Mao Tsetung: From Han Suyin's New Book December t976 o One Dollar
The Olympics Ghinese Visitors Tour U.S. & Ghina and Rhubarb U.S. Workers Gheck Out Ghina the Bomb
hblished quarterly by the US-China Peoples Friendship Association - Volume z, Number 3 I
Now you can book your entire On Wednesdays, JAL flies Mon Mon Wed Wed flight to.Peking and Fl 785 Ft 786 Ft 78] Ft782 Shanghai on DC8-62 DC8-62 DC8-62 DC8-62 one alrllne. Japan Air Lines has convenient daily flights from New York, San Francisco and Los Anoeles-olus three flights a week fiom Vari- couver-to Tokyo. Then on to China on JALs And you'll be pampered with small courtesies like steaming hot towels. For reservations and more information, see your travel agent or call Japan Air Lines.
Decurrber r976 Traveling to the People's Republic of Ghina ?
lf you or your group has been fortunate enough to Mwchinn receive an invitation to the People's Republic of Ghina, Focus on Travel can December 1976 Volume 2, Number 3 be of assistance to you. Focus on Travel has Cover: Photo by Wayne Decker planned many successful Women at Tian An Men demonstration, Aprit lg76 group trips throughout the world, and to New China. We welcome the opportunatY 4 USCPFA News to meet with You and Your group to discuss requirements, itineraries, points of E Mao Tsetung and the Road to the Future - Han Suyin interost, and stopovers. Excerpts from the new book Wind in the Tower The success of anY triP, regardless of its destination, 17 lf !t's Tuesday, This Must Be Texas - Tom Gold depends upon Planning and Chinese visitors tour the U.S. at a gallop preparation- Contact usl We are prepared to insure that success by providing 22 The Olympics Rhubarb Peter Perl - experienced, thoughtful Who's really playing games with the Games ? services.
26 Incident at Tian An Men Wayne Decker, John Duray, Jane Wheeler FOCUS ON TRAVEL - t1-16 154th Sr. Eyewitness demonstrations account of historic Whitestone, lU.Y. 11357 Telephone: (212) 766-5455 31 Worker to Worker - Sylvia Sandroff Collect calls accepted. Trade unionists find out how Chinese working people live
35 China's Nuclear Policies lnterview with foreign policy analyst Jonathan D. Pollack lmported Directly from China 39 Ghu Teh 1886-1976 - Dorothy Loo Kehl
40 Friendship Has A History: W. E. B. Du Bois - Michael T. Martin and Lamont H. Yeakey
42 Film: Making the Break
47 USCPFA Addresses
Editorial Committec: Margaret M. Bald, Dell Bisdorf, James T. Caldwell, Michael Chinoy, Kate Delano Condax, Mike Fabricant, Vicki Garvin, Helen Gerson, Chris Gilmartin, Nancy Jervis, Frank Kehl, Stanley Marcus, Peter Perl, Fred Pincus, Marian Sandmaier, Ronni Sandroff, Fritz Silber, Carol Simons, Gerald Tannebaum, Edith K. Vogel Gcneral Managcr: Margot Vhitc. Copy Editor: Ruth Misheloff. Photo Editors: Helen Gee, Marc Jahr. UN Corrcs- 'Warrcn. pondent: Susan Advenising: Pcggy Seeger. Distribution: Jack Berk Magazine Committeer James Aronson, Kathy Chamberlain (Chairperson), Peter Chau, Rose Coe, William Friedheim, Faye Glasser, Harold Glasser, Alice Grunfeld, Tom Grunfcld, Mary Hearhcote, Dororhy Loo Kehl, Harold Leventhal, Bill Men's and Women's Ouilted Jackets Livant, James Nesi, Ruth Ncsi, Jean Pohoryles National Publications Committce: Koii Ariyoshi, Frank Aseron, Norman Chance, Debbie Davison, Chris Gilmartin, People's Suits, Caps, Shoes Robcrt P. McFarland, Helen Rosen, Mark Selden (Chairperson) Acknowledgments: Chen Chi, Craig Claiborne, Ailcen Clifford, Charles Coe, Susanne Cohn, Ted Cox, Anita Crawford, Safari Jackets 100 percent cotton Susan Crawlord, Henry Creel, Betty Franey, Jacques Franey, Pierre Franey, Myrna Gordon, Marvin Hoshino, Rosalie Katz, Randy LaPolla, Virginia Lee, Edith Lerrigo, Victor Li, Theresa Liss, Liu riVen-zeng, Diana McConkey, r-z-3 Copy Center, Samucl Rosen, Frank Rosenthal, Judy Ruben, Julie Ruben, Laura Seeger, Shun Lee Palace Restaurant, Ruth Spain, Stony Brook USCPFA, Shirley Thau, Michael Tong, Hal Whitman, Margaret lfhitman, Hoong Wei, and Jim The opinions expressed iu signed articles are not necessarily those of Nrv CHTNA or the US-China Peoples Friendship Ghinese Emporium Association. Items signed by the National Steering Committce rcpresent the national voice of the USCPFA. (next to Carnegie Hall) NEv CHrNA welcomes manuscripts and ideas for articles. Authors should first submit a brief description of their subject and indicate what kind of material will bc used to develop it. Please include a stamped, self-addressed envelope. 154 W. 57th Street @ ryzg by the US-China Peoples Friendship Association. Atl rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. New York, N.Y. 10019 Published quarterly. Ycarly subscription retes - domestic, $4; foreign, $5 ; institutional, $8. NEw CHINA, 4r Union Square 'Wcst, (2121 Room 7rr, New York, N.Y. rm3. Sccond-class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional mailing of6ces. Telz 757-8555
New China 3 Harrison Salisbury writes : *I USCPFA NEWS cannot thinkof abook more important, mo_rle timely, Upon hearing of the passing of Chairman Mao Tsetung on September 9, 1976, the mdre valuablel' following cable was sent to Hua Guo-feng, the Chinese People's Association for Friend- ship with Foreign Countries in Peking, and l{ffiSrryurs other representatives of the Chinese people: "On behalf of the members of the U.S.- China Peoples Friendship Associations, UYurdinfhe please accept deep and heartfelt sympathy on the death of Chairman Mao Tsetung. Chairman Mao's death is a tremendous loss J'lco fsetung & llre Orinese to the people of China and to the people of the world. Mao Tsetung lived a full, mean- ReYolution 1949-1975 ingful, and productive life. He relied on and Drawing on her extensive personal trusted the common people, united them, knowledge of today's China, Dr. Han taught them self-reliance, to struggle, to concludes the sweeping narrative she serve each other, and improve the quality r besan inThe M of life. We salute the great leader of the E'if,i;:"H; Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people. Chairman Mao's thoughts and examples will be the legacy to the common people throughout the world. We pledge ourselves to honor his memory by redoub- $12.95 at all bookstores ling our efforts to deepen the friendship between the people of the United States and Little, Broum the People's Republic of China. r07e will continue to work to implement the Shang- hai Communique for the establishment of full diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, the only legal govern- NEW FRONTIER ment of the Chinese people. Frank Pestana lmporters & Distributors of Chinese Products National Chairman, USCPFA"
Give your friends and yourself some Chinese Ntrv CHINa also sent a cable to the Chinese cookware this holiday season . . . by mai!, People's Association for Friendship with nicely packaged as a present. Foreign Countries: "Chairman Mao himself has said that Wok set sl1 .95 death can be heavier than Mount Tai or lncludes 14" wok, cover, & stand lighter than a feather. His own death is feel Spatula $1.98 heavier than many Mount Tais. We it sympathize with the grief Ladle 92.25 deeply, and we of our Chinese friends who feel the loss Cleaver $6.75 more directly. Chairman Mao wrote in a poem published in January: 'Nothing is hard in this world if you dare to scale the heights.' We will take inspiration from Mao own daring, and, relying on the Brass-wire strainer $2.98 Tsetung's great American people, we will strive to Wok cookbook $3.95 turn our grief into strength and redouble active and lasting Send check or money order to: our efforts to build New Frontie?, 2394 Broadway friendship based on mutual understanding New York, N.Y.10024. Add 15 between our two great peoples." percent for shipping and handling. New York City residents add 8 percent sales "Each convention is livelier and larger than tax. New York State residents the last. Obviously we are growing!" add 7 percent sales tax. happily observed \ililliam Hinton, the out- going chairman of the US-China Peoples 2394 Broadway (near 88th St.), Friendship Association. More than 7oo New York City. (212) 799-9338 people assembled at Philadelphia's Sheraton
4 December 1976 an exact replica from the Archaeological Findings of The People's Republic of China
... the bronze llying horse. lt is generally accepted, nothing so symbolizes the extraordinary energy of Chinese art as this bronze that has become almost synonymous with the collection. Head and tail tossed aloft, jaws snapping gulps of rushing air, hind foot poised weightlessly on a flying swallow , . . the horse appears to be literally hurtling throug! space. Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 A.D.) found in Kansu, ej 1969. Limited edition of 100 in copperwith bronze patina,187z inches long and 13% inches high. 1000.00 Miniature in gold-washed sterling silver,2lz inches long and 2 inches high. 100.00 Please add '1.75 for handling. Calitornians add 6y2o/o sales tax gOng TOm llling t Jade and Fine Jewerry 120 Grant Ave., San Francisco, CA 94108 Telephone (415) 391-2500
Airpon Inn over Labor Day weekend for were urged to make a broad Slade Tien, Lansing, Mich. East Coast: -Locals the third annual convention of the USCPFA, effort to explain China's foreign policy to John Dove, Boston, Mass.; Alan Feigen- with delegates representing 77 local chapters Americans. Delegates agreed that all mem- berg, New York, N.Y.; Roy Johnson, 'Washington, throughout the nation (an increase of 19 bers need to learn more about this so they D.C. South: Elaine Budd, in one year), zz nev,t organizing committees, can correct and combat public distortions Gainesville, Fla.; Bob McFarland, New and a membership that has grown steadily of China's policy. The resolution reaffirmed Orleans, La.; David Nolan, Atlanta, Ga. to approach 7,ooo. that USCPFA members should explain At-large: Koji Ariyoshi, Honolulu, Hawaii; Almost unanimously, the convention China's stands to audiences but are not Janet Goldwasser, Detroit, Mich.; Frank passed action resolutions on the questions obligated to agree with them. Pestana, Los Angeles, Calif.; Margaret .Whitman, that are uppermost in the minds of the A major focus of discussion during the Nassau County, N.Y. American people at this time: weekend was how to continue bringing the The NSC elected Frank Pestana as this -A major USCPFA drive was mandated message of people-to-people Iriendship to year's National Chairman. around the normalization of U.S.- Americans of differing racial and class The convention also unanimously desig- China relations and settling the Taiwan backgrounds. While all agreed on the aim, nated five honorary members of the issue. Renewing the commitment to nor- there were sharply divergent views on how National Steering Committee. Max Granich, malization made at the ry75 convention, to implement it. Delegates passed a resolu- \Tilliam Hinton, Helen Rosen, Dr. Samuel the new resolution also spelled out methods tion requiring, among other things, that at Rosen, and Randolph Sailer were named for implementing it: forming coalitions Ieast two minority and two working class for their long and steadfast devotion to with other concerned groups, letter-writing people participate in every friendship tour. friendship between the American and campaigns aimed at political candidates, Many new faces appear in this year's Chinese peoples. con{erences, and stressing the theme of slate of national officers. Elected to the The four-day convention schedule was normalization in all USCPFA activities. National Steering Committee were: filled with workshops, educationals, and 'West -A four-year campaign was launched to Coast: Ellen Brotsky, San Fran- cultural events which allowed delegates to help ensure the admission of the All-China cisco, Calif.; Debby George, Portland, meet people from other parts of the Sports Federation to the r98o Moscow Ore.; Linda Shin, Los Angeles, Calif . country, exchange experiences, discuss Olympics as the sole representative of the Midwest: Sylvia Fischer, Chicago, IIl.; problems, and rejoice in the human richness Chinese people. Sylvia Jackson, St. Louis, Mo.; Joseleyne of the Association. James Veneris, a former
Neut Cbina t prisoner of the Chinese in Korea who chose to live in China, gave a brief, moving add- MAO TSETUNG POEMS. First official English translation of 39 ress. Delegates also heard British writer and poems, including "Reascending Chingkangshan" and "Two filmmaker Felix Greene describe his recent Birds:A Dialogue." FLP, 1976. 53 pp. cloth $1.75 paper$1.00 trip to Tibet; Nobel Prize physicist C. N. Yang speak on normalizing relations with GREAT LEADER CHAIRMAN MAO W!LL LIVE FOREVER IN China; and Judge George'W. Crockett, Jr., OUR HEARTS. A pictorial album published in eternal memory a Black jutist, share his impressions of the of Chairman Mao. The set of 63 photographs of Chairman Mao Chinese legal system. was taken in different historical periods and issued by Hsinhua Peter Perl News Agency. Joint Publ. 1976. 48 pp. $1 .75 Hartford, Conn.
DAWN BLOSSOMS PLUCKED AT DUSK by Lu Hsun. A collection of ten The USCPFA conducted a national cam- essays written in 1926. FLP, 1976. 120 pp. $1.00 paign during the spring and summer to educate the American people on China and WORKERS, PEASANTS AND SOLDIERS CRITICIZE LIN PIAO AND CON. the Olympics and to get the International FUCIUS. A collection of articles. FLP, 1976. 108 pp. $.75 Olympic Committee (IOC) to admit the WIND lN THE TOWER, Mao Tsetung & The Chinese Revolution 1949-1975 All-China Sports Federation to the Olympic by Han Suyin. Little Brown, 1976. 404 pp. cloth $12.95 Games as the sole representative of China. A petition initiated by the USCPFA and "History of Modern China" Series-written by the history department of addressed to the IOC resulted in nearly Futan University and Shanghai Teacher's University: 4,ooo signatures as of mid-July. A number THE REFORM MOVEMENT OF 1898. FLP, 1976. 136 pp. $1.00 of Associations sent the IOC telegrams THE TAIPING REVOLUTION. FLP, 1976.188 pp. $1.25 supporting the PRC's admission to the Games, and USCPFA members and locals FREE CATALOG ON REOUEST wrote letters answering the many news- TERMS AND DISCOUNT POLICY FOR BULK OR. paper editorials and articles that totally DERS AND TO ORGANIZATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ignored or misrepresented the facts of the REOUEST. ON situation. (See "The Olympics Rhubarb" in this issue.) Acting for the National USCPFA, the New York City Committee on Normaliza- tion, together with the Eastern Region Normalization Committee, called a national press conference in New York City on July 9 that brought together prominent U.S. sports 6gures, USCPFA spokespeople, and the deputy head of the Taiwan Delegation OUROMT,A to the Third National Games in Peking in Co( a mania to roam? Hercls a free book September 1975. lullol European tours with the acccnt on ,76 For the press conference, the Norfolk high advcnturc. and Iow cost ! Wc spotlight chapter contacted Dr. Richard E. Lapchick, from Dracula romantic Romuniu the executive director o{ ARENA: The Institute country o[ thc wild Carpathii-rns und spoke thc paintcd nronastcrics ol' Moldavia for Sport and Social Analysis, who to sophisticated Bucharest and about why his organization supports thc swinging Black Sca rcsorts China's admission to the Olympics. Boston Our TOU ROMAN lA arranged for Red Sox pitcher Bill Lee to brochurc lists hundreds speak. Other participants were Dr. Philip of vacation bargains rndcpcndent tours in Shinnick, Director of Sports Studies at Romunra. lrom S 23 a day Rutgers, former world record holder in the lnd multi - country escorte 6 Decembcr r976 Olympics issue out to the American people were developed in a number of cities. In Philadelphia, USCPFA members dis- GPAirdoesallthe tributed z,ooo leaflets at the All-Star game, held a press conference which produced a ittle things that mgke a big very favorable article by Jack McKinney in the Daily Nerus, participated in three airline erren bigger. radio talk shows, and sent the entire local membership a letter about the issue and a copy of the petition. At the end of May, Pittsburgh drew roo Talk about service On our people to an all-day China Fair focusing on beautiful orange jets we'll treat you normalization of U.S.-China relations, with to international cuisine, china dishes, silver Frank Kehl as keynote speaker. Pittsburgh cutlery, tea and also sent letters and mailgrams to the U.S. &$ ) coffee in silver representatives on the IOC, provided ' pots Even in information to local sports reportcrs, pub- economy. Iished letters in all major papers re(uring anti-China fallacies, and leafleted two professional baseball games. At one Pirates game they got 3o-4o signatures on rhe national petition. Many people were sur- prised to find out China was not now in the Olympics and glad to learn the facts behind the newspaper headlines. A continuing Our flight attendants are something column on normalization was initiated in else, They honestly believe an airline is only as good as its people And in the first issue of the Pittsburgh newslerter the way they smile with their eyes e with an article on "China and the and make you feel special, ct Olympics." rt certainly shows t--rr In Eugene, members took the issue directly to some of the Olympic-bound U.S. athletes who came to Eugene in June for the track- and-6eld trials that determined which athletes would go to Montreal. They col- lected about 4o signatures on the perition and got much positive response. Seattle members appeared on a Sunday- evening listener-sponsored radio show to To make things even easier discuss all aspects of the Olympics issue. b r00AX ,oqo ora '1tq3 for you to fly with us, we welcome After the program, half a dozen listeners MO"'YR' ilo'/YR ' lHRu the American Express Card called in to say they were grateful to finally ,oor, So don't leave home without it hear the real story and wanted to know more about the Association. The sports editor of the Seattle Times interviewed a We have nonstop 747s USCPFA member from Taiwan who f lying across Canada To the expressed the hope that in the r98o Olym- Orient And to Europe We call il pics Taiwan athletes would be compering SuperOrange Service Because, in under the flag ol the PRC. all modesty, super it is Champaign-Urbana members took turns soliciting signatures on the petition at the entrance to the University of Illinois student union and collected 5oo names. In Albany the petition also got a good response. Members set up a table at the League of Arts Celebration, July 3-4, and got over roo signatures. Three members of the steering committee each wrote to a different local newspaper; all three letrers were published. Many other Associations, too numerous to mention, also gathered signatures, wrote Going our way? Call your travel agenl And let us show you that letters, and generally parricipated in taking all this talk, isn't just all talk the issue to the American people and mak- ing the campaign a success - although 9,?A!*K much still needs to be done to ensure China's admission to the next Olympics. Orange is Beautiful Jets Serving 5 Gontinents. New Cbina 7 { .t I / \.: ,,."'i. ;. -j, J ..,\I ' . i,t n* l' A (\ r1 "Happincss (.anal" by Chin Wcn-mei. by Han Suyin Excerptsfrom the new book,"Wind in the Tower: Mao Tsetung and the Chinese Reuolution, 1g4g-1g25" Dr. Han's book, completed in 1975, was published shortly before nored it, and the plenum would back him. In April, Mao would Chairman Mao's death on September 9, 1976, issue orders for the army to advance, and on October r the People's Republic of China would come into being. Mao Tsetung was 55 years old. The photographs of that year show him more portly than in his youth, master of the situation, and knowing it. His speeches are free of bombast, but also of self- deprecation. "The Chinese people, one-quarter of humanity, have stood up. . . . From now on no one will insult us again." scope. Overnight, China's destiny was changed and also the world Twenty-five years later, in October 1974, Mao Tsetung was balance of power. almost 8r .years old. The firecrackers of the October anniversary In that early, wind-frozen March, the dusty, bleak village of Hsi- spread vast bouquets of lights, petals of flame in the Peking sky. paipo in North China was host to the Seventh Central Committee A quarter of a century had passed since he had uttered these words, of the Chinese Communist Party assembling for its second plenum. and there had been no turning back. Mao Tsetung was still alert The occasion was niomentous; the decisions taken would decide of mind, with flashes of wit and humor as he conversed with the the future of China. Countrywide victory was imminent; the world's statesmen, kings and presidents who now thronged to People's Liberation Army stood poised, ready to advance into Peking. He blandly kissed the hand of Imelda Marcos of the South China. Although Mao Tsetung was to receive an urgent Philippines, and satisfied his ever young thirst for knowledge in cable from Stalin asking him to desist from prosecuting the war to talks with nuclear physicists. the end ("Leave South China to Chiang," Stalin advised), he ig- In those 25 years the People's Republic of China had become a giant poised for prosperity and power, an acknowledged miracle. Dn. Harq SuvrN, Doru and brought up in China, is the author of t5 books. She had confounded all predictions, accomplished what had been Wind in the Tower andThe Morning Deluge: Mao Tsetung and the deemed impossible. She aroused hope and fervor in the breasts of Chinese Revolution, r893-1954 (ry72) arc based on rcsearch and interuiews millions of the dispossessed, and the name of Mao Tsetung was compiled during yearly uisits to China ouer two decades. known throughout the world. The excerpts printed here as a continuous narratiye are culled.from Chapters t But Mao Tsetung was old, and deliberately made it known to and 7. With one exception, Dr. Han'sfootnotes haue been onitted. Enphasis his people. He had long ago prepared for death. ln the year ry74 uithin quotations and all ellipsis narks are the author's. The words ir square all pictures and portraits of Mao in public squares and streets, brackets haue been supplicd by the editors Jor continuity. which until then had shown him almost farcically young and Copyright @ ry76 by Han SuyinfromWind in the Tower: Mao Tsetung apple-cheeked, were retouched to show his true face, with and the Chinese Revolution, ry4g-rg75. Reprinted by arangement uith wrinkles, and white in his hair. Television films of his interviews Little, Brown and Conpany. implacably revealed his aged appearance, Mao himself had asked New China g that he be shown as he was . . . to prepare the people for the time had as its chief protagonist the Party vice-chairman, Liu Shao-chi, when he would no longer be with them. considered Mao's closest comrade in arms. An extreme left wing, Mao's work will remain: his writings, his way of thinking and small but raucous, called for the total liquidation of the doing, Mao Tsetung Thought - that body of revolutionary bourgeoisie and immediate communism. And there was the dan- experience and knowledge, practice of day to day revolution, the gerous euphoria of triumph, warping revolutionary will and vigi- teaching of a whole people in the science of revolution. Because of lance. Now the tough peasant guerillas had come to the cities, Mao, this knowledge is not confined to an elite but has pervaded would the cities corrupt them ? No one better understood the the minds of the Chinese people, has become a way of living and a danger than Mao. He warned: "'With victory, certain moods may way of thinking. China has changed more radically and thoroughly grow within the Party . . . arrogance, the airs of a self-styled hero, in this quarter-century than any other country in the world, and inertia . . . love of pleasure. . . . \7ith victory, the people will be she has only iust begun. grateful to us and the bourgeoisie will come forward to flatter None of this happened without challenge; no moment of these us. . . ." 