, a submarine active fault in the Japan Sea near Oshima–Oshima, is a probable source for this tsunami. Numerical simulation of the tsunami was performed based on fault model F17; we modifed the fault parameters (length and slip amount) from the original model to explain tsunami deposit distributions. -
New Constraints on Coseismic Slip During Southern Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes Over the Past 4600 Years Implied by Tsunami Deposits and Marine Turbidites
W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 2018 New constraints on coseismic slip during southern Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes over the past 4600 years implied by tsunami deposits and marine turbidites GR Priest RC Witter Yinglong J. Zhang Virginia Institute of Marine Science C Goldfinger KL Wang See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Priest, GR; Witter, RC; Zhang, Yinglong J.; Goldfinger, C; Wang, KL; and Allen, JC, "New constraints on coseismic slip during southern Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes over the past 4600 years implied by tsunami deposits and marine turbidites" (2018). VIMS Articles. 734. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/734 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors GR Priest, RC Witter, Yinglong J. Zhang, C Goldfinger, KL Wang, and JC Allen This article is available at W&M ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/734 Nat Hazards (2017) 88:285–313 DOI 10.1007/s11069-017-2864-9 ORIGINAL PAPER New constraints on coseismic slip during southern Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes over the past 4600 years implied by tsunami deposits and marine turbidites 1 2 3 George R. Priest • Robert C. Witter • Yinglong J. Zhang • 4 5 1 Chris Goldfinger • Kelin Wang • Jonathan C. Allan Received: 24 August 2016 / Accepted: 8 April 2017 / Published online: 29 April 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2017 Abstract Forecasting earthquake and tsunami hazards along the southern Cascadia sub- duction zone is complicated by uncertainties in the amount of megathrust fault slip during past ruptures. -
A Review of Geological Records of Large Tsunamis at Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and Implications for Hazard John J
Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (2000) 849}863 A review of geological records of large tsunamis at Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and implications for hazard John J. Clague! " *, Peter T. Bobrowsky#, Ian Hutchinson$ !Depatment of Earth Sciences and Institute for Quaternary Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 "Geological Survey of Canada, 101 - 605 Robson St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5J3 #Geological Survey Branch, P.O. Box 9320, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 9N3 $Department of Geography and Institute for Quaternary Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada BC V5A 1S6 Abstract Large tsunamis strike the British Columbia coast an average of once every several hundred years. Some of the tsunamis, including one from Alaska in 1964, are the result of distant great earthquakes. Most, however, are triggered by earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone, which extends along the Paci"c coast from Vancouver Island to northern California. Evidence of these tsunamis has been found in tidal marshes and low-elevation coastal lakes on western Vancouver Island. The tsunamis deposited sheets of sand and gravel now preserved in sequences of peat and mud. These sheets commonly contain marine fossils, and they thin and "ne landward, consistent with deposition by landward surges of water. They occur in low-energy settings where other possible depositional processes, such as stream #ooding and storm surges, can be ruled out. The most recent large tsunami generated by an earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone has been dated in Washington and Japan to AD 1700. The spatial distribution of the deposits of the 1700 tsunami, together with theoretical numerical modelling, indicate wave run-ups of up to 5 m asl along the outer coast of Vancouver Island and up to 15}20 m asl at the heads of some inlets. -
Historical and Paleo-Tsunami Deposits During the Last 4000 Years and Their
Ishimura and Miyauchi Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2015) 2:16 DOI 10.1186/s40645-015-0047-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Historical and paleo-tsunami deposits during the last 4000 years and their correlations with historical tsunami events in Koyadori on the Sanriku Coast, northeastern Japan Daisuke Ishimura1* and Takahiro Miyauchi2 Abstract Large tsunamis occurring throughout the past several hundred years along the Sanriku Coast on the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan have been documented and observed. However, the risk of large tsunamis like the tsunami generated by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake could not be evaluated from previous studies, because these studies lacked evidence of historical and paleo-tsunami deposits on the coastline. Thus, we first identified event deposits, which are candidates for tsunami deposits, from excavating surveys conducted on the coastal marsh in Koyadori on the Sanriku Coast, northeastern Japan. Second, we determined the physicochemical sediment properties of the deposits (roundness of grains, color, wet and dry densities, and loss on ignition) and established their geochronology by radiocarbon dating and tephra analysis. Third, we identified event deposits as tsunami deposits, based on their sedimentary features and origin, sedimentary environment, paleo-shoreline, and landowner interviews. In this study, we report 11 tsunami deposits (E1–E11) during the past 4000 years, of which E1, E2, E3, and E4 were correlated with the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami, the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami, the 1611 Keicho Sanriku tsunami, and the 869 Jogan tsunami, respectively. From age data and the number of tsunami deposits in the trench, we estimated that tsunamis larger than the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami occur and hit the study area on average every 290–390 years. -
Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California
The Resources Agency California Geological Survey Michael Chrisman, Secretary for Resources Dr. John G. Parrish, State Geologist Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California to accompany California Geological Survey Note 48 Checklist by Robert H. Sydnor, Senior Engineering Geologist California Geological Survey www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs July 1, 2005 316 pages Engineering Geology and Seismology performance–based analysis, diligent subsurface for Public Schools and Hospitals sampling, careful reading of the extensive geologic in California literature, thorough knowledge of the California Building Code, combined with competent professional geological work. by Robert H. Sydnor Engineering geology aspects of hospital and public California Geological Survey school sites include: regional geology, regional fault July 1, 2005 316 pages maps, site-specific geologic mapping, geologic cross- sections, active faulting, official zones of investigation Abstract for liquefaction and landslides, geotechnical laboratory The 446+ hospitals, 1,400+ skilled nursing facilities testing of samples, expansive soils, soluble sulfate ±9,221 public schools, and 109 community college evaluation for Type II or V Portland-cement selection, campuses in California are regulated under California and flooding. Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Building Code. Seismology aspects include: evaluation of historic These facilities are plan–checked by senior–level seismicity, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Registered Structural Engineers within the Office of earthquake ground–motion, use of proper code terms Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) (Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion and Design– for hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, and the Basis ground–motion), classification of the geologic Division of the State Architect (DSA) for public schools, subgrade by shear–wave velocity to select the correct community colleges, and essential services buildings. -
TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES in the INDIAN OCEAN R. K. Jaiswal , B. K
TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 1 1 2 R. K. Jaiswal , B. K. Rastogi & Tad S. Murty 1 Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar-382 018, Gujarat (India) 2 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Based on an assessment of the repeat periods of great earthquakes from past seismicity, convergence rates and paleoseismological results, possible future source zones of tsunami generating earthquakes in the Indian Ocean (possible seismic gap areas) are identified along subduction zones and zones of compression. Central Sumatra, Java, Makran coast, Indus Delta, Kutch-Saurashtra, Bangladesh and southern Myanmar are identified as possible source zones of earthquakes in near future which might cause tsunamis in the Indian Ocean, and in particular, that could affect India. The Sunda Arc (covering Sumatra and Java) subduction zone, situated on the eastern side of the Indian Ocean, is one of the most active plate margins in the world that generates frequent great earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The Andaman- Nicobar group of islands is also a seismically active zone that generates frequent earthquakes. However, northern Sumatra and Andaman-Nicobar regions are assessed to be probably free from great earthquakes (M!8.0) for a few decades due to occurrence of 2004 Mw 9.3 and 2005 Mw 8.7 earthquakes. The Krakatau volcanic eruptions have caused large tsunamis in the past. This volcano and a few others situated on the ocean bed can cause large tsunamis in the future. List of past tsunamis generated due to earthquakes/volcanic eruptions that affected the Indian region and vicinity in the Indian Ocean are also presented. -
Boris W. Levin · Mikhail A
Boris W. Levin · Mikhail A. Nosov Physics of Tsunamis Second Edition Physics of Tsunamis Boris W. Levin • Mikhail A. Nosov Physics of Tsunamis Second Edition 123 Boris W. Levin Mikhail A. Nosov Russian Academy of Sciences Faculty of Physics Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia Moscow Russia ISBN 978-3-319-24035-0 ISBN 978-3-319-24037-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24037-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949315 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2009, 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
The Malay Archipelago
BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question. -
400869 Why Did Tsunami Fires? : in the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki and The
