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A New Heavy-Duty Vehicle Visual Classification and Activity Estimation Method for Regional Mobile Source Emissions Modeling

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A New Heavy-Duty Vehicle Visual Classification and Activity Estimation Method for Regional Mobile Source Emissions Modeling A NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE VISUAL CLASSIFICATION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION METHOD FOR REGIONAL MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS MODELING A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Seungju Yoon In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology August 2005 A NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE VISUAL CLASSIFICATION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION METHOD FOR REGIONAL MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS MODELING Approved: Dr. Michael O. Rodgers, Advisor Dr. Randall L. Guensler Dr. Michael D. Meyer Dr. Michael P. Hunter Dr. Jennifer H. Ogle July 15, 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people sacrificed time and energy allowing me to complete this thesis. Thanks to all of you. Most of all, my wife Juhyun and my son Taehyuan deserve much credit for encouragement and patience throughout this process. Two other people deserve special acknowledgment in helping me finish my degree and dissertation. Drs. Michael O. Rodgers and Randall L. Guensler have allowed and encouraged me to finish this research and guided me to see the bigger and important issues. To family, advisors, and fellow students, you all assisted in large and small ways for which I will always be indebted. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... xii SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 1.1 NOX and PM2.5 Emission Rates from Heavy-Duty Vehicles.................................... 2 1.2 Current Heavy-Duty Vehicle Conversion and VMT Estimation Methods............... 4 1.3 Research Approaches and Objectives....................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS AND EMISSIONS MODELING ..................................................................................................9 2.1 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions Regulations.......................................................... 10 2.1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards........................................................ 10 2.1.1.1 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5).................................................................... 14 2.1.1.2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Ozone Formation............................................. 15 2.1.2 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Certification Standards ................................................. 17 2.1.2.1 Heavy-Duty Engine Test Cycles............................................................ 18 2.1.2.2 Heavy-Duty Engine Emissions Regulations.......................................... 19 2.2 Onroad Mobile Source Emission Rate Model, MOBILE6.2.................................. 21 2.2.1 Baseline Emission Rates................................................................................. 22 2.2.2 Speed Correction Factors................................................................................ 23 2.2.3 Vehicle Miles Traveled Estimation ................................................................ 26 2.3 Modal Activity Based Emission Models ................................................................ 27 2.3.1 MOVES........................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 MEASURE ..................................................................................................... 30 2.3.3 HDDV-MEM .................................................................................................. 31 2.3.3.1 Model Development Approaches .......................................................... 32 2.3.3.2 Vehicle Activity Module........................................................................ 35 2.3.3.3 Engine Power Model.............................................................................. 36 2.3.3.4 Emission Rate Module........................................................................... 38 iv 2.3.3.5 Emissions Outputs ................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 3 TRUCK/HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS ......................41 3.1 Gross Vehicle Weight Rating Based Vehicle Classification .................................. 42 3.1.1 EPA Heavy-Duty Vehicle Classification........................................................ 43 3.1.2 CARB Truck/Vehicle Classification............................................................... 45 3.2 Axle and Configuration Based Vehicle Classification ........................................... 47 3.2.1 FHWA Vehicle Classification ........................................................................ 48 3.2.2 Ahanotu Truck Classification ......................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE ACTIVITY DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND DATA SOURCES ...............................................................................52 4.1 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Activity Data Collection Methods........................................ 53 4.1.1 Vehicle Classification Counts......................................................................... 53 4.1.2 Roadside Intercept Surveys............................................................................. 54 4.1.3 Mail/Fax Surveys............................................................................................ 55 4.1.4 Travel Diary Surveys ...................................................................................... 56 4.2 Public Heavy-Duty Vehicle Activity Data Sources................................................ 58 4.2.1 Highway Statistics .......................................................................................... 58 4.2.2 Highway Performance Monitoring System .................................................... 60 4.2.3 Vehicle and Truck Inventory and Use Survey................................................ 61 4.3 Georgia Tech Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Bus Database........................................... 62 4.3.1 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Activity Data Collection............................................... 64 4.3.2 Bus Activity Data Collection.......................................................................... 67 4.3.2.1 School Buses.......................................................................................... 68 4.3.2.2 Urban Transit Buses............................................................................... 69 4.3.2.3 Church Buses ......................................................................................... 71 4.3.2.4 Charter Buses......................................................................................... 71 4.3.2.5 Intercity Bus VMT................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER 5 UNCERTAINTIES IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY- DUTY VEHICLE VMT DISTRIBUTIONS .....................................................................73 5.1 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Registration Distributions in MOBILE6.2 ............................74 5.2 Uncertainties in HDV Registration Data .................................................................79 5.2.1 Gross Vehicle Weight Rating ......................................................................... 79 5.2.2 Vehicles Not Registered in a Regional Study Boundary................................ 82 5.3 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Conversion Guides ................................................................85 5.3.1 EPA Conversion Guidance and Uncertainties ................................................ 85 5.3.2 Conversion Factors and Uncertainties ............................................................ 87 v CHAPTER 6 A NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE VISUAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME ...........................................................................................................................90 6.1 Onroad Heavy-Duty Vehicle Characteristics.......................................................... 91 6.1.1 Truck Weight Limitations............................................................................... 91 6.1.2 Manufacturers’ Truck Specifications.............................................................. 92 6.2 Three Prototype Heavy-Duty Vehicle Classes ....................................................... 95 6.2.1 Typical X Class Vehicle Types....................................................................... 98 6.2.2 Split of 3-axle and 4-axle Vehicle from Ahanotu Trucks B and C............... 101 6.3 Sub X Classes from the Three Prototype X Classes............................................. 102 6.4 Emissions Impact from the New Heavy-Duty Vehicle Visual Classification Scheme........................................................................................................................ 109 CHAPTER 7 A NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE VMT ESTIMATION METHOD ...112 7.1 FHWA Facility Conversion into EPA Facility Types .......................................... 115 7.2 HDV3 to Bus VMT Distributions........................................................................
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