25 years was free from "struggle," contention, controversy, The right wing in the Party was influential. Its arguments ap- polemics, and even war. Not one day of these 25 years but was peared rational, and it was backed by many of the intelligentsia witness to strife, both overt and covert; continuous high drama. newly rallied to the victors. Paradoxically, it could quote Mao to During this quarter-century the Chinese people transformed the undo Mao; for only a few years back, not thinking victory could Chinese earth and began to transform themselves. This immense be achieved for a decade at least, Mao had spoken of a "new metamorphosis - one-quarter of the world's people live in China - democratic stage" for "decades." And the formula Liu Shao-chi started while the guns were still loud, in that spring of 1949, in the put up was "consolidation of the new democratic stage." frostbitten village of Hsipaipo. Thirty-four Central Committee The new democratic stage Mao had talked about in r94o, how- members and 19 alternates assembled to discuss the blueprint of ever, was already outpaced by events in ry49. The phenomenon the future. In the shambles and chaos of the devastated country, historians know as the acceleration of history has nowhere been decisions, a "line," policies were to be devised to cope not only more evident that in the last 30 years, and in China particularly. with the enormous immediate problems of famine and chaos, but Mao had not expected victory in three short years. The situation also to chart the road to the future. brought about by the swift and total collapse of the Kuomintang 2\r,'o the generar exhilaration of a relieved popuration welcom- ff:lti;ifi:"tJ:::"fi:H:'.:" lli:TilffJ."i:;::'*::: f1 ing the PLA [People's Liberation Army] as liberators, it make revolution when conditions are ripe . . . is unpardonable." wouldhavebeenpossibleforMaoTsetungtoinstituteimmediately During the nine days of March j to r3, Mao Tsegung fought, a far more radical program for change than the one he set out at for the vision, the orientation, the leadership which would trans- the plenum. Mao enjoyed immense prestige, reinforced by the form China, bring it to power and prosperity, but also and above astonishing good behavior of the armies he led. "The occupation all to social justice, independence, and the true liberation of the of eight or nine provinces and scores of big cities will require a minds of its people. The struggle between two views, two con- huge number of working cadres, and to solve this problem the cepts, of what China should become was initiated then. army must rely chiefly on itself" (Mao, February ry49). Army cadres were to learn to manage industry and commerce, run ( \ncE asked by Edgar Snow what he considered to be the most schools and newspapers, handle foreign affairs . . . and so they did. \-r, difficult and painful thing in his life, Mao Tsetung replied, But Mao never entertained the thought of a military dictatorship "The intra-Party struggle." Yet willfully, deliberately, paradoxi- drastically enforcing radical measures. He has no taste for massive cally, Mao Tsetung also relied on intra-Party struggle to propel "purges" or arbitrary shortcuts. Though he thinks that the true the Party forward, to make its members progress in knowledge way that governs the world of men is the way of radical change, and understanding. he would not order change from above, imposing a system on a The Chinese Communist Party had never been a monolithic supine and exhausted people. Mao's way is to teach, to involve entity, not since its birth in r9zr. Six times during the years rgzr the people wholly in every transformation undertaken; to educate to 1949 it was subject to internecine strife representing opposite them into thinking and wielding power for themselves. Mao's ideological concepts, which on at least five occasions threatened vision was to transform China into a "strong, prosperous, inde- its very existence. In the next 25 years, through to r974, four more pendent, modern industrial socialist state" by combining effective maior struggles within the Party would occur. leadership with the broadest participation by the people. A radical In the long and bitter "major struggle" against \7ang Ming, transformation of society by compulsion would not work. lasting from 1935 to 1945, Mao devised the ways and means oI The whole emphasis of Mao's speech at the second plenum is turning intra-Party struggle into a motive force. The great rectifi- 'Wang on a blueprint for civilian order. The army is to be turned into "a cation (1942-1945) which climaxed the struggle against working force" of civilian cadres. The Party must rally as many Ming had confirmed the efficiency of Mao's methods in dealing groups as possible, not only workers and peasants but also the with the problem."' urban petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie," the intellec- These methods - unity, criticism, self-criticism, unity again - tuals, all those "who can cooperate with us." eschewed physical violence and arbitrary punishment; Mao is Mao is a dialectician; he knows that every situation carries its known as generous to his foes (he insisted inry45 that his defeated obverse within it. The very success of the move, rallying so many opponent Wang Ming should still be given a place on the Central diverse individuals and groups, might well drown revolutionary Committee). But this benevolence knows no ideological compro- goals in an indecisive liberalism; just so, too, were the well- mise. disciplined forces of the PLA now dangerously swollen with [Mao's principle of collective Party leadership] was designed to Kuomintang deserters (almost two million of them). It was therefore essential to set down a clear line, guiding prin- "wang Ming: In the early r91os he advocated the adventurist policy ciples, for the period to come. lWithin the Party itself, Mao of-centering revolution Tietung had to Jeal with divaricating groups. A strong right wing ::tt;.tt"T.1i[Yi:; "National bourgeoisie: The capitalist sector involved in industry or to educate the cadres commerce using its own assets, and not exporting capital abroad. eliminate bureaucracy, dogmatism, and stereotyped wricing. (Eds.) ro December r976 prevent the monopolizing of decision making by a single indivi_ became common among all the people in China, and the notion dual: there would be divergent views, and decisions musi be taken of twoJine struggle within the Party was accepted and evident to by consensus. The practice of .,democratic centralism,' which each man and woman (and even to schoolchildren). Prior to 1966 ring his long career was possible no one dared assume that any directive from "on high" could be ere admitted as normal, necessary wrong. The average Party member expected "deviations', and evil to come from below, or from non-Party people, never from the very as there is class struggle society, Just in so is this class struggle top of the Party itself . Today it is no longer so. "Higher authority" reflected within the Party, where it becomes an ideological co-n- is not necessarily correct. frontation between two "lines" of political thinking. There is, therefore, permanent a "twoJine struggle," overt or little publicized, the two-line struggle at the second covert, [rr"or"" latent or erupting into open crisis, at all times within the l. \ plenum was intense. It was preceded by abundant dis- Party. as it should cussions on economic problems: restoration of production in the be, for of opposites, cities; the city-countryside relationship; flow of exchanges between which events, and city and countryside. things incarnate in Liu Shao-chi argued that nationalization of the major industries, people, idea bearers, who form groups or cliques. The party which under Chiang Kai-shek had been in the hands of the bureau- cannot escape this universal law. cratic capitalists as a monopoly, was enough to create a state industrial sector; apart from that the private sector of small capitalist concerns must be encouraged to expand and be given a "free hand." "At the present time it is better to allow the forces of capitalism full play to expand production." This expansion of a private sector would put production back on its feet, increase employment of workers (many of them now unemployed because of industrial shutdowns), and supply consumer needs. These two sectors, one nationalized, one private, would be kept for two or three decades. This was the meaning of "consolidation of the new democratic stage." The capitalists were "essential" for the re- habilitation period. They alone had the knowhow necessary to run enterprises, and the very word "socialism" panickod them - hence it must not be used. The arguments seemed plausible; the end would have been a system such as prevails in India, which although it dubs itself "socialist" is a nineteenrh-century type of capitalism in its exploita- tive qualities. Though unversed in industrial economics (as he freely acknowledged), Mao Tsetung was aware of the devouring potential of capitalist enterprise. The coexistence of a state sector (which would perforce be sabotaged by the private sector, as Chairman Mao in Yenan, occurs in India, or else be inefficient through lack of knowhow) 7942. (Photo: with a private sector would immensely favor capitalist develop- China Photo ment. But capitalist expansion would mean exploitation of the Service) workers and peasants: betrayal of the revolution. It all boiled down, in Marxist terminology, to different class "Contradictions exist in the process of development of all stands. Liu, who argued for maintaining "for decades" this am- things." So long as these contradictions remain on the plane of biguous system, was actually trying to preserve and even to divergences of opinion, and do not harm the course of the revolu- strengthen the capitalist class. He invoked Lenin's New Economic Policy, but this did not impress Mao, who knew his Lenin far better and knew how Lenin's concepts had been distorted in the USSR. "On whom shall we rely in our struggle in the cities ? Some muddleheaded comrades think we should rely not on the working class but on the masses of the poor, . . . Some comrades who are euen more muddleheaded rhink we should rely on the bour- georsre. ... upon which is grafted artitude and behavior, which will determine "'We must wholeheartedly rely on the working class, unite with the individual's role in the struggle. the rest of the laboring masses, win over the intellectuals, and win Mao's contribution to revolutionary science is to have devised over to our side as many of the national bourgeoisie elements as methods of handling these negative elements so as to fuel progress; possible . . . or neutralize them. . . . to have posited these struggles as necessary and inevitable. The "Our present policy is to regulate capitalism, not to destroy it, preservation of Party unity is founded on the paradox of incessant but tbe national bourgeoisie cannot be the leader of the reuolution, struggle within the Party. S7ithout ideological struggle, the party nor should it haue tbe chief role in stdte poluer." would become ossified and decay. Struggle guarantees its dynam- Mao Tsetung through reasoned debate and persuasion carried ism; progress can onlycome through"contradictions"to be solved. the vote in the Central Committee. The policy of "controlling, Repeatedly during this last quarter-century Mao would bring to regulating, and restricting" though not forbidding capitalism was attention the "dark side" of the Party; would enjoin Party members passed. to "use their heads," would speak against blind obedience. But it Another problem discussed at the plenum, the city-countryside was only because of the cultural revolution that this knowledge relationship, was also formulated by some right-wing economists New Cbina rr as an "industry versus agriculture" contradiction. Liberal econo- mists joined hands with Liu's "Marxist" formulation to argue that .t, the first priority was heavy industrialization; whatever funds there I were should be invested chiefly in industrial "rehabilitation." For .- had not this been the "socialist road" taken by the USSR? They posited the problem in terms of a "contradiction" between urban and rural development; to divert funds to alleviate the immense misery of the countryside would not be "socialism." Bluntly, this meant a continuation of what had been the hall- mark of Chinese society before r949t domination of city over countryside; exploitation of the countryside majority (over 85 per- cent of the population) by the urban minority. The point is fundamental: throughout the next 25 years the problem would recur. Mao Tsetung would never give in on this matter. The countryside must no longer be exploited by the cities. Mao's refusal to sacrifice the peasantry for "production and re- habilitation" indicates also his refusal to accept blindly the Soviet Russian pattern. The right wing argued that Stalin himself in t9z8 had said that the peasantry must make its "tribute" to the buildup of heavy industry as a priority. But Mao replied that it was not possible to build a socialist industry based on a feudal countryside, or one where cruel exploitation held sway. If the countryside remained neglected and exploited and backward while industry flourished, that would mean capitalism and not socialism, whether a "nationalized" state sector in industry was created or not. "Only through socialism . . . can our motherland free herself from a semi- colonial, semifeudal state and take the road to independence, freedom, peace, unity and prosperity," said Mao at the plenum. And "without socialization of agriculture there can be no complete, consolidated socialism. " In arguing that the peasant must not be sacrificed, Mao was not only standing solidly on the side of the majority of laboring people, but he also had the rank and 6le of the Party with him. ln 1949, 2 percent of the Party members were from the working class, 73 percent were poor and middle peasants, and z5 percent were from the urban petty bourgeoisie or were intellectuals or rich peasants. However, this z5 percent were influential; they were Iiterate, with technical and administrative ability; wielding an influence disproportionate to their number, holding administra- tive posts in the newly liberated cities. Already complaints of the "peasant" ways of some of the army cadres (whose tough guerilla habits were alien to urban ways) had come from these urban- oriented officials. It was at this point that the persistent rumor began that Mao as a "peasant" leader did not understand city problems, nor did his rural warriors. Liu Shao-chi argued that there should not be land reform, so as not to disturb production, but a return to the rent reduction system operated in Yenan.'t Undue socialization in the countryside would bring confusion. The peasant was "basically conservative . . . slothful, easygoing . . . only interested in food and pro6t," said Liu. This contemptuous view of the peasant masses was vigorously resisted by Mao. "Under no circumstances should the villages be ignored and only the cities given attention, such thinking is entirely wrong." Mao conceded that the minds of the peasantry must be changed by "socialist education . . . this is the most important problem." However, socialist education must be accompanied by tangible steps: land reform, and collectivization step by step. This would receive the support of the poor and middle peasantry, 70 percent of China's population. "Only when each peasant has a farm and three horses can there be socialism in the countryside," retorted Liu Shao-chi. The plenum finally passed resolutions that the state economy 'rYenan: Base area in North Shensi, established in r935 after the Long March. (Eds.) "Growing Up by the Side of Chairman Mao" by the Shensi Creative Arts Group. 12 December r976 and not private economy should be "in the leadership role," and believe that men could not change, or that they would be un- that agriculture should be led from individual operation to col- willing to do so once they knew the truth. lective development "step by step." Priority for manufactured Party unity was Mao's overriding concern. To add more goods would go to the rural areas I the supply differences between antagonism by treating Liu harshly would have strengthened the city and countryside were to disappear. opposition to Mao. Liu had been frank, openly stating his views. [But] the two-line struggle on the ideology and strategy of de- Up to the end of his long and bitter struggle against Liu, Mao velopment continued. It would be 1953 before Mao Tsetung won would still insist that Liu "did things openly." a clear victory on the definition of the period - "consolidation of But there were other sound reasons for Mao's gestures, Liu was new democracy" or "transition to socialism." Liu Shao-chi leading underground organizations in the areas behind Japanese appeared to surrender to Mao's policies, But as the ensuing years lines, controlled the liaison links with the cities and the urban would show, he continued to hold on to his own views. intelligentsia, inaccessible to the rural guerillas who had Long Marched their way to the base in Yenan. Liu thus built up his own \ tr f"t did Mao Tsetung, despite his clear knowledge of Liu, headquarters within the Party, side by side with Mao's. He was [ [ despite his bursts of irritation against Liu, keep the relation- valued by Mao as a hardworking organization man. And there is ship going, allow Liu so much latitude and power for so long ? no better evidence of Mao's concern for Party unity, and the 'Why did Liu become Mao's heir in 1959, only to be expelled from future of the revolution, than that he not only put up with Liu but the Party in 1968 ? \7hy was the tremendous upheaval of the cultural revolution "entirely necessary and appropriate," and the only means whereby Liu Shao-chi could be removed? The answer to these questions is the story of China's dynamic building during the past quarter of a century. In this gigantic drama personalities and events intertwine. What kind of person was Liu Shao-chi ? Mao is glowingly, glaringly accessible, his foibles known, his charisma evident. But even Edgar Snow, who met Liu several times, found him unyield- ing to description. So did the imaginative Andr6 Malraux, whose apt description (to the author, in a personal interview) was: "A gramophone record." Liu could never achieve that immediate warmth which characterized Mao. Tales of Mao's wit, bursts of laughter or anger, acerbic irony or apt quotation abound. He is a living story, a legend and a reality. But Liu needed an organization around him to come alive. Liu was probably a far abler committeeman than Mao; he was a good apparatus organizer, a lover of order, rules, and programs. Diplomats found him answering questions in a meticulous style, unlike Mao's apparently rambling talk. But Liu had no earthiness; Chairman Mao he was at ease only in an of6ce. He was an executive of merit but vlsrtlng Chingkangshan, not a mass leader; a man who needed an organization to buttress 1955. (Phoio: him, discomforted by spontaneous or unexpected phenomena. Hsinhua News In short, Liu was a typical mandarin, a Confucianist bureaucrat, Agency) such as China produced by the millions during z,5oo years of Confucianism. also gave him power and honor, hoping all the while to "convert" What of the relationship between Liu and Mao ? This relation- him from his right-wing views. ship, with its built-in "contradiction," can be dated to 1937, when From 1945 onward, when Liu Shao-chi's position as vice-chair- a disheartened Liu was in Yenan, "holed up to write his reports" man was secure, the occasions on which he opposed Mao multi- as his "good friend" Chang Kuo-tao says. He produced a long plied; he seems to have gone on believing until the end that he was diatribe condemning all CCP policies for the past 16 years, dub- right (he died in ry74 ot cancer, aeed fi). But the climate intro- bing them "left adventurism," reproving peasant uprisings as duced in the Party by Mao Tsetung, the style of handling Party reckless. Liu wanted a merger of the CCP with the Kuomintang, unity by admitting debate and opposite views, the "struggle by dissolution of the Red Army, and a CCP campaign to "reform the persuasion," is the reason that the "alliance and struggle" situa- Kuomintang from within." tion with Liu endured so long. This capitulationist stance caused "a severe shock" and was Until 1965, desprte many occasions when Mao Tsetung berated called "outrageous" by some Politburo members. Mao, however, Liu Shao-chi (more or less openly), he would not take action sought Liu out, reasoned with him, and brought him around. against Liu, because he still hoped that Liu was "curable." But There were personal, practical, and ideological reasons for when the "contradictions" with Liu grew to a point which Mao Mao's behavior. To begin with, Mao's behavior towards erring Tsetung felt jeopardized the future of the Chinese revolution, he colleagues is to seek them out, talk with them, persuade them to called upon the Chinese masses to topple Liu Shao-chi. correct their errors, Mao not only taught this method for Party The two men differed above all in their concept of revolution, of unity, he practiced it. His authority, and the high regard and what a Communist Party should be. For Liu Shao-chi, the Party respect surrounding him (even from those who disagreewith him), was an elite of good and honorable men, assiduously striving for were earned by this trait in his makeup, which he has established correctness, operating an efficiently honest bureaucracy, acting within Party norms. Backbiting, malice, slander, harsh and cruel with objective paternalism towards the docile and subservient treatment towards comrades repel Mao. "Save the patient by people, who had to be "led" at all times. This view, whether Liu curing the disease" was Mao's motto. Ideological deviations are a knew it or not, was elitist Confucianism, related to the "tutelage" disease, to be cured by patient teaching, persuasion, criticism and concept under which Chiang Kai-shek had operated during zo self-criticism. Throughout his life Mao Tsetung would never yeafs. 