NH41C-1012 Why did tsunami fire? : in the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki and the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquakes Yuji Enomoto* & Tsuneaki Yamabe (Shinshu Univ.)Shigeki Sugiura & Hitoshi Kondo (Geneses Res. Inst. Inc.) *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 130° 140° 150° 1993 M7.8 45° Aonae district a Hokkaido b c e f Nansei-Oki eq. Hokkaido M7.8 (Depth:35km) 5 4 Okushiri 3 5 4 3 2 island Hokkaido 40° 2 Tohoku Okushiri Tsunami 2011 M9 Tohoku-Oki eq. NHK Video 1 camera d g ̴10min 1 Okushiri 35° Island after ̴a few the e.q. min. Honshu at later 50km 22:17JST 30° Aonae 100m Fig.1 a right & g; the Okushiri-cho kirokusho on 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki jisin:Tsunami simulation by Disaster Control Research Center, Tohoku University, :1b & e photo by Geographical Survey Inst.: c,d & f, NHK TV Special Program “Okushiri-toh karano Houkoku, aired at 20:00-20:50 on 16 July 1993. Mysterious tsunami fires When the tsunami struck Aonae Mesh Labo-experiments, where a weight was a) Electrode To: have occurred at the Aonae district, a people who witnessed mA meter at electrode Falling bias 0 volt, dropped on the seawater bubbled with methane, this situation testify as follows: weight: or district of Okushiri Island, 1.5kg Electrostatic showed that splashed mists were positively Hokkaido ,Japan in the 1993 “Mists was rising, and sea Voltmeter charged (Fig.3 b & c). Hokkaido Nansei-Oki water was foaming” A b) c) I (uA) 200 earthquake (Fig.1a). About 10 similar scene could be observed 1 2 3 0 minutes after the M7.8 in the video footage shot during Acrylic pipe50mm 100 , mA Deionized water Time, sec. -
The 1867 Virgin Island Tsunami
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (2003) 3: 367–376 c European Geosciences Union 2003 Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences The 1867 Virgin Island Tsunami N. Zahibo1, E. Pelinovsky2, A. C. Yalciner3, A. Kurkin4, A. Koselkov4, and A. Zaitsev4 1Laboratoire de Physique Atmospherique´ et Tropicale, Departement´ de Physique , Universite´ Antilles Guyane, Pointe-a-Pitre, France 2Laboratory of Hydrophysics and Nonlinear Acoustics, Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny, Novgorod, Russia 3Civil Engineering Department, Ocean Engineering Research Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 4Applied Mathematics Department, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Received: 7 October 2002 – Revised: 5 February 2003 – Accepted: 7 February 2003 Abstract. The 1867 Virgin Island Tsunami reached large catastrophic tsunamis are not well documented and cannot magnitude on the coasts of the Caribbean Islands. A max- be confirmed as true tsunamis. On the basis of these data, imum tsunami height of 10 m was reported for two coastal a rough evaluation of the cumulative frequency of tsunamis locations (Deshaies and Sainte-Rose) in Guadeloupe. Mod- was done for Barbados and Antigua (Zahibo and Pelinovsky, elling of the 1867 tsunami is performed in the framework 2001). The accuracy of such estimates is low, and numer- of the nonlinear shallow-water theory. The directivity of ical simulation of the historical and prognostic tsunamis is the tsunami wave source in the Caribbean Sea according to necessary to create a more reliable tsunami database. In the assumed initial waveform is investigated. The tsunami particular, tsunamis can be generated by volcanic eruptions. records at the several coastal regions in the Lesser Antilles, The Soufriere Hills Volcano in Montserrat erupted several Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and South America are simu- times in the 90s (Hooper and Mattioli, 2001) and gener- lated. -
Geographic Names
GEOGRAPHIC NAMES CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES ? REVISED TO JANUARY, 1911 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 PREPARED FOR USE IN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE BY THE UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY, 1911 ) CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. The following list of geographic names includes all decisions on spelling rendered by the United States Geographic Board to and including December 7, 1910. Adopted forms are shown by bold-face type, rejected forms by italic, and revisions of previous decisions by an asterisk (*). Aalplaus ; see Alplaus. Acoma; township, McLeod County, Minn. Abagadasset; point, Kennebec River, Saga- (Not Aconia.) dahoc County, Me. (Not Abagadusset. AQores ; see Azores. Abatan; river, southwest part of Bohol, Acquasco; see Aquaseo. discharging into Maribojoc Bay. (Not Acquia; see Aquia. Abalan nor Abalon.) Acworth; railroad station and town, Cobb Aberjona; river, IVIiddlesex County, Mass. County, Ga. (Not Ackworth.) (Not Abbajona.) Adam; island, Chesapeake Bay, Dorchester Abino; point, in Canada, near east end of County, Md. (Not Adam's nor Adams.) Lake Erie. (Not Abineau nor Albino.) Adams; creek, Chatham County, Ga. (Not Aboite; railroad station, Allen County, Adams's.) Ind. (Not Aboit.) Adams; township. Warren County, Ind. AJjoo-shehr ; see Bushire. (Not J. Q. Adams.) Abookeer; AhouJcir; see Abukir. Adam's Creek; see Cunningham. Ahou Hamad; see Abu Hamed. Adams Fall; ledge in New Haven Harbor, Fall.) Abram ; creek in Grant and Mineral Coun- Conn. (Not Adam's ties, W. Va. (Not Abraham.) Adel; see Somali. Abram; see Shimmo. Adelina; town, Calvert County, Md. (Not Abruad ; see Riad. Adalina.) Absaroka; range of mountains in and near Aderhold; ferry over Chattahoochee River, Yellowstone National Park.