14 December t976 For Mao, the Party leaders could err' the Party must, therefore, will inevitably catch hold of the Chinese people, Complacency and at all times "struggle" with itself and relate itself to the masses; inertia will slow down, not accelerate, China's progress. So runs once it became an elite, it betrayed the revolution. The Party's lob the argument against Mao's line today. Mao Tsetung would be was not to do things for the people, but to teach the people to the last man to gainsay such dire predictions. Every day, for the become the decision makers, master the policies, and carry them last 6ve years, the Chinese press has warned against rhe dangers out themselves. "It is to the advantage of tyrants that the people of revisionism, of capitalist restoration in China. Every day there remain stupid; it is to our advantage that they be intelligent." are exposures of errors and misdeeds; frank and revealing articles Liu was attracted and repelled by Mao's talent for fruitful chaos, debate the two-line struggle and the class struggle which goes on by his great vision and fire and poetry, by the elemental strength among the 8oo millions and in the Party. which is Mao Tsetung, yet all the more insistent upon his own Since r97r, and Lin Piao's death, the consciousness of this aloofness, his self-centered gentleman's pride. Liu must have been danger - revisionism, capitalist restoration - has haunted Mao irked by Mao's combination of uncouthness and elegance, jocose more than ever. In ry66 aheady he had written to his wife Chiang ribaldry and classic wit, all those diametrical opposites which make Ching: "If the right stages an anti-Communist coup d'etat in up Mao Tsetung's personality. The most galling thing of all must China, I am sure they will know no peace either and their rule will have been Mao's immense popularity with the people; even when most probably be short-lived . . . because it will not be tolerated going against Mao's line, Liu would have to quote Mao to get a by the revolutionaries who are 90 percent of the people." But hearing. because the system was not yet consolidated enough, "if people Liu would never have imagined the cultural revolution; that like Lin Piao come to power, it will be quite easy for them to rig Mao would risk destroying his own organization to protect the up a capitalist system." revolution could not be understood by a man for whom the It is in the full knowledge of this danger that consolidation and organization was all, the revolution a by-product of the Party. political education movements have been undertaken since r97r. Liu would always be afraid of the tempests that Mao called to The Tenth Party Congress of August 1977 and the new Party birth; the release of the masses' initiative, those immense tidal constitution; the National People's Congress of January ry75 and waves which have shaken China and made her leap forward into the new state constitution which replaces the ry54 constitution; her own future. the movements against Confucius and for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat - all are geared towards the ultimate OET and peasant, classicist and Marxist theoretician, goal: speeding up the continuing revolution of China to attain master of the strategy of modern war, and liberator of communism as swiftly as possible. the creative energy of his people, Mao in his thinking and his vision of the world transcends national boun- '-f-lrt stimulus which made this acceleration possible is un- daries. The most important thing he has taught all men .f doubtedly the Lin Piao affair, since criticism of Lin Piao, is that there is no end, only perpetual beginnings, in a revolution. Iinked to the anti-Confucius drive, is still going on years after his At 8z Mao is as ready as atzz to launch into the future, as deter- death. mined to press on as when he wrote the poem "Seize the day, seize "A bad thing . . . can turn into a good one." The negative lesson the hour !" of Lin Piao brought about a profound psychological change To change the world and to change man has been man's age-old among the Chinese millions. One instance is the succession issue. dream; Mao has shown that man's self-willed transformation is a Mao, after his visit to Moscow in 1957, was perturbed by the determining factor in societal change. All moral and ethical values changes in the USSR and the crisis of succession after Stalin. He of the past are challenged in this self-remolding; so often they are then tried to establish a succession, for he was aware of the but props of ancient tyrannies. "History has set us a great task, deep-rooted tradition of the Chinese people that demands incarna- not only to know the world, but to transform it," said Mao, tion of supreme authority in one individual. Even up to the early quoting Marx and speaking as a Communist, in the vanguard of r96o's peasants would come to kneel before the portrait of Mao in a proletariat whose historical destiny it is to change the world. But Heavenly Peace Square in Peking and say: "We have a new for this the proletariat must remold itself as well; the vanguard emperof." must constantly overhaul its own assumptions; all too easily can By ry64 Mao's views on succession had changed; no single it be perverted and become the very exploiter it sought to lay low. person could be really entrusted with an authority compared to "Socialist society, born out of the old exploiting societies, is . . . his own. He was beginning to doubt Liu Shao-chi, and he realized still stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose that a collective leadership could not stand up against a single womb it emerges," Marx had said. And Mao repeats it. unscrupulous figure, who would not exhibit the integrity, forbear- Another lesson which Mao has taught the world is that in ance and compunction Mao had shown in using power, because socialism there must be revolution within the revolution; that the the masses were still not aware of the danger. Mao's most fetching people must have the right to revolt against the leadership when it quality is perhaps his candid and prolonged faith in his colleagues errs. The legitimation of dissent, revolt, is the guarantee for pre- and comtades, "People can change, can't they ?" he said in October serving revolutionary purity ; as recently as July ry7 5 Mao stated it 1966, when he was still trying to save Liu Shao-chi. But in r97r, was "healthy for our state and our Party" to put up big-character after Lin Piao's treachery, it was a sad Mao who observed: "It posters, accusing high-ranking officials in the streets of Peking and seems very difficult for those who have committed gross errors of other cities. line to change." Undeniably, Lin Piao's betrayal caused Mao great This perpetual "blooming and contending" is seized upon by personal grief. those who have not understood Mao's thinking as evidence that In order to assure his heritage, Lin Piao had utilized a tradition China's revolution will fail. There is talk of power struggles and far older than Marxism: that of the Confucian ruler, superman, of tensions, instability and internecine conflict at Mao's death; genius, representing heaven's will, adhering to "the rites" and withering corruption and warlordism. How can China achieve tradition. "Collective leadership weakens personal responsibility," the drive, popular mobilization, and technological competence said Lin Piao. "On his part there was a process of development for the gigantic task still before her without using material incen- and self-exposure, and on our part there was also a process of tives ? Zeal and abnegation sooner or later will yield to getting to know him," said Chou En-lai later (August 1973). "revolutionary fatigue." The rising tide of consumer expectations ln ry64 Mao began his great campaign for training a generation New China rS of "successors," not one bur "rnillions of them." This is to be the Lenirr had already analyzed the problem. "Small production Party's central task; it enforces a handing over of power, not to a engenders capitalisrn and the bourgeoisie continuously, daily, small clique but to the masses in general. And it makes collective hourly, spontaneously, and on a mass scale." "This also occurs leadership essential. The new constitution of January r97S repeats: among a section of the workers and a section of the Party mem- "All power in the People's Republic of China bclongs ro the bers," added Mao Tsetung. "Botb within the ranks ol tbe pro- people," who are [o exercise this power through elected people's letariat and among the personnel of state organs there are people congresses at all levels, and have the power to supervisc the who follow the bourgeois style of life," deputies elected and to replace them at any time according to This wholesale denur:ciation of the "bourgeois wind" empha- provisions of law. sizes the constant vigilance which must be exercised. This can The shock of Lin Piao's treachery and dearh was salutary; it only be done with the most open debate and permeability to wrenched millions away from their traditional demand for a criticism from the lower Ievels upward. father-image incarnation of power; suddenly the two-line srruggle Only a proletariat imbued with scientific Marxist ideas, with a made sense for many who had been puzzled by it. commitnrent to them, and occupying positions in all sectors, The discovery of betrayal "among the highesr" made the idea including the universities, the news media, and the administration, of a collective leadership acceptable and popular. Ir was now can curb and control this perennial rise of "bourgeois" ideas, imperative that there be more and better undersranding of Once the proletariat allow the newly engendered bourgeoisie - political theory, so that it would be more difficult for another who resent participation in physical labor, who resist having their Lin Piao to rise. "We should study more, read more Marxist- children work in the countryside and uSe influer.rce, corruption, Leninist works," said Mao. Lenin had said that "On the ground and pressure to get thcm into universities, who will spout but not cleared of one bourgeois generation, new ones continually appear perform; and who still put family ties, clan ties, above the public as long as the ground gives rise to them." good - into positions where they can manipulate government "For a long time to come there will still be twoline struggles machinery, then China will surely slide into the same state as the within the Party . . . ro, zo,3o times . . . Lin Piaos will appear USSR, a "state capitalist monopoly bourgeoisie" of bureaucrats again, and so will persons like \Wang Ming, Liu Shao-chi, Peng and state functionaries. Teh-huai."" Thus Chou En-lai, quoting Mao, who had said that Just as rn 1949, there are in China today a right tendency which even when communism was reached, there would still be contra- wants no change, or change so slow that political advance is en- dictions and struggles, albeit in a different form. Even then "some dangered, and a left wing which wants immediate and drastic people like Chiang Kai-shek" might still emerge. change. Both will damage the goal of accelerated political and The difference is that now people expect such conlrontations. economic advance. It.is necessary once again to read Mao Tsctung, The secrecy which surrounded intra-Party struggle and caused a to see how he functioned in leading the tremendous'advance of shock every time a crisis occurred is being openly criticized by the Chinese people, step by step, never faltering but flexibly, from some of the younger "masses." There is at present possibly too medieval to modern times in less than three decades. much gossip about the continuing struggle, surmise about who is The meaning of "all-round dictatorship over the bourgeoisie" at loggerheads with whom, which caused Red Flag in October in all spheres and at all stages of development is precisely this t974 to admonish people "not to listen ro alleyway rumor- awareness and curbing in the ideological sphere, in order to abolish mongering." all classes and all class distinctions, all the relations of production Because the masses now feel they have a right ro know, and read and the social relations corresponding to them which give rise to the press with so much greater political acumen and critical sense classes. This really means a wholesale revolution ol all the ideas than before the cultural revolution, the two-line srruggle may that result from past social relations. Only careful, vigilant res- somewhat change in aspect. Explosive situations peter out under triction to prevent capitalism in the countryside from re-emergence the weight of public opinion (inevitable as the argllments develop), can do it, and over a certain period of years. and new and as yet unpredictable forms of "struggle" may now \ilill this political leap forward jeopardize economic advance ? 'Will occur. there be resistance to it on such a scale that China will There is no obvious bourgeois class in China; but the example become "revisionist" ? of Lin Piao and his supporters showed how easily it could resur- The experience of the last z5 years disproves this contention. 'Where, rect. how, in what manner was a new bourgeoisie en- Despite all dire predictions, China has been advancing so swiftly gendered in a socialist state? How could it be curbed and pre- in the building of her own prosperity because of, not in spite of, vented from usurping power ? This is the meaning of the the swift ideological prosecution of the revolution. But it will "dictatorship of the proletariat" over the tenacious bourgeoisie. mean that turbulent two-line struggling will continue, From now "There is no ten-thousand-li Great Wall between the working on it will consciously involve - for it must - the majority, the class and the bourgeoisie in the old society . , . in the transition masses. period, all need to transform themselves" (Mao, ry74). The pro- Nothing on this scale, or of this importance, has been attempted letariat is not born with a priori Marxist correctness; it also has to by any "socialist country," least o{ all 5y the USSR, where on the remold itself ; and only when it achieves the emancipation of all contrary political revolution was halted in favor of "economic mankind will it also be emancipated. The lesson of the USSR was advance" and there was a retrogression: inequalities are worse that a neo-bourgeoisie, a new exploiting class, could crop up as a than ever; agriculture is at almost the same production level as "state capitalist monopolist bourgeoisie of bureaucrats and state before r9r7; and the USSR has changed into a predatory functionaries" which would have even more power than ordinary imperialist power, with vaulting ambitions of world domination, capitalists, with no competition to curb it. The crux of the matter an economy totally militarized, but backward in consumer goods was in the problem of ownership .'V,lho really owns the industries, and amenities for the people. agriculture, the various sectors of the economy ? Who really is the By pushing her revolution forward China has turned her back on decision maker ? hegemonic ambition, and trusted not only her own people but all the people of the world to do the same one day, including the Teh-huai: Minister of Defense from the early r95os until 1959 "Peng peoples. who attacked the Great Leap Forward and the formation of the com- Russian and American munes, and advocated dependence on Soviet economic and n-rilitary And who can say that, in the long term, Mao Tsetung's vision aid. (Eds.) of the future will be wrong? o t6 December 1976 lf lt's Tuesday, This Must Be Texas by Tom Gold Chinese uisitors towr the LI.S. at a gallop Betrueen Cbina's Liberation in r9q9 and tbe cation witb the People's Republic ol China Friendship is a two-way street. Although Shanghai Communique ol ry72, wben tbere (CSCPRC), another priuate group sttpported much has been written about the experiences 'u.5. uas uirtually no contact between tbe by seueral U.S. prolessionaL societies, of Americans in China, little has been re- and C h i tte se gou ernments, indiuidu al Ameri - assisted in a uisit by Chinese scientists and ported here about the visits to our country of cans onl1, occasionally uisited the People's pbysicians. Tbe following yectr a CSCPRC several hundred Chinese since the Shanghai Reptrblic. A big breakthrough cante uhen delegation was irutited to Cbina and, wbile Communique of 1972, which paved the way the U.S. Table Tennis Team was inuited to there, worked out the first "package" ol for people-to-people exchanges between the tour China in April ol r97 r, and tbe Chinese exchanges witb China's counterpart two countries. Having had the good fortune accepted art inuitation for an exchange uisit organization, the Scientific and Technical to accompany several groups of Chinese the f ollort,ing year. Association. during their tours in the United States, I have The National Committee on IJnited ln the summer and fall ol 1974 I was seen firsthand the great reservoir of friend- States-Cltina Relations, a priuate organiza- asked to trauel with Cbinese groups being ship and enthusiasm for China that exists tion, rc,as selected to belp host tbe Cbinese hosted by the National Committee and the throughout America and have also had a Table Tennis Delegation in April ry72. Tbat CSCPRC. Below are some of my experi- chance to observe how the Chinese react to fall, the Contmittee on Scholarly Communi- ences with two of the delegations. our soclety. The Agricultural Sciences Delegation, for which I helped afiange a tour and was a co- leader, and the'Wushu (Martial Arts) Dele- gation, with which I was an interpreter, offered fascinating contrasts in their inter- action with Americans. The latter was an entertainment troupe of 35 people, marvel- ously skilled in the traditional Chinese boxing, sword play, and acrobatics collec- tively called wushu, who moved constantly amid large crowds, while the former con- sisted of just ten men and women ranging in age from the zos to the 7os who sought intensive technical and scientific exchanges about agriculture with small groups of Americans. Since the American and Chinese scientific communities had been estranged for over two decades, the basic plan of the scientific visit was to whisk the Chinese around to six or seven advanced agricultural research centers dealing with subjects in which they had expressed interest. They could thus get a general impression of the type of research being done in the United States and, it was hoped, would feel inclined to return to spend At a dinner party, members ol the Chinese agricultural delegation Tor,r Goro is a gradmtc sttdutt irt Boston uho present gifts to their American hosts. (AIl photos: T. Gold) uisitcd China tuith the USCPFA in t975. Neu'China 17 To grow better crops: in a Champaign, Illinois, cornfield, Chir-rese agricultural scientists swap data with their American host, Dr. Howell of the University of Illinois. more time in just a few places. The Chinese date everyone we twice had to divide the provided by a Texas Highway Patrol escort expression for this kind of touring ts zou-ma delegation. On the 6rst split, I went with the the entire way. kan-bua - "viewing flowers from horse- cotton subgroup of four Chinese to Texas In College Station we headed for the Holi- back" - and it describes the situation quite A & M while the wheat subgroup went to day Inn, whose neon sign read "'Welcome accurately. the University of Minnesota. Our adven- Chinese Delegates." Our local coordinator The science group was an interesting mix- tures on the Texas trip will give an idea of had been patiently waiting all evening. Since ture: older intellectuals, some educated in one of these galloping tours. it was rr:45 and we had not had dinner, the U.S. and the Soviet Union; an educated 'fhe original plan was to fly to Dallas after Professor Yu, the head of the delegation, youth who had settled in the countryside; a stop in Stoneville, Mississippi, then go by sent the coordinator home and the rest of us and an interpreter with experience in Asia hired van to Texas A & M at College Station, went down the highway for a snack at and Africa. Women held up one-third of the appreciating the Texas landscape en route. Sambo's. sky. But the plane was two hours late and we It was Saturday night. Sambo's was the The members were interested in cotton, wound up driving for six hours through the only place in town still open, and it was corn, wheat, and soybeans. To accommo- vast Texas darkness. The only glamour was jumping. Tables were crowded with teenage 18 December 1976 r0Tiggly town, visiting a Piggly supermarket to foreign guests. Multiply these impressions and a residential area. by ten and you have an idea of a Chinese That afternoon a reception at a private scientific visit to the U.S. My role was a home enabled us to meet the local notables mixture of tour leader, interpreter, inter- and the scientists we would be talking with mediary, sinologist, public relations man, during the next few days. The Chinese and constant companion. presented gifts - fans and silk embroideries - Chinese-American exchanges are of great to the host and hostess and then joined small significance, but to the participants, as time clusters of Americans. Later we toured the passes, they boil down to experiences in house and noted the microwave oven, dish- human interaction. One thing that impressed washer, and sprinkler system. the Chinese even more than the high level of The formal briefings began at the univer- science and technology, the advanced equip- sity on Monday with explanations of ment, the skyscrapers, the wealth, or the land-grant colleges, the peculiarities of Iandscape was the friendliness of the Ameri- Texas agriculture, and the research interests cans they met. I can only speculate as to their at Texas A & M. Professor Yu spoke a bit preconceptions, but their comments showed about cotton-growing in China. they were truly overwhelmed by what they Then came a round of sessions in labs and experienced - the ovations, the autograph field plots at which each expert discussed seekers, and the moving farewells. work in progress and the latest findings. After a visit to a family farm near Cham- Interspersed were meals and tea and the paign, Liu Yu-xiang, a woman scientist, and distribution of many reprints of scientific I were chatting about our impressions of articles. each other. She said, "You are like the sun at Two young women from Taiwan assisted eight or nine o'clock in the morning" - a with technical interpreting. Both were famous quote from Chairman Mao. Then apprehensive about meeting "mainland she added, "You young people have a great Chinese." That night one of them brought hope for the future." her husband and a few others to our motel In Champaignl learnedthat Fiddler onthe for a chat with the delegation. The Chinese Roof was to be on television. I was eager to attach much importance to helping their see how the Chinese would react to that compatriots from Taiwan get a clear picture story. In the afternoon we attended a recep- of the People's Republic to correct the dis- tion given by the Chancellor of the Univer- torted view they grew up with. sity of Illinois. Afterwards we stopped off at I did similar informational work with a Kentucky Fried Chicken (fried chicken had some Texas A 6a M people, telling them become a favorite food) and bought dinners about Chinese history, the necessity of revo- to go. We convened in a motel room to eat lution, and the new China. The Americans and watch the film. I explained the historical were eager to learn about their guests and setting and then translated. their country, so I made a gteat effort to The Chinese were greatly interested. If I dispel negative preconceptions and answer laughed at something impossible to trans- their many questions. The Americans and late, they would badger me to explain it. As Chinese quickly took to each other and got I had hoped, they began to discuss the along famously on a scientist-to-scientist and movie's relevance to their own history and person-to-person level, In some cases, two struggle. Oh, yes, they had had arranged scientists working on similar projects would marriages, and low status of women, and begin discussing their work early in the family oppression, and other feudal rem- morning and continue non-stop until day's nants of Confucius, but now all that was end. changed. Later, in discussing some aspect of On the final day there was a quick morn- the old China, they would smile and exclaim, ing briefing and then packing before we "Tradition !" boarded a commuter plane to Dallas. A On the bus to Ames, Iowa, Ms. Xie and spinoff of Hurricane Carmen hit us a half- Mr. Xu elaborated. Ms. Xie felt the ending girls performing for their male counterparts, hour before takeoff but luckily disappeared was bad - it should have shown the younger and vice versa. A large group of bowlers as quickly as it had come. At the Dallas people with their hopes for the future, and came in. Our party found a table and ordered airport we had Fritos, Hershey bars, and not made us sympathize with the old man sandwiches, with the exception of Professor cokes to tide us over as we waited to com- threatened by the loss of his old-fashioned Yu. He had discovered earlier that his favor- plete the trip to Champaign, Illinois, where ways. Mr. Xu said each daughter suffered ite American food was pie, so he asked for we were reunited with the other half of our from a different kind of oppression: money chocolate cream pie (the only flavor left) and delegation. and feudal tradition, czarist political oppres- declined to order anything else. However, I recount details to impress upon readers sion, and the racism of the old czars. while I was explaining what Saturday night that these trips are z4-hour-a-day introduc- means in small-town USA, he consumed tions to the most sophisticated and most The Wushu Delegation toured for z5 days, someone else's salad and orange juice. banal aspects of American life. Things we visiting and performing before enthusiastic Sunday was a free day. After breakfast take for granted - a small-town eatery on standing-room-only crowds in Honolulu, (the Chinese loved grits) and a glance Saturday night or the ritual of changing San Francisco, New York, and'Washington, through the newspaper, we strolled around planes - are often matters of great curiosity D.C. There were receptions, visits to a fac- New China rg The 'Wushu troupe visits the UN building in Ne',r, York City. tory, a museum, a ranch, schools and homes, a picnic complete with frisbees, a trip to the White House, and get-togethers with local chapters of the US-China Peoples '!7e Friendship Association. tried to reach as many people as possible through personal contact and the media. Everywhere we went there was a mob scene. Members of the delegation came from different occupations, backgrounds, and regions of China. They included officials of the All-China Sports Federation, physical education teachers, truck drivers and other workers, a typist, and students, among them three children. There is no formal 'Wushu group as such in China, comparable to the Shenyang Acrobats who are famous as a team. The Wushu performers were selected from all over China after competitions at various levels. The plane trip from San Francisco to New York gave the visitors a chance to experience American society in microcosm. I translated a'Walt Disney 6lm that was shown in flight. It concerned a bourgeois careerist who gets his daughter admitted to college through the back door, is appalled when she drops out and takes up with leftist protesters, but con- vinces her to return to the good life after treating her to lunch at a swank Fisherman's 'Wharf restaurant. The Chinese liked the slapstick. We leafed through the airline's 'Wushu magazine and I explained the ads and the Members of the troupe visit Sea Life Park in Honolulu 20 Dcconltar t976 meaning of "the good life" as personified by an unctuous-looking headwaiter in a tuxedo. Two Girl Scouts in uniform paraded up and down the plane's aisle but I never succeeded to my own satisfaction in explaining to my Chinese companions the difference between the Girl Scouts of America and the Red Guards. '!7e had a snack of lox and cream cheese and worked together to polish up my trans- lation of a speech to be delivered upon arrival. As I sat between Gao Xi-an and Kang Ge-wu, they requested that I write out the English alphabet. Gao was a 3o-year-old worker in a factory in Xian (Sian) that makes parts for bridges. Although he had never studied a foreign language, he carefully and imaginatively transcribed the English sounds in Chinese characters. Kang, a student at the Peking Physical Education College, wrote the lyrics of the children's song "I Love Peking's Tian An Men" in my notebook and we ran through it until I could do it solo. After we landed, our buses to the city were stuck in traffic and this provided an oppor- tunity to point out landmarks of the New York skyline. Zhang Fu-yun was a z9-year-old physical education teacher from Shanghai whose 'Wushu Zhang Fu-yun (back camera) performs maneuver an American skill electrified the audiences. One to a dazzling Wushu for audience. night, riding back to the hotel after a Madi- son Square Garden show, he told me with replied "eleven," Chen was flabbergasted. Delegation and when in China last year I met great feeling: "!7hen I am on stage after a Then the girl asked Chen the same question; friends from both groups. They told me how performance and see the American friends when the answer came back "twenty-6ve," they fondly recalled their trips to America standing and smiling and applauding us, I it was the daughter's turn for amazement. and how they had told friends about the know I am serving the people. The Ameri- Excitedly, she told another child, "She's places they visited and people they met. The cans are truly a great people." twenty-five!" agricultural scientists were utilizing informa- Captain of the 13 women performers was As we toured the house, a local news tion gained during their tour. Chen Dao-yun. After her return to China I reporter tried to ask the Chinese some The exchanges between our two countries was glad to read an article she had written, provocative questions, Gao Xi-an was have been going on now for several years and published ir People's Daily, describing her puzzled at the idea of a 3o-year mortgage. He it appears that short-term trips will be the favorable impressions of Chinese-American told his hosts about his own small rent, rule for some time to come. Many obstacles friendship. Among them she cited the Bilt- which covered everything. The reporter remain before we can increase the number of more Hotel chef in New York who prepared asked, "'Would you like a house like this ?" longer visits. But each exchange leads to a special cake for the delegation. In icing it Gao replied, "In the future we'll have houses greater understanding on both sides and bore the Tian An Men seal, the'Wushu team like this too." The reporter persisted, "But there is a cumulative effect. 'When pennant, and "Bon Voyage" in Chinese. would you like a house like this ?" Gao discussing intellectuals, Mao "This was no ordinary cake," Chen chose not to reply. Tsetung once wrote: "Our government wrote. "This was a symbol of Chinese- After a light lunch we looked at the play- workers, writers, artists, teachers, and American friendship." And she added, room, which contained a pool table. Li Lian- scientific research workers should seize "During this visit and these performances, I jie and Qiu Fang-jian, aged rr and 19, caught every opportunity to get close to the workers felt deeply that foreign friends watch the on instantly and were hard at it until we had and peasants. Some can go to factories or show so enthusiastically not only because to leave. villages just to look around; this may be they like'!?'ushu, but because they desire to As the entire delegation reassembled, called'looking at the flowers while on horse- understand China and promote friendship." photos were snapped and farewells said. back' and is better than nothing at all. Others To see something of American middle- Zhou Tao, an ebullient truck driver from can stay there for a few months conducting class life, the \ifushu group visited Columbia, Shandong (Shantung) intent on learning investigations and making friends; this may Maryland, a planned community located some English, burst into "Home on the be called 'dismounting to look at the flowers.' between'Washington and Baltimore. After Range," singing in unison with his host Still others can stay and live there for a con- looking at the recreational facilities, we split family. The Chinese had learned the song siderable time, say two or three years or even up and went to separate homes for lunch. I phonetically before leaving China and sang longer; this may be called 'settling down.' " accompanied a group visiting a Black family. it on several occasions for American friends. The potential of viewing from horseback Chen Dao-yun, who is about five feet tall, has in large part been realized. Both Ameri- affectionately greeted one of the daughters Since I traveled with these friends from cans and Chinese can hope, before too long, of the house and asked how old she was. China we have not been out of touch. I have to enter the next stage and xia-ma kan-hua 'When - the girl, who was about five feet five, exchanged letters with several of the Wushu "dismount to look at the flowers." o New China 2r The Olympics Rhubarb by Peter Perl Who's really playing games with the Games? In July ry76, headlines all over the world Athletes representing the Chiang regime the People's Republic of China, and the so- broke the startling news that athletes repre- have competed in former Olympics solely by called "Republic of China" - claims that senting the Chiang regime on Taiwan were virtue of unilateral actions taken in the r95os Taiwan is an independent nation, or any- barred from the summer Olympic Games in by then IOC president Avery Brundage, an thing but an integral part of China. The Montreal, Canada. International Olympic American, and through the acquiescence "Republic of China" does not claim to be the Committee (IOC) members, many sports- over the years of certain other IOC members. government of Taiwan, but the legitimate writers, and U.S. government officials ex- No one - including the U.S. government, gouernment of all of China. The claim of pressed outrage at the Canadian govern- ment's position - which was, simply, that these athletes could not enter Canada to compete in the games so long as they claimed to represent the "Republic of China." IOC chairman Lord Killanin of Ireland solemnly announced that "the whole world is abso- lutely fed up with politics interfering with sport," thereby ignoring the fact that it is precisely political maneuvering which has kept the Chiang regime in the Olympics and excluded the 8oo million people - one-fourth of humanity - of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Despite efforts by groups such as the US- China Peoples Friendship Association to publicize the history behind the Canadian decision, Canada has been vilified in much of the '!(estern press for depriving "poor little Taiwan" of its "rightful" place in the Olympics. The facts are that the "Republic of China" on Taiwan has neuer been officially voted into the Olympic Movement, whereas the People's Republic of China has. Pstsn Prnr is ajournalist uho has uorked on daily and nonthly publications in Connecticut, The chronology on page z3 has beenexcerpted .from "Why Is China Not dt the Olynrpies?", Montre al Canada-China Society and Anitiis Qulbec-Chine, t976; ARENA: The Institute.for Sport and Social Analysis, neus rclease, July g, t976; "The Historical Background to the China Question and the IOC," Iranian Nationdl Shi Yu-gui of Taiwan Province, now living in Japan, in competition Olynpic Conntittee, Teheran, July to, t976, at the Third National Games. (Photo: Hsinhua News Agency) 22 December 1976 course dates back to 1949, when Chiang Kai-shek, his leadership totally rejected by the Chinese people, fled to the Chinese r95z: The People's Republic of China (PRC) sends a team representing island province of Taiwan, The government all of China to the Helsinki Olympics. he set up (now led by his son Chiang Ching- 1954: The annual meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) kuo) includes legislators who, having fled votes 23-zr to recognize the PRC AII-China Sports Federation as sole the mainland tt 1949, are periodically "re- representative of China. But Avery Brundage, American president of the elected" to represent provinces in which IOC, unilaterally declares: "The IOC also recognizes Taiwan." they have not set foot for almost 3o years ! 1956: At the IOC Melbourne meeting, China protests Brundage's unilateral Most nations, including Canada, have reinterpretation of Olympic rules. long since rejected what Canadian Premier r9572 At the IOC Sofia meeting, China protests again. Pierre Trudeau "Alice-in- 1958: With no change in the situation, China withdraws from the Olympic .Wonderland" calls the quality of the Chiang regime's Movement. claims, and now recognize the People's 1959: The IOC declares that the "Republic of China" (the Chiang Kai-shek Republic as the sole legitimate government regime) can no longer claim to be the "Chinese Olympic Committee" since of China. The PRC has been seated in the "it does not administer sport in China." After strong objections from the UN, and the Chiang regime expelled. A U.S. government, Avery Brundage proposes that Chiang regime representa- number of national sports federations recog- tives be readmitted not as the "China Olympic Committee" but as the nize PRC delegates as the only rightful "Republic of China." representatives of China at national and r95o: During the Rome Olympics, the IOC obliges Chiang regime repre- international games. The position that the sentatives to march under the banner of "Formosa," an old Portuguese PRC should be represented in the Olympics, name for Taiwan Island. The "Republic of China" protests, but participates and the "Republic of China" expelled, is anyway. supported by the Supreme Council of Sports r96412: The Chiang regime is allowed to compete in the Tokyo, Mexico in Africa, the Asian Games Federation, a City, and Munich Olympics as the "Republic of China." host of Third \forld countries, Japan, r97o: Learning of amempts by certain IOC members to make friendly over- Yugoslavia, and many other nations. The tures to China, Avery Brundage, despite overwhelming rejection by the U.S. government and the IOC - whose Executive Committee, reports to the IOC General Assembly that the membership is weighted toward men of Executive Committee recommends Henry Hsu - a Chiang regime repre- position and wealth from the larger \Testern sentative - for membership. Hsu is elected. countries - are among the dwindling number r97r: Despite heavy U.S. government pressure on smaller nations, the of Chiang supporters. United Nations votes overwhelmingly to seat the PRC as the legitimate The People's Republic, after being voted government of China and to expel the Chiang regime. into the Olympic Movement and competing 1973: The Chiang regime has itself designated as an "area" under IOC in the r95z Helsinki Games, withdrew in rules - even though other IOC rules allow "areas" separate status only by r958 after its protests on the status of Taiwan permission of a national Olympic Committee, which in this case could only were ignored. The Chinese position is that be that of the PRC. they cannot participate in any international ry74:TheUSSR admits athletes from the "Republic of China" to the !7orld body - whether it is the UN or the Olympic University Games held in Moscow. During the \Uorld Bicycle Champion- Movement - which also recognizes the ships in Montreal, the Canadian government refuses entry to cyclists from Chiang regime. Such participation would Taiwan claiming to represent the "Republic of China." imply some form of endorsement for that 1975: In April Canada informs the IOC's Lord Killanin that it cannot assure regime as the rightful government either of entry of athletes claiming to represent the "Republic of China." In May, at China or of Taiwan Province. The Chiang a joint Rome meeting of the IOC Executive Committee and the National forces have thus clung tenaciously to mem- Olympic Committees, r7 nations urge the Olympic Movement to accePt the bership in a variety of world organizations, application of the PRC which had been submitted at the IOC's request. At trying to take advantage of China's prin- the IOC Executive Board meeting in Lausanne, there is an all-day debate cipled stand in order to keep it from on the PRC application; the U.S. and Bulgaria oppose admission of the participating in world bodies. PRC, while the USSR boycotts the debate. No decision is reached. A brief look at the historical record (see 19762 On May 28, the Canadian government restates its official position to box) clearly shows that it is the IOC, not the the IOC - that it would not allow Taiwan Province athletes to enter Canada Canadians or the PRC, which has made the so long as they claimed to represent the "Republic of China." On July r, Olympics a political football on the China Monique Berlioux, current IOC Executive Secretary and former personal question. Despite the 1954 vote to recognize secretary to Brundage, threatens to decertify the Montreal Olympics if the the PRC All-China Sports Federation as sole Canadian government does not back down. On July :.6, after two weeks representative of China, and the 1959 ruling of maneuvering by pro-Chiang IOC membersl of sensationalistic news that the regime on Taiwan "no longer repre- coverage which portrays the Chiang regime as the "underdog" without sents sports in the entire country of China," giving the true history of the regime's membership in the IOC; of U.S. a whole series of IOC back-room maneuvers government pressure on the canadian govefnment and boycon threats by has kept the fictional "Republic of China" in the U.S. Olympic Committee; of one compromise proposal after another the Olympics - even at the expense of the to save f.acefor the IOC and the Chiang regime - the outcome is announced: IOC's own rules. These twists and turns of the Canadian government holds firm to its basic position, the Games are policy have moved the IOC from a "two aof canceled, and Chiang regime representatives refuse to compete unless Chinas" stance, which managed to recognize they can officially call themselves the "Republic of China." During this botb the PRC and the "Republic of China," two-week period, the question of the PRC's readmission to the IOC is to a "one China, one Taiwan" position, never discussed by the IOC. The Taiwan delegation to the 1975 Third National Games in Peking. (Photo: Hsinhua News Agency). which recognizes the Chiang regime but allow "Republic of China" athletes to com- athletes packed their bags and left, however, leaves rather murky the question o( exactly pete under another label and to save face for the distortions continued. The IOC and the what it represents (a "nation," an "area" ?). those caught in these inconsistencies. U.S. government have portrayed Canada as ln 1976, faced with the Canadian refusal Even sportswriters who had criticized caving in to Chinese pressure for fear of to go along with the farce of recognizing the Canada becamefed upwith these maneuv- jeopardizing trade relations with the PRC. Chiang regime's athletes as "China's" dele- ers. The U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC), The IOC also accused Canada of waiting gation to the Olympics, the IOC did its best which had threatened to boycott the Games, until the last minute before the July Games to whip up sympathy for the Chiang regime was faced with a rebellion in the ranks of its before announcing the "Republic of China" as an underdog and threatened to cancel the athletes and coaches, and backed down. The ban. But both claims are false. Games entirely if Canada did not change its Chiang regime sports representatives, left Canada has stood on the principle of "one stand. lWhen this proved unpopular, and high and dry by their erstwhile USOC and China, the PRC" since it severed ties with Canada refused to buckle under to combined IOC allies, refused to compete under any Chiang and recognized the PRC in r97o. IOC-U.S. pressure, the IOC bror"rght forth label but "Republic of China." "Republic of China" representatives have various compromise proposals designed to Even after the "Republic of China" not been permitted to enter Canada since 24 Decenrber r976 then. Even manufactured goods are not Taiwan-born athletes who now live else- Moscow, answered with deceptive simplicity allowed into Canada if they bear the mis- where (either on the mainland or overseas) that the USSR as host would recognize nomer "Republic of China" instead of have regularly participated in the Chinese whomever the IOC recognized. "Made in Taiwan." Canada had officially National Games and as part of the Chinese The Olympics controversy over the informed the IOC as early as May z8 that it delegation to the Asian Games in Teheran in "Republic of China" dramatizes the con- would not recognize "Republic of China" r974. tinuing U.S. failure to uphold its commit- athletes in the July Olympics, and in an To date there has been no decision on ment expressed in the r97z Shanghai Olympics-related boxing tournament earlier acceptance of the PRC as the sole representa- Communique: "all Chinese on either side of that year three boxers so designated were tive of the Chinese people at future the Taiwan Strait maintain that there is but refused entry into Canada. Olympics. The Chiang regime still clings to one China and that Taiwan is a part of Those who have criticized Canada's stand its position in the IOC, and certain forces in China. The United States Government does have also accused the PRC of trying to block that body seem determined to maintain the not challenge that position." Since then, Taiwan Province athletes from competition status quo - although from past experience however, despite popular support for (while virtually ignoring the longstanding it seems clear that the "Republic of China" recognition of the People's Republic, the exclusion of athletes from the mainland). will be repackaged under whatever label U.S. government has f ailed to disengage itself But, in fact, since the r95os, the PRC has seems salable at the time. In the 1975 debate from the Chiang regime. invited athletes from Taiwan to compete for on the issue, the U.S. delegate opposed While reducing troops and withdrawing spots on China's national team, guaranteeing admission of the PRC, while the Soviet dele- some aircraft, the United States simul- full passage and travel visas between Taiwan gate boycotted the discussion. Soviet officials taneously increased its arms sales by almost Province and the mainland. The Chiang at Montreal, when questioned about what roo percent in ry75 and arranged for the regime has never permitted this. However, would happen at the r98o Olympics in Northrop Corporation to build r8o F5E jet fighters onTaiwan - more than offsetting the Ex-Olympian Speaks Out withdrawal of fighter planes. Massive iew private investments have been encouraged, and five new "Republic of China" consulates have been opened in this country. Threats by President Ford and the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee to withdraw from the zgJvne ry76 Olympics if Chiang regime athletes were To the International Olympic Committee: blocked were ultimately futile httempts to ensure the continued usurpation of China's As a member of the 1972 U.S. Olympic Track and rightful position in world athletics, Field team, a member of the t97r and 1975 U.S. Pan- China's friends in the international Olym- American teams, a member of the U.S. track team which pic Movement will undoubtedly press to seat group visited the People's Republic of China, and a veteran of the PRC and to expel the Chiang - as the National Olympic Committee of Iran, some 17 years of competition, I am writing to urge the among others, already has. China's friends acceptance of the People's Republic of China into the in the United States, with the US-China OlympicMovement.... Peoples Friendship Association playing an The fact that the athletes of the world's most populous important role, can be expected to pick up nation are not included in the world's greatest attempt at the baton as well. During the furor over the Montreal Olympics, the USCPFA campaign promoting friendship through athletics most certainly to set the record straight attracted wide- hinders the objectives of the Olympic Movement. The spread support. Several thousand Americans "friendship first, competition second" motto with which signed USCPFA petitions urging the IOC to the Chinese have received visiting athletic teams certainly recognize the PRC and change Taiwan from a fits in with the Olympic ideals. . . . full-nation status to its proper position as The realiry is that there is only one China, and that province of China, whose athletes could compete as part of the regular national dele- China and its 8oo million people are not now represented gation. This position was endorsed also by in what cannot yet be called a worldwide movement. several sports groups, including ARENA: Realistically, as well as idealistically, the admission of The Institute for Sport and Social Analysis, the People's Republic of China to the Olympic Move- which includes a long list of sportswriters ment will be mutually beneficial. Action to include the and athletes. 'When the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China should be taken as soon as finally takes its rightful place in the Olympic possible. Movement, it will not just be a victory for the Sincerely, Chinese athletes from all provinces who will finally be able to compete in the Games. The P. Michael ( Mike) Manley real winners will be the sports fans and Olympic competitors from all over the world Eugene, Ore. who will be able at last to see the athletic representatives of one-quarter of humanity - and to judge for themselves the Chinese practice of "friendship 6rst, competition second." a New China 25 lncident at Tian An Men by Wayne Decker, John Duray, and Jane Wheeler Ey ew itne s s account of histor i c demon str ations What really happened in Peking's Tian An and that some people may have had other people. Shortly afterward, from our hotel 'We Men Square on April ? were among a motives for participating than honoring windows, several of us noticed smoke rising 5 'We group of American visitors who witnessed Chou's memory. from the direction of the square. heard some of the dramatic events in a week that On Monday, April 5, as our group was rumors from other foreigners at our hotel included violent counterrevolutionary inci- returning from Dazhai (Tachai) around 5 that the removal over the weekend of the dents, the removal of former Acting Premier P.M., some of us drove past Tian An Men. hundreds of wreaths that had piled up near Deng Xiao-ping (Teng Hsiao-ping) from all The square was filled with thousands of the monument had brought alarge crowd to his leadership posts, the election of Hua Guo-feng as the new Premier, and the largest major street demonstrations in China since the Cultural Revolution. uilhy did these things happen, what did they mean ? Eyewitness to History '\tr0hen we arrived in Peking on the evening of March 30, we saw thousands of people involved in a tribute to Chou En-lai. Long lines of workers, students, and neighbor- hood groups were carrying wreaths honor- ing the late Premier to be placed at the Monument to the People's Heroes. Our guides told us that this was the time of the traditional Qing Ming (Ching Ming) festival, an ancient holiday commemorating the dead. This year in Peking, Qing Ming was being celebrated on a a larger scale than in recent years because it was focused on the revered Premier Chou. 'When we asked whether our group might also present a wreath, we were politely told it was best not to. Our friends suggested that we could honor Chou by remembering him in our hearts and emulating his revolution- ary spirit. The government was trying to dis- courage extensive celebration of the feudal holiday. This was our first inkling that ten- sion surrounded the Qing Ming activities 'W,lvxn Drcxrn, Dunav, and 'Wnrnrpn Jonrv JlrNa A small group of counterrevolutionaries manipulate the spontaneous sentiments of grief are USCPFA activists from the Balti- and respect for the late Premier. Urging the people to bring wreaths to the Monument more, Pittsburgh, and West Side Los Angeles to the People's Heroes, they planned to symbolically link the revolutionary Chou with Associations respectiuely. They and t9 others were the capitalist-roader Deng Xiao-ping, provoke a violent incident, and claim that the part oJ'a National Activists Study Tour that uisiteil army was "suppressing the people." Instead, Peking's Workers' Militia - volunteers China during the euents desuibed. from local factories - led in putting a swift end to their plan. (Photo: J. Duray) z6 December ry76 the square during the day and that violent tried to link Deng with the popular late policies favored the establishment of a small incidents of some proportion had occurred. Premier.'When we asked the workers about ruling elite in China. One worker, obviously Those who visited Tian An Men on Mon- the connection between Chou Enlai and disturbed by the question, said pointedly, day night encountered an exceedingly tense Deng, they made a very clear distinction. "Don't speak Chou En-lai and Deng '![hile of atmosphere, with soldiers, militia, and police Chou had always taken the lead in Xiao-ping in the same sentence. Premier 'We on duty. were free to walk around the supporting the masses of the Chinese people, Chou En-lai was a very great man." square, but when we stopped, a militiaman our friends in the hotel felt that Deng's It was after talking to these hotel workers politely but 6rmly asked us to keep moving. 'We noticed that wreaths had been removed and that no one was sitting in front of the gate to the old imperial Forbidden City, as is the custom in quieter times. The rumors about Monday's violence were corroborated by the absence of people in the usually crowded square on Tuesday and Wednesday, but the Chinese press did not speculate on the as yet unclear nature of events. Two days later we learned from Radio Peking that although as many as roo,ooo people had gathered at the square on April 5, only a fairly small number were involved in the violence; the others "came to see what was happening." (Remembering our ride past the square on Monday after- noon, we found this quite believable.) The violent events of that day had included the burning of cars, the looting and burning of a People's Liberation Army barracks, and personal attacks with knives and daggers against army soldiers and other citizens who tried to stop the vandalism. Early l7ednesday evening a few of us walked to Tian An Men where we saw a large crowd of people listening to radio "The area was the scene of mass parades. Trucks crowded Changan Boulevarde for hours. rvas the kind of scene you remember for the rest of your life." (Photo: C. Mellor) broadcasts from loudspeakers. As we re- turned to the hotei a large formation of people marched out of the night, carrying red flags, beating a cadence on drums and cym- bals, and shouting slogans. This parade struck us as an event of great significance, but we had no idea of the reasons behind it, since we had been unable to understand what was being said through the loud- speakers. Back at the hotel we met with others from our group. Since about one-third of ou zz people read and spoke Chinese with varying proficiency, we were able to ask the workers on our floor if such a parade was common. In an excited conversation carried on in both English and Chinese, they told us that a radio broadcast had announced that the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party had removed Deng Xiao-ping, the Acting Premier and Vice-chairman of the Party, from all his leadership posts and had elected Hua Guo-feng as Premier and First Vice- chairman of the Party, a newly created post. Iilhy had this happened ? One factor, they told us, was the strong suspicion of Deng's involvement in Monday's violence at Tian An Men. It seemed that a number of people had tried to use the Qing Ming commemora- tion of Chou En-lai to create a "counter- The people of Peking pour into the streets after the Party Central Committee revolutionary political incident" in support announces Derlg Xiao-ping's dismissal from office and the appointment of Deng Xiao-ping and his policies and had of Hua Guo-feng as the new Premier. (Photo: W. Decker) New China 27 that we heard the earlier-mentioned report of Monday's incident Radio '!(hen on Peking. rjr+i+F the program was over, we suddenly realized that all the workers except one were gone from our floor. Then we heard loud noise from outside the hotel and went run- ning out to see what was happening. 'We found a large parade, much like the one a few of us had seen earlier in the evening, and when we moved closer to the marchers we I recognized some of the hotel workers from ,i ,t our floor. Though it was a very cold night in d. Peking, some of them had not stopped to put ,' on their overcoats and wore only their thin white cotton service jackets. lo.ttt ltr This was the beginning of a nightof vigor- ous marches and celebrations supporting the two decisions of the Central Committee. The din of cymbals, gongs, and drums was punc- tuated only by the shouting of chants as the entire area quickly filled up with more and more people. Trucks loaded with militia, peasants, industrial workers, and neighbor- hood groups crowded Changan Boulevard for hours to the accompaniment of militant drumbeats. The drama the of scene was tre- At Qinghua (Tsinghua) University outside Peking, in a courryard set aside for the mendous; it was the kind of event you purpose, rows and rows of big-character posters signed by teachers, students, and remember for the rest of your life. cadres cxpress support of the Central Committee decision. (Photo: Hsinhua News Agency) At first, recalling the tension of the pre- vious three days, we felt it was inappropriate for us to try to mingle, even in small groups. But, wanting to absorb as much of the scene as possible, we prlt aside our misgivings and walked up and down Changan Boulevard, through Tian An Men Square, watching the celebration. \7e felt we were watching his- tory in the making - history being made by the people. The demonstrators greeted us with warm smiles, and some on foot and in passing trucks clapped as they noticed us on the streets. ril/e applauded in return. At one point an especially enthusiastic member of our group raised his 6st and shouted Mao Zhuxi wan sui! "Long live Chairman Mao!" 'When - the shout was returned by a group of Chinese on a passing truck, our misgivings completely disappeared. In light of the number of "dateline Peking" and "eyewitness" accounts that appeared in the lTestern press about these events, it is perhaps significant that we saw no other 'Westerners in or around the square during that whole long evening. As the night wore on there were fewer foot-marchers, bnt the truck convoys continued. Finally, at 3:3o in the morning, the last of us returned to the hotel, utterly exhausted - but the demonstra- tion was still going on in the srreets. After a brief sleep, we awoke at 7 A.M. to 6nd the parades still going strong. Thurs- day's marches, however, had much more of a holiday feeling. Crowds oI schoolchildren in brightly colored clothes filled rhe streers, waving flags and banners. Despite the holi- Home-made flags flying, trucks bring people from factories and outlying communes day atmosphere, however, factories, schools, to central Peking to join the celebration. (Photo: C. Mellor) z8 December t976 #*;' On foot, by bicycle, or in hastily decorated trucks, more and more people ioin the demonstrations - clapping, cheering, singing, and shoutir-rg slogans. (Phoro: D. Gunnell) and stores were still operating as usual - put it very simply, the aims of the Cultural Revolutionary Committees with worker and people found time during their regular work Revolution that began in ry66 were to stop peasant representation to handle the daily or school schedules to join the celebration, the develcpment of a new elite, a special operation of factories and communes; much as the hotel workers had done the intellectual/managerial class ; to ensure that . cadre schools, combining study and night before. China's government serves the interests of manual labor in six-month terms; Peking's mood was duplicated in other the broad masses of the people; and to . a requirement that all cadres participate cities we visited, where mass parades and guarantee that China's political and cultural regularly in physical labor on the job, to rallies had been held simultaneously with the life is shaped by full, active, and knowledge- remind government and Party officials of events in the capital. \7all signs and big- able participation by the workers and their duty to "serve the people" and help character posters supporting the two deci- peasants. them to keep in touch with the masses. sions of the Central Committee were Deng Xiao-ping stood accused of attempt- In education, the new forms and institu- everywhere. ing to negate these aims and of trying to tions include: Friends of China may wonder, as we did restore pre-Cultural Revolution standards . "open-door" education, which links the ourselves, how all of this fits into the broader and goals in many fields. During our group's classroom with society by sending students context of the continuing Chinese Revolu- visit to Qinghua (Tsinghua) University in and teachers to factories and communes to tion. Our conversations in China and our Peking, we learned that the current political learn the practical problems of production, reading of Chinese press materials helped us campaign against Deng and others like him and by bringing workers and peasants to place the dramatic events of April in per- grew out of a debate at Qinghua about the schools and universities as instructors; spectlve. merits of the educational changes in China . agricultural and technical institutes estab- since 1966. Overa[, the campaign is con- lished by peasants and workers within their Gultural Revolution Deepens sidered a continuation and deepening of the communes or factories, stressing the idea 'We were aware before our departure for Cultural Revolution. The "socialist new that scienti6c and technical knowledge is not China that Deng Xiao-ping and possibly things," as they are called, which emerged the private property of a select few; others in government were under serious from the Cultural Revolution were pointed . "open-door" scientific and technical re- criticism (although not by name) in the cur- out to us and held up for praise wherever we search linking the scientist in the lab with rent political campaign to "beat back the went. mass experimentation by people at the grass- right deviationist attempt to reverse correct "Socialist new things" in government and roots level. verdicts" - in other words, the campaign to administration include : "socialist new things" in health care prevent misleaders fron undoing the . the establishment, at all levels from work- include: achievements of the Cultural Revolution. To shop floor or peasant brigade on" up, of . a network of paramedical workers known New China 29 an attempt to sabotage the "three-in-one combination" (old, middle-aged, and young) of the Revolutionary Committees. Deng reportedly insisted that the Com- munist Party leadership in China erred in "not understanding professionalism," whereas the workers, peasants, students, and cadres we spoke to all across the country welcomed the fact that these "socialist new things" try to integrate technical experts and high-level research with the workers' and peasants' own efforts to increase production and improve technology. Deng Xiao-ping's attacks on the achieve- ments of the Cultural Revolution struck at something close to the hearts of China's working people. They view him as the latest representative of a long line of "capitalist roaders." These are people who achieved responsible posts in the government and the Communist Party, and then attempted to steer China's development along a path of specialization and bureaucratic decision- making, ignoring the needs of the people and downgrading their ability to participate effectively in all areas of society. One old cadre in Shanghai summed up the At Tian An Men Square, site of the original incident, a huge parade of workers, sentiment of the people we encountered peasants, and soldiers caps the celebration. (photo: Hsinhua News Agency) throughout our three-week visit. Asked about the significance of the current cam- as "barefoot doctors" and "Red medical peasants, and soldiers is only relative," he paign, he explained that for the Chinese workers"; said, in contrast to the revolutionary belief people, identifying and combatting the . the establishment of cooperative medical that relying on them is how history is made. influence of "capitalist roaders" among health services in the countryside. Moreover, Deng thought that young cadres Party leaders had been a long and continuing The new developments in art and culture who emerged during the Cultural Revolu- process, and that the current struggle repre- are typified by: tion had been promoted too fast, and he sented a major turning point: "For 27 years . modern revolutionary operas and plays wanted large numbers of them removed we weren't clear about this question: now stressing rhe heroism and outlook of work- from their leadership posts. This was seen as we are clear." o ing people; . "spare-time" worker and peasant artists, such as the Huxian (Huhsien) peasant paint- ers, who create works reflecting their daily lives and concerns. These "socialist new things" from the Cultural Revolution are the very features that initially excited many Americans' inrer- est in the People's Republic, and are so much a part of our image of new China that we tend to take their existence for granted. Yet Deng Xiao-ping and those linked to him, we were told, voiced harsh criticisms of the "socialist new things" in order to undermine and do away with them - thereby "reversing correct verdicts" and trying to carry China back to the pre-1966 period. 'What tl sort of criticisms did Deng Xiao- ping and his supporters make ? One common thread ran through all they said: the desire to put "experts" and "authorities" in com- mand, coupled with disdain for the abilities of ordinary workers and peasants. Accord- ing to Chinese sources, Deng promoted the idea that leadership should be based on technical expertise or professional ability, rather than on the will to serve rhe people Members of the USCPFA National Activists Study Tour - eyewitnesses to many of wholeheartedly. "Relying on the workers, the Tian An Men events - pose rvirh their Chinese guides. (Photo: D. Gunnell) 30 December 1976 Worl by Sylvia Sandroff Trade unionists find out how Chinese working people liue "Answers, answers, you're always looking for answers," our Chinese guide laughed. "'What may be answers for here, today, may be different for there, tomorrow. Take back impressions, not answers." But our group of trade unionists from rr different industries knew that when our tour of the People's Republic was over, the people back home would want answers about the new China, In particular, we wanted to know how the Chinese system of govern- ment affected the lot and life of working people. Before we could begin to satisfy our curiosity, we had to overcome the decades of isolation from China that had left us Ameri- cans with little knowledge. And, for their part, the Chinese knew little about our group. Expecting American union members to be only from heavy industry, they had arranged our trip to emphasize factories and mines. They were surprised by the presence of teachers, entertainers, hospital, office, and government workers. They hastily shifted the tour to cover the interests of our group, and as we went along we requested other Many women - like these workers in a machine tools plant - now hold jobs that were changes. Our repeated requests resulted in 'Woronov) our paper mill workers visiting two paper formerly "for men only." (Photo: N. mills not on the schedule, our baker promot- ing a visit to a noodle factory, and our have a strong voice in deciding their produc- not the way of the future, and wherever construction worker leading the group to an tlon quotas. possible, the inequalities are being reduced. apartment house site where we were given Although overall planning is done at the The pay of auto workers ranged from bamboo hard-hats to wear. national level, benefits, wages, and working $16.75 to $57 per month. People who work After many hours of trading information, conditions do vary from place to place under dangerous or difficult conditions are we began to understand the essenti al f.act because of uneven resources and political entitled to supplements which are called about Chinese economic life - that the development. In a brand-new factory, for "reliefs." For example, workers in very country is run by and for the working people example, safety conditions are superior to dusty areas are given extra wages for nutri- Since Liberation, China has been able to plan those of an older plant. In China's largest tional relief ; those working in extremes of its economy. Wages and prices are set auto factory, in Changchun, we learned that heat or cold get extra pay for special cloth- '!ilorkers centrally, with the National People's Con- while the government sets wages according ing. at the gigantic forge we visited gress the highest law-making body to an eight-grade system, workers are got nutritional relief and also a break every - 'l(iorkers- responsible for the wage system. assigned to their grades by their own com- two hours with refreshments provided by mittees, according to the work they do, their the plant. Svrvra Saxonow is aformer member of District skill, and how long they have worked, with A bench worker we spoke to at the auto ttg9, National Union of Hospital and Health Care high-seniority workers getting the higher plant was in the sixth wage grade, earning Enployees, and is presently worleing in the health salaries. This unequal wage system is seen $33.5o a month plus reliefs, for a total of feld. She uisited China in Septenrber t974. as a hold-over from the old society, however, $42.5o, so the reliefs made an appreciable New China jr difference. To illustrate the actual buying power of his wages, this worker told us that before Liberation his father earned the money equivalent of about ro7 pounds of rice a month; the son's wages would buy 534 pounds, though of course he does not spend all of his earnings on rice. We asked to eat at the auto workers' cafeteria rather than to return to our hotel for lunch, Here, as elsewhere, the food was very cheap and as good as any we got in our hotels. A dish of pork and beans was four cents; soup with meat and vegetables was seyen cents. Many workers and their f amilies eat three meals a day at the plant; a full- course dinner, we were told, costs about 20 cents. 'When we visited the home of Ms. Zou, an auto worker, she described her budget with- out a trace of hesitation. Her f amily's incomc is $8s a month for three workers. Her \ monthly rent, including utilities, is $6.25, and food and other expenses run about $5o. "What are you saving for ?" I asked, and she answered, somewhat surprised, "I have three daughters !" as if expecting us to under- stand. Our guide explained: ".V7e have no dowries, but when our children get married we like to give them nice presents." A radical difference between pay scales clinics provide free medical care for workers and their families. (photo: D. Bronson) in China and the United States is that Vhile their parents work, pre-school children play at day-care cerrters on the factory grounds. (Photo: H. Glasser) 32 December r976 A textile worker weats a mask to protec! her lungs from the lint generated by the spinning process. (Photo: N. !floronov) managerial positions do not generally carry a higher salary. Since the Cultural Revolu- tion, leadership is viewed as a responsibility, not a privilege. As we went through the Heavy Machine Plant in Shenyang we were introduced to a man working on one of the machines who was the "responsible person" for this enormous factory. He was doing his "labor time," spending at least one month every year on the shop floor to keep in touch with the actual experience of production and to maintain close ties with the workers. Although he was vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Committee, his salary was the same as it had been when he was a machinist. A highlight of otrr factory tours was a visit to a metal ware plant in Tianjin (Tientsin) in which ro9 blind workers, 5 deaf mutes,9 physically handicapped, and about 5o non-handicapped people work. Special buses bring the handicapped workers to the factory, local grocery stores make deliveries, a team of tailors comes in once a week to mend clothes, and Braille books and ortho- pedic appliances are supplied free. The responsible person of the factory was a blind man who recalled the life of a blind person before Liberation. They were at the very bottom of society. They could only get money through begging on the streets and "nobody cared whether we lived or died." In new China, handicapped people are encouraged to fully participate in the politi- Lathe operator. (Photo: C. Kissinger) cal and social life of the community. The New China 33 metal ware factory we toured, the 6rst of its into the air. He felt the matter required more visit was arranged after we repeatedly re- kind in Tianjin, served as a model for the attention than was presently being given. quested it. The buildings were similar to additional rJ now in operation. As if to cap Our group offered criticism of the open those of a New York City housing project. their achievements, the workers ended our sandals worn by many factory workers 'We were told that the foundation had been visit with a magic show and musical per- (especially in the south) and the general lack dug by high school students as part of their formance in which the blind vice-chairman of safety footgear in the factories we visited. participation in production. The guide sang in a lovely tenor voice. The most impressive advances in safety pointed out that the painters working on the we found were in the Lin Shi mine in sills and frames of the casement windows Grievances Tangshan. The mine had a 9o-year history were women. (It seemed our constant ques- The day-to-day work of the American of occupation by foreign owners, and tioning on the role of women had preceded trade union officials in our tour group con- suffered two notorious massacres during the us because they pointed out the women One- sists of interpreting union contracts and Japanese occupation. The mine owners had workers without our first asking') settling workers' grievances. We asked a lot treated the workers as "tools that could quarter of the workers on this site were women. of questions about workers' rights in China talk." They paid a death benefit of $zo for .We and how their grievances are handled. The a miner killed at work, but $roo for a mule asked who pays for these buildings concept of "grievances" was hard to explain killed in the same accident. The British and and they said "us." The rent paid by the to the Chinese, who no longer live with the abandoned the mine because it was people in the city goes to their equivalent of a 'lfhen Japanese "boss versus worker" situation. we no longer profitable, but after Liberation it housing authority and is used to construct finally made clear what we meant, they said was reopened. "'We need the coal and we new housing. I was disappointed that the complaints of any kind are brought to the had the people who could get it out," our new apartments would have shared toilet factory Revolutionary Committee and can guide explained; "under the new system it is facilities and no showers, so that residents be appealed to the next higher body, usually profitable." would have to use public baths. The auto the municipal Revolutionary Committee. The once common disasters of floods, gas workers' homes we had visited in the north Everyone has the constitutional right to explosions, and cave-ins are no longer a were built in 1958 but had better facilities. "speak out freely, air views fully, hold great danger at Lin Shi because of strictly enforced The guide explained that the need for hous- debates, and write big-character posters." safety regulations. Ventilation is carefully ing in this area was very acute' He pointed Moreover, the Constitution specifically controlled by state law; if a mine cannot out the row of sheds, without sanitary guarantees workers the right to strike. supply 6 to 9 cubic meters of air per person, facilities, where people who will occupy the Another right of workers is to refuse to the miners are not permitted to go down to new buildings now live. "The 6rst priority," work if they feel that conditions are unsafe work. The temperature is kept cool enough he said, "is to get people out of the hovels '!7e and may endanger their lives. were told so the workers don't have to strip to the now, rathef than wait until we can afford to of the miner in Tangshan who reported to waist anymore. build the ideal housing for all'" his team leader that a pipe was leaking and Our group was quite thrilled at the invita- The spirit of friendly confrontation might be dangerous. The team leader, in his tion to journey deep into the pits clothed in marked many of the question-and-answer eagerness to meet the production quota, told heavy miner's clothing. !fle saw how strong sessions between the guides and our group. the workers it wasn't really risky - to go jets of water are used with the coal-cutting In the first few places we visited we were ahead and work. The workers discussed the machine to keep the dust down - a precau- asked to submit all questions in advance, but possible danger among themselves and voted tion against black lung disease, which we we found this very unsatisfactory and asked not to work. The team leader then had no were told is now under control, Yet, even that our questions be answered one by one. '!7e choice but to call the maintenance depart- with all the safety precautions, the life of a persisted in this and in most places our ment. Workers can't be fired in China, and miner is still a very hard one. That is why proposal was accepted, so we were able to he couldn't have gotten a court injunction miners retire at 55, five years earlier than trade information in earnest with the against their work stoppage even if he had other male workers. One retired miner we Chinese. On our last night, when our wanted to, because in China the people are met volunteers his time at the orchard run guide chided us about wanting "answers, be the owners of the mine. by the mine. "Ltter 44years in the mine," he answers," we told him we expected to told us, I do out in the sun is not asked many questions when we got home. Safety "anything work." He grinned and kidded us: "Have them As trade unionists we were particularly submit their questions in advance - and Benefits alert to safety precautions on the job. At the ignore those you don't know." 'Wages, No. One Auto Factory in Changchun, our working conditions, and griev- Since returning I've had to admit ignor- electrician pointed out some exposed wires ances are not the only concerns of active ance on many asPects of China, because a to the committee escorting us, which hastily American trade unionists. The medical thiee-week trip does not make one an expert. had them taken care of. The senior workers insurance, pension plans, and welfare funds But there's one question I always have 'When have a particular responsibility for safety of American unions are examples of efforts pleasure answering. someone asks and there is an ongoing safety education to improve the total living conditions of how the Chinese feel about American program with special meetings held twice working people. In China, free on-the-job workers, I always recall a warm day outside a month. The relatively small number of medical care, day care for workers' children, a miner's home in Tangshan when we accidents, rr during the first nine months of and decent housing are also considered noticed a grape vine loaded with big purple the year for this large plant, attested to the workers' rights. Under China's socialist grapes. One of our group told the hostess effectiveness of the program. system, these benefits are part of a highly country the grape pickers had .Wool that in our At Shenyang and Textile Mill a integrated system to meet all human needs. been on strike and that we had been boy- member of the Revolutionary Committee An example of how the housing need is cotting grapes for a long time. Hearing this, brought up the problem of their "industrial being met was revealed to us on a construc- the neighbors immediately ran to the vines environment." The looms generate tremen- tion site in Shenyang. The site was near our and brought us cluster after cluster of the dous noise and throw a lot of waste and dust hotel, and though not on our schedule, a grapes, until we had to plead "enough." O j4 December 1976 China's Nuclear Policies An interview with Jonathan D. Pollack " The atom bomb is a paper tiger." It's people, not weaplns, that cownt ls China's current nuclear cdpocity a threat or "reach," advanced nuclear technology is to have. Then, the fourth Chinese test was to tbe U.S.? still really a two-power game between the 6red from a rocket, and China took only That's really two or more questions. One U.S. and the USSR. China's entire weapons some 32 months to go from its first nuclear has to look not iust at Chinese capacities, stockpile is somewhere around 3oo nuclear to its first thermonuclear explosion - a and their conduct in developing and deploy- and thermonuclear warheads. To put that in shorter time than it had taken any other ing nuclear we apons, but a ttheir intentions - nuclear power. So, from very early on, the underlying policies which guide these Chinese nuclear power was feared because developments. Since 1963,, even before their their progress seemed so rapid. first nuclear test, official Chinese policy has The China issue also got wrdpped up in been that "at no time and under no circum- the politics of the anti-ballistic missile stances will China be the 6rst to use nuclear debate. For some time the official rationale weapons." China has in fact never deviated for deploying a "thin" ABM system was as a from this defensive posture, either in its defense against Chinese missiles - since the stated policies or in its actions. system obviously couldn't cope with the But purely in terms of capabilities - that is, vastly greater Soviet capacity. This rationale appropriate weapons and a delivery system later changed but at the time it argued for an that could reach the U.S. mainland - the exaggeration of Chinese potential. Only Chinese are not even close to being a since the early r97os has there been a general "threat." The Chinese have no military bases reassessment, partly due to the quasi- outside of China from which to launch an normalization of Chinese-American rela- attack, and no submarine-based missiles. tions, and partly because of the way the They do not have even a limited-range Chinese nuclear program has proceeded - ICBM - intercontinental ballistic missile - and not proceeded. system. The Chinese purportedly tested Dr. Jonathan D. Pollack Hou has the Chinese program "proceeded such a missile as early as t97o, but have and not proceeded" ? never deployed it. To reach even the nearest context, estimates of U.S. stockpiles, world- The whole development and disposition mainland cities, the Chinese would need wide, go as high as zo,ooo warheads, includ- of Chinese nuclear forces strongly suggests a missiles or bombers with a range of 6,ooo ing r,o54 land-based ICBMs; the Chinese limited, defensive program. Let me explain. miles or more. According to the best avail- have zero. In terms of sophistication, China's In a purely offensive or first-strike strategy able estimates, China's principal delivery current weapons systems are roughly equiva- the idea is to strike without warning and system now consists of: lent to systems deployed by the U.S. and the totally disarm your enemy's ability to USSR since the late r95os. Their medium- retaliate. For that, you need to match or Number Kind Range in Miles range bomber, for instance, is based on a exceed your opponent's warmaking capa- Soviet-designed plane of r95o vintage. By cities while keeping up your own defenses jo Medium-range ballistie missiles 7o0 no conceivable calculation, then, do China's against a possible first strike. Your delivery zo-3o Intermediate-rangemissiles r,750 present capacities threaten the U.S, systems must be geared toward very rapid 4oo Medium-range bombers r,ooo Is tbis generally accepted now? Hauen't release, and it helps to get your weapons as 65 Internediate-rangebonrbers 2,OOO we been warned a number ol times about tbe close to the enemy as possible - on foreign danger of a Chinese nuclear attack? bases if necessary, or aboard submarines. Indeed, succeeding secretaries of defense - A second-strike or purely defensive MacNamara, Clifford, Laird - issued grim strategy is quite different. It involves the Dn. Joxarnar.r D. Porracx is a Research Fellow warnings about the potential Chinese threat. ability to inflict some unacceptable damage in the Haruard (Jnitersity Program.for Science and From the time of the first Chinese nuclear test on an attacker if you are attacked; the idea Interuational Affairs. His area of spccialization is in 1964, there was evidence of technological is to deter an attack. De Gaulle once talked China and internatio nal ar m an ents. capabilities beyond what we expected them about French nuclear strategy as the capa- New China 3 j city to "tear off an arm" of the Soviet tary planning. The idea is that, for example, were more interested in war than in peace, Union if the Soviets attacked France. The if the U.S. can threaten the USSR with un- but since then the Chinese arguments have Chinese have dispersed their nrissiles widely, acceptable damage for certain kinds of acts, gained considerable support, since both hidden them in caves, camouflaged them, such as a conventional invasion of Western treaties in fact tend to certify a world divided put up dummy missiles, and they rotate Europe, the mere threat would deter an into two categories - the nuclear and non- their bombers from airbase to airbase. A invasion. And, for that, one must retain the nuclear powers. Soviet military planner, then - and the "first-use" option. Giuingthe nuclear natiolts . , . Chinese believe an attack is most likely to ls tbat what's called "nuclear blackmail" ? Exactly - the potential to dominate, if they come from the USSR at this time - can'r be Not exactly. Nuclear blackmail can be so wish, the non-nuclear nations. And given certain he's identified and located every roughly defined as an instance where a the pre-eminence of the U.S. and the USSR in Cl.rinese warhead, which would presum- nuclear nation threatens use of those nuclear weaponry, the treaties can be seen as ably make him l'resitate before ordering an weapons to gain advantages it otherwise an endorsement of dominance by the two attack. could not have. The Cuban missile crisis of superpowers. The Chinese are also highly The disposition of Chinese missiles - plac- 196z involved mutual nuclear blackmail - skeptical of any arms control agreements ing them in caves, and so on - and the fact the Soviets threatening nuclear retaliation involving only the two superpowers, such as that they presently rely on liquid-fuel if the U.S. invaded Cuba, and the Americans the SALT negotiations, which the Chinese missiles rather than the more "rapid-fire" threatening the USSR unless the missiles term a "smokescreen" behind which the solid-fuel missiles employed by the Ameri- were removed from Cuba. superpowers continue to "contend for hege- cans and Soviets, are also signs that China's In fact, most of the blatant instances of mony."Nowwhetherornotonebelievesthe systems are simply not geared toward quick release of nuclear weapons in a first strike. But giuen the relatiuely small size ol China's nuclear isn't tbeir strategy forces, The atom bomb is a paper tiger. This famous saying by Chairman Mao of necessity defensiue at tbis point? Certainly. But there is also considerable Tsetung is known to all. This was our view in the past and this is still our evidence they are quite content to have a view at present. China is developing nuclear weapons not because we defensive force only. Despite early fears that believe in the omnipotence of nuclear weapons and that Ghina plans to they would do so, they have deployed no use nuclear weapons. The truth is exactly to the contrary. ln develop- nuclear forces abroad, either on bases or ing nuclear weapons, China's aim is to break the nuclear monopoly of submarines. They have shown no inclination "Detonation to use nuclear weapons to intimidate or the nuclear powers and to eliminate nuclear weapons. control small non-nuclear nations, or in Statement" following China's first nuclear test, October 16, 1964. general to make their military weight felt in international affairs. Finally, since the early r97os the Chinese have refrained from deploying systems which they have shown nuclear blackmail have been directed against U.S. and the USSR are locked in a struggle themselves perlectly capable of deploying, China. In 1953, just after President Eisen- for world dominance, the Chinese criticisms such as intermediate-range missiles and hower assumed office, the U.S. stated it are in essence quite accurate. The wholesale bombers. Some argue that the Chinese are would use "all military means at our dis- upgrading of American and Soviet strategic merely concentrating on research for long- posal" if the Korean armistice negotiations forces has actually continued, independent term developments instead of present did not proceed to end the fighting in Korea. of any agreements reached. deployments, and certainly Chinese research During the Taiwan Strait incident of 1958 - Don't the Chinese support any disarma- continues. But I can see no sign that they are as we know from documents of the time, ment proposal? taking certain steps - increased testing, and since declassified - not only did the U.S. hint Oh, yes. The Chinese propose that all so on - they would haue to be taking if they at possible use of nuclear weapons, but nations, not just the nuclear ones, take part were really going "full speed ahead." contingency plans were made for such use. in a conference for "the complete prohibi- The limitations on the Chinese program Various sources report that Soviet military tion and thorough destruction of nuclear also coincide with debates in the Chinese planners were considering a pre-emptive weapons." As an earnest of intent, the press which indicated some individuals strike on Chinese nuclear facilities during the Chinese also call upon the nuclear nations, were placing an overly great credence in the Sino-Soviet border conflict of ry69. At any especially the superpowets, to adopt "no- power of nuclear weapons in world politics. rate there was during this whole period some first-use" declarations and withdraw nuclear It seems evident to me that the opposite reason for the Chinese to feel threatened and armaments within their own borders. So far viewpoint, which has always been tr4ao to develop a defensive nuclear force. no nuclear nation except China has adopted Tsetung's viewpoint and a major influence Why has Cbina relused to endorse tbe such policies or shown much interest in the in Chinese foreign policy, carried the day. Nuclear Test BanTreaty ol ryQ or theNon- Chinese proposals. All these developments of course are thor- Proliferation Treaty of ry68 ? ln uiew ol the Cbinese attitude toward oughly consistent with China's srated goal - The Chinese reject the essential premises "non-proliferation" - thdt it is wrong to a credible defense, not a reaching after of these treaties - their argument being that depriue another people ol means of delense - "superpower" status. no nation has the right to dictate the terms of baue tbe Cbinese supplied nuclear tecb) Don't other nuclear nations claim that another nation's defense program. Accept- nology to Third World countries or tbeir weapons systems are essentially defen- ance of these treaties would necessarily reuolutionary mouemeilts ? siue ? prevent non-nuclear nations from develop- No - neither weapons, materials, nor Certainly no nuclear nation except China ing nuclear weapons systems - as it would technology. Reportedly both Libya and has made a flat "no-first-use" declaration. have prevented China's own nuclear Egypt sought at different times to buy The notion of keeping one's options open development. At the time, China's refusal nuclear devices from the Chinese, but were runs very deep in Soviet and American mili- was seen as an indication that the Chinese politely turned down. If this seems inconsis- j6 December ry76 tent with China's stated policy, let me offer Upon China's first nuclear explosion, the Chinese Government a quote from a 1965 press conference by then solemnly declared to the whole world . . . that at no time and in no Foreign Minister Chen Yi, as reported in circumstances would China be the first to use nuclear weapons. We Peking Reuiew: country with a fair "Any always mean whatwe say. Speech by the Chairman of the PRC delega- basis in industry, . . . science and technology General will be able to manufacture atom bombs, tion, Chiao Kuan-hua, at the Plenary Meeting of the UN with or without Chinese assistance. . . . [B"t] Assembly, November 24, I 971. in our view, the role of atom bombs should not be overstressed." The Chinese argument seems to be that if a state has the wherewithal and wants to to support' revolutionary movements; on never seek hegemony," and as most people spend the money to develop nuclear November 19 of that year the Chinese asked, know, the Chinese have built numerous weapons, the Chinese will not interfere, nor via the editorial departments of People's tunnels for civilian defense against nuclear discourage it, but neither will they contribute Daily andRedFlag: attack. Now I seriously doubt the tunnel to it. I think this accords with the Chinese "How would a socialist country use system provides complete protection; cer- attitude that atomic weapons are a some- nuclear weapons to support. . . revolution- tainly it does not mean, say, that in a massive times necessary, but regrettable, evil, and ary struggle . . . ? Would it use nuclear attack on Shanghai all Shanghai's people that one should not place too great a reliance weapons on an area where a war of national would survive safely underground. And I on them. liberation or a revolutionary civil war was in think the Chinese are perfectly aware of this. Mao T s etung once called tb e atomi c b omb progress, thereby subjecting both the revo- But the tunnels do convey, visibly and 4 "pdper tiger" . . . lutionary people and the imperialists to a directly to every Chinese citizen, a sense that Yes; that statement and others by Mao nuclear strike ? Or would it be the first to use while there is danger and one must prepare have been seen as evidence that he and other nuclear weapons against an imperialist for the worst, one must also prepare to sur- Chinese leaders underrate the dangers of country which was waging a conventional vive for the world which comes after the nuclear war, and that this would lead to a war of aggression elsewhere? Obviously, in "worst" - and that the Chinese will survive certain recklessness in Chinese policies. In either case it is absolutely impermissible for as a people. Ifhich takes us back to the my judgment the Chinese have made some a socialist country to use nuclear weapons." original quote. Atomic bombs have "tiger- rather realistic estimates of the possibilities Basically, Mao believes there will be a ish" aspects - they are dangerous - but they and limitations of nuclear weapons. Let me certain "rationality" in using nuclear have "paper" aspects as well, apd one must give you another Mao quote, from a Decem- weapons, and, as in these instances, such not, in Mao's view, confuse resPect for the ber rz, 1958, Politburo speech: "Only with weapons do not always provide a means of tiger with fear of paper bombast. man can there be soil, only with soil can obtaining one's real objectives, "Conven- After tbe first Chinese nuclear test in 1964, there be wealth; if a man is killed, what's the tional weapons are still the thing." President Lyndon B. Johnson said: "The 'Wbat pro- use of occupying soil ? I don't see the reason about usirg weapons lor nuclear Chinese Communist nuclear u)eapofis for the atom bomb, Conventional weapons blackmail? gram is a tragedy f or the Chinese people wbo are still the thing." The Chinese are rather contemptuous of baue suftered so mucb under the Chinese His meaning is that an imperialist nation nuclear blackmail, not only in principle but regime, Scatce economic tesources that would not be likely to use nuclear weapons also as a practical strategy. Suppose you could haue been used to improue the well- on a large scale against a nation it meant to threaten nuclear attack, and your bluff is being of the Chinese people baue been used control, because in the process the imperial- called, what do you do ? Attack, and risk to produce a crude nuclear deuice which can ist nation would destroy precisely the things retaliation from the threatened nation or a only increase the sense of insecurity of tbe I it desired - resources, manpower, productive third party? Or back down, risking em- Cbinese people. Other Asian nations baue capacities, or markets. He has also been barrassment and serious loss of "credibility" u,,isely chosen instead to work lor the uell- r! quoted to the effect that China has less to for future actions ? Thus, in the Chinese being of their people tbrough economic fear from nuclear attack than other nations view, nuclear weapons are powerful, but not deuelopment and peaceful use ol the atom." because China's population is so huge and so necessarily decisive, and a nuclear nation Has euen a limited nuclear program been highly dispersed - a simple statement of fact. should not fool itself into believing those a heauy economic burden to tbe Chinese? One could theoretically destroy all of weapons give it more power than it actually Hout does Chinese spending comparc witb China's major cities and still not even begin has. Souiet and American sPending? to conquer China's vast land area, its people, The corollary of course is that people Let's accept the fact that highly specific or indeed its productive capacities. The same should not submit to nuclear blackmail or be assessments of Chinese defense spending - or is true, though to a lesser extent, of some terrorized by a nuclear attack which may comparisons between American, Soviet, and other countries. In 1963, the USSR made never occur. One of Mao's classic dictums is Chinese spending - are almost impossible. I some proposal about using nuclear weapons "dig tunnels deep, store grain everywhere, am quite skeptical of the methods used to calculate these costs. The Soviets and Ameri- cans at least publish "defense budgets," and we can and do then quibble about their The Chinese Government is loya! to Marxism-Leninism and proletarian accuracy and relative sizes; the Chinese internationalism. We believe in the people. !t is the people who decide publish no figures. Estimates of China's the outcome of war, and not any weapon. The destiny of China is defense budget range between ro and 15 decided by the Ghinese people, and the destiny of the world by the billion dollars, but that's a very murky figure. As a very rough comparison, the peoples of the world, and not by the nuclear weapon. . . . official American budget goes slightly over We are convinced that nuclear weapons, which are after at! created roo billion, and the Soviet budget - well, just by man, certainly wi!! be eliminated by man. "Detonation Statement," within this past year the CIA virtually C)ctober r6,1964. doubled its estimate of Soviet spending to an New China 37 Fall/Winter/Spring Vacations equivalent of about ro3.8 billion in Ameri- death. This suggests to me, though I have no can dollars. I would stress that none of real proof, that Lin led a faction supporting lTCs, OTCs, and TGCs have, during these figures is really trustworthy. major developments in weaponry and 1976, entered the traveler's lexicon, In my view a more effective measure of heavier defense spending, while Mao and his and should be part of yours. The defense effort may be actual military forces supporters insisted on limits. abbreviations stand for lnclusive deployed and the kinds of technology or I'm also impressed by the frequent Tour Charters, One-stop Tour Chart- weaponry they have. And here it seems quite Chinese press attacks on the "militarization" evident economy, meaning the over- ers, and Travel Group Charters, and that in terms of defense effort versus of the Soviet civilian needs, the Chinese have done whelming Soviet emphasis on heavy industry they're just the thing for budget- considerably better than the U.S. or the and defense rather than civilian needs. I conscious travelers. To wit (all USSR. In sheer numbers or sophistication, as think these attacks not only express a prices York): from New I've said, the Chinese nuclear effort is genuine Chinese distaste for this kind of priority, are an indirect way of criticizing ' Portugal On Tuesdays, weekly, extremely modest compared to Soviet and but - American forces. army, and who might favor heavier to Lisbon, all-inclusive, 5339, two China's navy, those in China air force depend on weapons essentially defense spending. weeks $405. Various combinations, derived from r95os technologies. The navy If I can sum up, the Chinese are basically such Lisbon/Algarve, Lisbon/ as is a small coastal defense force. The army - wary about the defense drain on the civilian Madeira, etc. by all accounts a talented, well-educated economy; they attempt to limit spending to ' Yugoslavia Weekly on Satur- pool of people - performs vital functions in provide only for genuine defense needs, and - the civilian economy in production, con- no more, This inevitably suggests - and it is days to Dubrovnik. November 6 to struction, social services, and what we would a point I would want to make - that much March 26, S510. call management functions. In effect the Soviet and American spending may be, ' East Africa - 16-day Charter army may make net contributions to the simply, superfluous. Safari, deluxe, superb itinerary in civilian economy rather than being a drain Many people dre concerned these days upon it. This is one reason comparisons about the dangers ol accident or sabotage to Kenya and Tanzania, all-inclusive. of defense spending are so difficult. nuclear rectctors. Haue the Cbinese taken 51 ,1 99. Every two weeks, October China has not engaged in the constant any notice of this Problem? 10 to April 24. round of updating and acquisition of 'W'hat you're talking about are the large- re4ctors. The ' lndia A new charter program advanced weapons systems that can add so capacity, power-generating - enormously to defense spending, since they Chinese have avowed little interest in every few weeks to Delhi, Jaipur, involve heavy industry and electronics - high nuclear energy to generate electricity' China Agra, Benares and Khajuraho, Janu- technology areas requiring heavy invest- has some 20 percent of the world's proven ary 18 to April 27, $1 ,199. ments. The Chinese have said for some time coal reserves, Iarge amounts of oil, and sub- that their priorities are agriculture first, amounts of still untapped water- ' Greece Yes, a two-week ITC at stantial - light industry second, and heavy industry power. From their point of view it would Christmas, price to be announced - Iast. With the exception of iron and steel, make little economic sense to invest in but it will be low, like around $600 useful in the civilian economy, it seems to me nuclear power sources, particularly since all-inclusive ? Write for brochure. the Chinese are quite conscious of these their energy needs are not nearly so great as priorities. 1968, instance, more developed countries. The ' South America Consider ln ry67 and for in the scientists connected with the nuclear defense Chinese have a few small research Ecuador! A new group-excursion do program came under heavy attack not only reactors, used in their weapons program; so fare, 5362 from New York, $257 for "elitist" tendencies but for monopolizing far as I know they have had no problems plus from Miami, $151 for land more than their share of economic resources containing dangerous radioactive sub- arrangements in Ouito, Guayaquil, and scientific manpower. And in August stances orpreventing accidents and sabotage. and Cuenca comes to $51 3 for r97r, People's Daily stated: "Electronic Ouerall, has tbe possession ol nucleat seven nights from New York, $408 technology is a new technology, used in weapons made any significant differences in from Miami for four people traveling developing the national economy and China's loreign Policies ? together. Air tickets good for up to national defense industry. Together with I honestly don't think so. From the first, 30 days! Also Ecuador/?eru. atomic technology and jet engine tech- China's position was that their nuclear pro- nology, it is generally regarded as a criterion gram was a burdensome but necessary Our Own Special Tours or measure of development of a country's defensive measure and that they had no 'Algeria - Yes ! One week, Decem- industry. However, advances in special tech- "superpower" ambitions, and they have in ber 24-January 1, two weeks De- nology are one thing, while the foundation fact developed a highly limited, defensive cember 17-January 1, prices to be and center are another. . . . The various program. Contrary to expectations, they announced, First week Tipasa, Tichy, branches of industry in China . . . must be have not indulged in nuclear blackmail or Ras-Bouira, Constantine, visiting developed proportionately. " grandiose foreign adventures. They haven't of weapons communes, factories, Roman ruins, It's interesting to note that Lin Piao, entered into the familiar spiral defense minister in the period of China's acquisition, such that a new system is barely meetings. Second week into the initial nuclear development and strongly in place before it is judged obsolete. I find Sahara ! identified with that program, was coming this encouraging. China thus far seems to under attack at about this time for other have avoided the pattern set by the two *r4,rou*s*tot{$i*,r,* "errors." And certain limitations on the superpowers: an endless, costly arms race program became clearly visible by late which generates ever more anxiety and 1973 - just about the time lag one might frustration, and which perhaps has no real expect if the decision to set these limits end in greater security. That, I think, is the 250 West 57th St., Rm. 1517, New York, N.Y. 1001 9 (212) 586-6577 coincided with Lin's downfall, flight, and overall conclusion I would want to offer. o jB December 1976 led part of the peasant and worker soldiers into the countryside, finally to the Jinggang (Chingkang) Mountains to meet with Mao Tsetung's troops. There they organized their soldiers into the Fourth Army of the Red Army. Chu Teh was elected commander-in- chief with Mao Tsetung as the political commrssar. Chu Teh Stories of his devotion to his soldiers are numerous and moving. While fighting the revolutionary war in the countryside, he 1886 lived and ate like the rank and file. He would -1976- make his rounds to the soldiers every night and sit with them telling stories and listening to their talk. The soldiers always gathered around him, touching him with their big by Dorothy Loo Kehl rough hands, and he would put his arm around their shoulders as they talked. He Ioved the soldiers like a father. Chu Teh served as the commander-in- chief of the Red Army throughout the Long '!Var March, the Against Japan, and the "For pure military strdtegy and tactical studied Marxism-Leninism, attended many Civil War against Chiang Kai-shek which handling ot' a great army in retreat nothing workers' and other political meetings, and ended in ry49. Alter Liberation, he became has been seenin China to compare uitb Chu walked every street in Berlin, Iooking and the Vice-chairman of the People's Republic. Teb's splendid generalsbip ol tbe Long listening, in order to understand the situa- Up until his death, he served in leading March.lHe had thel sheer personal magnet- tion there. Later, he went to Moscow to positions in the People's Liberation Army, ism of leader s bip, and th e rare h uman quality deepen his knowledge of Marxist theory. the National People's Congress, the Party uhicb inspires in followers tbat . . . f aith and Returning to China in 1925, he rejoined Central Committee, and the Politburo of the deuotion that giues men tbe courdge to die in the KMT Army, this time to carry out tasks Central Committee. a cause.. . ." - Edgar Snow in Red Star Ouer as a communist. The Nanchang Uprising in He joined the revolutionary movement in China. r9z7 markedhis public renouncement of the his youth, and he did not leave it until the now counterrevolutionary KMT. He then day he died. o Chu Teh died July 6 at the age of 9o. He was a leading member of the Central Com- mittee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Together with Chairman Mao Tsetung, Chu Teh founded the Red Army which later became the People's Liberation Army. He was born in Yilong County, Sichuan (Szechuan) to a poor peasant family. As a young boy, he had to do hard physical work, like all other boys from peasant families. Thus from very early on he understood the plight of millions of Chinese peasants. He also trained his body to excellent health. When the rgrr revolution started, led by Sun Yat-sen, Chu Teh was a cadet in the Yunnan Military Academy. He joined the revolution to bring the Manchu Dynasty down. Later, in r9r5, as a z9-year-old brigadier-general in the Nationalist Kuomin- tang (KMT) Army, he revolted against Yuan Shih-kai's attempt to restore the monarchy. With great sympathy for the suffering of the common people and a fervor to find a way to save China, Chu Teh left Yunnan, traveled to Shanghai, and with iron deter- mination shook off the opium habit he had acquired while in the KMT Army. It rgzzhe set sail for Germany to learn more about social revolution. There he met Chou En-lai Mao Tsetung and Chu Teh discuss military operations during the 'War of joined and the Communist Party of China as Resistance Against Japan (ty7-45). Chu was commander-in-chief of the a secret member. \flhile in Germany, he Eighth Route Army. (Photo: Hsinhua News Agency) New China 39 Friendship Has A History lflf. E. B. Du Bois by MichaelT. Martin and Lamont H. Yeakey Scholar, teacher, lecturer, writer, editor, political activist - the great African- American Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois (r868-1963) was all of these in a life that spanned three continents and decades o[ tireless effort to achieve equality for Black Americans and other oppressed peoples, particularly in Africa. He was a friend of China as well. Born at a time when Blacks in America had just discarded the shackles of chattel slavery, Du Bois did pioneering investiga- tions of the history and social conditions of Black people and organized an r8-year cycle o[ conferences at Arlanta Universlty (where he taught from 1897 to rgro) on aspects of Black life in America. He helped found the Niagara Movement in r9o5, the immediate forerunner of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People which Du Bois also helped found four years later and whose paper, The Crisls, he edited until 1934. Among his numerous activities, Du Bois was a strong friend of the Chinese people, On October r, 196z - China's N ational Day - Dr. Du Bois and Shirley Cralram Du Bois with Chairman Mao Tsetung. (Photo: Hsinhua News Ager-rcy) aiding them in their fight against irnperialism and publicizing the achievements of rheir revolution. His interest in Asia began early, that would demystify racist social theories, country to the future of the world, Du Bois a direct outgrowth of his involvement in the generate solidarity among the non-white wrote: struggles of Blacks in America and Africa. malority of the world, and elevate African "China is inconceivable. . . . And this I Studying the forms and consequences of and Asian peoples to a position of absolute know: any attempt to explain the world contact between racial groups, he observed equality with white peoples. without giving China a place of extra- that throughout the world peoples of color Though his efforts against colonialism ordinary prominence, is futile. Perhaps the were being exploited and oppressed by and imperialism were primarily devoted to riddle of the universe will be settled in China, European and U.S. colonialism. "The prob- the emancipation of Africa through the Pan- and if not, in no part of the world which lem of the zoth century is the problem of the African movement which he helped to ignores China." color line," he wrote ir-r rgoo - the same year organize after'World War I, Du Bois realized In concrete support of the Chinese people, in which, at a Pan-African Conference, he that the struggles in the East were a signifi- he contributed to relief organizations and delivered an address "To the Nations of the cant part of the worldwide anti-colonial opposed the Japanese aggression against the r0ilorld" calling for recognition and supporr movement that would shape the future. He mainland. But he believed that the British of Asian peoples. therefore used every means at his disposal - and Americans posed an even greater threat The connections that Du Bois drew be- publication, lectures, debates, conferences, to China's sovereignty and would help China tween the struggles of Blacks in America and and even the Pan-African Congresses he only to further their own ends. He argued 'West the anti-colonial struggles o[ African and sponsored - to promote solidarity among that once Japan was defeated, the Asian peoples grew firmer as hc began to black, brown, and yellow peoples. would move to re-establish control over develop a philosophy and prograrr of action Du Bois' first visit to China occurred in China. Yet he was convinced that in spite of 1936, at a time when J:rpan hacl already "Great Britain, France, and the United Mtcnanr T. Manrru is Dirt'ctor trl' tltt, Sptriol invedecl northeast Chinr but little was States" having their "eyes fixed upon the Sr'rt,irt's Prograttr at Htttttt'r Cr,//t'gt'. La,ttoNr H. known abroad about thc lreroic struggles of wealth of China and her possibilities as a Ysaxrv ttochcs LI.S. histury at Qrrr'r'rrs Co//t'r3t'. thc Chincsc Commr.rnisr Party ,rncl its army. subject nation," China would rise again. Both visittd Chirta itt t g7 j. Pcrceiving thc in-rportrnce o[ this vast Anticipatirrg the f uture victories of its 40 Dece trtber r976 t Sheraton Airport lnn Philadelphia I nternationa! Airport Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19153 Telephone (21 5) 365-4545 ln r9t7, Dr Du Bois (upper right) was one of the leaders of a demonstration against the lynching of Black people in the United States. His Another Dunfey FamilY Hotel struggles against racism and oppression in his own country led him to support the struggles of the peoples of Asia and Africa against imperialistic '!(estern nations, and to rejoice with the Chinese in ry49 when they ar last freed themselves Host to the from foreign domination. (Photo: Schomburg Collection) T hird N ational Conuention ol U.S. China PeoPles FriendshiP Associatiott people, he wrote: "In the history of Chinese '!7orld Council of Peace in several countries. culture there has been repeated retrogression The U.S. government, which had been poli- and recovery; but there has always remained tically persecuting Du Bois since r95r tor that fine central core of effective human pro- his role in the Peace Information Center and 'War, gress. Given time and opportunity, China his stand on the Korean refused to will again become great and powerful." validate his passport and Du Bois was ln 1945, Du Bois presided over the Fifth unable to attend. Pan-African Congress, and for the 6rst time Two years later, however, while on a trip the organization expressed specific support that would traverse half the planet, Du Bois of China's liberation struggle. The resolu- and his second wife, Shirley Graham Du tion adopted there said in part: "'We desire Bois, a prolific writer and political activist, to see freedom and real national indepen- received a cable inviting them to China. You dence in Egypt, in China, and in India." Defying the U.S. State Department's pro- want Over the next decade Du Bois maintained hibition, the Du Boises proceeded via the to goto and strengthened his bond with the Chinese Soviet Union to Peking in early February people. ln ry48 he was an honorary member 1959. Asked at the airport whether he cH!ilA... of the China'l7elfare Fund headed by Soong wanted his visit kept secret, Du Bois replied: Ching Ling, widow of Sun Yat-sen. He "My wife and I were honored by an invita- applauded the success of the Chinese tion from the People's Republic of China. to see for yourself the enormous strides 'We Revolution in 1949, and opposed the Korean were happy to accept it and here we are. that the Chinese people have made since 'War that began in r95o, warning Black So far as we are concerned you can tell the their liberation in 1949. Americans not to become tools of U.S. whole world!" So do 500,000 other Americans who interest in Asia: The Du Boises spent three months in have already inquired about entry visas, "Perhaps worst of all today is the use of China traveling from Peking to Shanghai to but only a few thousand Americans will 'Wuhan, American Negro troops in Korea. Not only then up the Yangtze River to be able to travel to China this year. is this bound to leave a legacy of hate Zhongiing (Chungking), on to Chengdu and We have been privileged to visit the between yellow nations and black, but the still farther west in Sichuan (Szechuan) People's Republic and have assisted sev- effect on the Negroes of America at being in Province to visit the national minorities that eral groups that have gone. We can offer a sense compelled to murder colored folk live near the Tibetan Autonomous Region, you lots of help and advice, but we don't who suffer from the same race prejudice that and then back east to Guangdong and decide which individuals or groups go. Negroes in the United States have long Guangzhou (Kwangtung, Kwangchow). It However, we can get you to almost any suffered and still suffer; at being almost was while Du Bois was in'lfuhan that he other place in the world. Our slogan. . . forced to be the dumb tools of business finally met Mao Tsetung. Discussing his "Exotic Travel ls Our Specialty, World corporations seeking to dominate China and work with Mao, Du Bois mentioned the mis- Travel ls Our Business" - means just Asia - this is bound to result in the exacer- takes he felt he had made in his efforts to what it says! bation of prejudice and inner conflict here in help liberate BIack Americans. Shirley G ive us a go at it-tell us what you have in America." Graham Du Bois recalls Chairman Mao's mind-and we'll get you there and back In 1956, Du Bois was invited by the reply: "The only deplorable mistake a man . . .efficiently, reliably and satisfactorily! People's Republic to lecture and participate makes is when he lies down and lets the in the z5oth anniversary commemoration of enemy walk over him. . . . The Communist u(lnlo rRAVE L Associates the birth of Benjamin Franklin, an inter- Party of China has made all the mistakes 475 FIFTH AVENUE.NEW YORK. N Y IOOIT national friendship project sponsored by the there are to make ! . . . But we never give up ! (212t 6E6-8665 Nett, China 4r Mistakes are but stepping stones upon which had long ago noted that capitalism perpetu- one may climb higher and higher. . . ." ated the "color line" and concepts of racial Film Throughout China, Du Bois saw the inferiority "in order to make profits out of results of the people's determination to free cheap labor, both black and white." At the themselves from exploitation and oppres- r957 All-African Conference in Ghana, in a Making the Break. A feature film in color, sion. The Chinese worker, he wrote, "has speech written by him and delivered by his with English subtitles on a separate film exorcised the Great Fear that haunts the wife, he had urged his listeners: "Your bond strip. Produced by the People's Republic of rWest; the fear of losing his job; the lear ot is no mere color of skin but the deeper ex- China, December 1975. 16 mm. z hours. falling sick; the fear of accident; the fear of periences of wage slavery and contempt. . . . Available through locals of the USCPFA. inability to educate his children; the fear of Africa, awake, put on the beautiful robes of daring to take a vacation . . . the Chinese sit Pan-African Socialism." Although set during the Great Leap Forward high above these fears and laugh with joy." In China Du Bois saw the embodiment of (1958-6o) when education in the People's The changes in the situation of Chinese values and the force of will he so earnestly Republic first came in for serious revolution- women, among the most oppressed of hoped Africa would one day possess. China's ary criticism, M aking tbe Brea&. is very much China's exploited millions before Libera- secret, he felt, "is that the vast majority of a a 6lm about China today. Produced last year tion, struck Du Bois sharply. At the steel billion human beings have been convinced in only 7o days as workers in the film indus- plant he and his wife visited in 'Wuhan, he that human nature in some of its darkest try rushed to join the nationwide debate and was surprised to see a crane that moved roo recesses can be changed, if change is struggle now blazing over the future of tons being operated by a driver with red- necessary," education, it asks, in dramatic form: rU7hom, ribboned braids and a rosy face. "Look And change, Du Bois believed, was neces- and what, is education for ? Who should be Shirley, it's a girl !" Du Bois shouted. sary. To emancipate all African and Asian admitted to college ? Shall graduates be a "The women of China are becoming peoples required the development of a revo- privileged group set apart from those whose 'Who free," he wrote in admiration. "They wear lutionary outlook opposed to every form of labor made their education possible ? pants so that they can walk, climb and dig; foreign colonialism and oppression and to should make educational policy ? and climb and dig they do. . . . They occupy the formation of privileged classes within the The film illustrates the conflicts implied by positions from ministers of state to loco- liberated nations. This was the outlook he these questions through a highly moving and motive engineers, lawyers, doctors, clerks found in China. exciting story which Ieft this reviewer over- and laborers . . . they are strong and healthy "I have traveled widely on this earth since whelmed and drained after the 6rst viewing and beautiful not simply of leg and false my 6rst trip to Europe 67 years ago. . . . I have and only slightly critical after the second. bosom, but of brain, brawn, and rich seen most of the civilized world and much of Making the Break is a departure from many emotion." its backward regions. Many leading nations earlier Chinese movies in that the characters "China is not utopia," he said. "Fifth I have visited repeatedly. But I have never are not mere stereotyped carriers of correct Avenue has better shops where the rich can seen a nation which so amazed and touched and incorrect ideas, but complex human buy and the whores parade. Detroit has more me as China in 1959." beings shown in the process of struggle. The and better cars. The best American housing lnr96r,Du Bois accepted the invitation of hero does not come ready-made with all the outstrips the Chinese, and Chinese women Kwame Nkrumah to live in Ghana and correct answers. Backward forces are found are not nearly as well-dressed as the guests direct the preparation and publication of the among the peasants and enemies exist within of the l7aldorf-Astoria. But the Chinese Encyclopedia Africana. The next year, while the Party - just as in real-life China today. 'While worker is happy." Du Bois was convalescing from a serious some scenes are stretched a bit larger The Chinese people respected Du Bois' operation he had undergone in London, his than life to make a point, the sentiments ex- achievements and while he was in Peking wife suggested that they return to China for pressed by the characters are so genuine that celebrated his grst birthday as a national a period of recuperation. "'Where had he American viewers will readily relate to them. event. A pre-birthday dinner was hosted by found the greatest hope for abundant life ? The story begins when Lung Gwo-zheng Premier Chou En-lai and at a birthday The answer was clear in my mind: China. . . . is asked to leave his position as head of a tree '$ilhere banquet he received numerous gifts from the could he better recharge himself ?" farm to be president and Party Secretary of Chinese people as well as greetings from The Du Boises arrived in Peking in time to Pine Mountain Agricultural College, a friends and supporters throughout the celebrate the rSth anniversary of the People's branch of the new Jiangxi (Kiangsi) Com- world, including the leader and "Wise Old Republic and stayed there until Du Bois had munist Labor University. President Lung is a Man of China," Chairman Mao. recovered his strength and could resume his former cowherd and a graduate of Kang Da That day, prior to the banquet, Du Bois monumental work in Accra. He became a (Resist Japan Ivlilitary and Political College), had spoken at Peking University. In an Ghanaian citizen shortly before his death in which was set up in Yan'an (Yenan) during atmosphere ignited by urgency and purpose, r96t. the Japanese invasion to train worker and he addressed not only the students and \7. E. B. Du Bois' identification with peasant leaders. The new university is to faculty before him but, by radio broadcast, China was deeply rooted in the knowledge of provide higher education for workers and 'Warning the peoples of Africa as well. colonial exploitation and racial persecution peasants after the model of Kang Da. Africans of the '!7est's intentions, he experienced by African and Asian peoples. A Zao Zhong-he, a veteran educator trained reiterated what he had on so many occasions realist, he understood that societies are con- under the old system, is made vice-president stated: "China is flesh of your flesh and structed by "unfinished" people and that no and takes charge of preparations. He wants blood of your blood. China is colored and society, China's included, is a utopia. He to establish the college in a big city far from knows to what a colored skin in this modern recognized, too, that there are cultural, poli- the farmland and to admit only students world sublects its owner, But China knows tical, and historical differences between the with the best academic records. more, much more than this: she knows what Chinese people and the peoples of Africa. Sun Zi-jing, dean of education and teacher to do about it." Nevertheless, he hoped that there would be of veterinary science, is also a hardJine Du Bois meant that new societies would mutual cooperation and friendship among traditionalist at the beginning of the film. require not simply national independence them in the worldwide struggle against Although he wants the college ultimately to but also the establishment of socialism. He colonialism and imperialism. o serve the needs of the local farmers, he is 42 December 1976 blinded by his training and his awe of his point when the young blacksmith, Jiang "credentials" into following Vice-president Da-nian, is admitted: "These calluses on his Zao. hands are excellent qualifications !" ]D(hen President Lung arrives at Pine Other successful candidates include a pig- Mountain, Zao and Sun try to convince him keeper, Xu Niu-zai, and young Li Jin-feng to build in the city because there are no who, refusing to be tied down by mother- qualified students in the countryside and no hood, has become known as a grower of contractors to oversee the construction of good seeds. These students are not as literate the school. as people from more privileged back- "No students ?" exclaims Lung, "I don't grounds, but they have a higher degree of believe it!" He goes to the admissions build- socialist consciousness. ing and finds students demanding to get in: A{ter admission, the students anxiously Scene from Making the Break. "In the old society, we poor couldn't get into ask where the classrooms, dormitories, and (Photo: China Reconstructs) school. Now the Chinese Communist Party labs of Pine Mountain College are located. has brought the schools to our doorstep, but \Ufith a sweep of his hand President Lung pigs and water buffaloes. A student asks: we still can't get in!" indicates the mountainous woodlands. The "Are we being trained to go to Inner Mon- President Lung insists that an agricultural camera cuts to a scene of students and golia to raise horses ?" college must be near agriculture and that teachers and President Lung working up a The teacher replies, "Our present system traditional academic standards must not be sweat felling trees and building the campus of education is the crystallization of many used to prevent politically well-qualified themselves. generations of educators; it has its own students from enrolling. After all, what is the As school opens, conflicts break out about built-in logic. How can country bumpkins purpose of education - to make work easier what should be studied and where. The have better ideas on the teaching curriculum through knowledge or to exempt students students want to coordinate their book than famous scholars ?" from work because they can pass exams ? He learning with field experience. But the tradi- President Lung supports the students, but enlists the help of a representative from the tional curriculum follows the academic Vice-president Zao and his colleague, an Poor and Lower Middle Peasants' Associa- rather than the agricultural calendar, so official named Zhao, arrange for Lung to tion to select students who have won the planting is taught in the fall and harvesting take a field trip to study "well-known" admiration of their neighbors for hard work in the spring. Dean Sun uses up precious time agricultural colleges in cities. They hope he and community leadership. These students showing endless pictures of horses the world will see the wisdom in traditional education know the needs of the farming population over and teaching about the functions of and be humbled. Lung is gravely dis- and will be able to put their new knowledge horses' tails. But there are no horses in the appointed on this tour. He finds that to work in the fields. Lung succinctly makes area, and he has little to say about the native students at "well-known" colleges have for- Slides and Filmstrips on Ghina Shun Lee Palace Restaurant How China Kicked the Habit (ilmstrip, Craftsmanship 59 slides or a plus script in English Professionalism and Spanish, and resource materials, about lmagination drugs in old China and how new China rid itself of drugs completely. Purchase, $25; With us, travel is not all landmarks and land- one-week rental, $5. (Specify slides or scapes. lt is people-to-people friendship and filmstrip.) understanding. Women China: The Long March ln all of our 25 years of organizing jour- in neys for our faithful clientele and traveling Toward Liberation plus documenting past ourselves, our own trip to new China was rzo slides, a script, the most uplifting of all. oppression and the present struggle for equality. Purchase, $45; one-week rental, $5. We have made the arrangements for many visits to the PRC for members of USCPFA Children of China Exquisite Szechuan and guests. and other invited BUT. . . until you rzo frames in filmstrip, plus script and Mandarin Cuisine are invited, we can only offer you the rest of resource material, on historical background the world, so contact us for your next trip. and childhood education today. Purchase, ln a charming atmosphere. . $r5; one-week rental $5. with impeccable servico United States Trave! Bureau Auailable Michael Tong, Managing Diroctol '{.lS-China lrom: A collective Peoples Friendship Association 155 East 55 Stteot Brigitte-Dick-Mischa 4r Union Square West, Rm. rzzS New York City New York, N.Y. roooS (2121 371-4444 11478 Burbank Blvd., Room 8 North Hollywood, Calif. 91 601 Phone: I (213) 877-2623 Neu China 4j gotten who sent them to school. lWhen a mother brings some home-made cloth shoes to her son, he cries, "These shoes are for hill- USCPFA Staternent of Principles billies ! Take them back. I'll never go back to that little mountain gully." Lung is broken- hearted: "'Who will benefit from this kind of education ?" Yet, although he knows the old system is wrong, he is not sure what the next step should be. While Lung is away, a commune near Pine Goal: Mountain College is threatened with an insect blight. Students have to choose be- To build actiae and lasting tween helping their neighbors save the crop or getting a good mark on a surprise exam 'We friends/tip based on nrutaal understanding Vice-presidentZaohas sprung on them, see one student nervousiy trying to memorize between tbe people of tbe United States formulas while worrying about the crops and tbe people of Cltina. and finally dashing out to help the peasants with his mind still on the formulas.'S(hen r5 worker-peasant students are expelled from the college because they missed the exam to deal with the emergency, students and local farmers are outraged: "Are we here to get Toward that end we urge the establishment of full grades or to learn to help our neighbors ? diplomatic, trade, and cultural relations between the two How can education be so divorced from governments according to the principles agreed upon in the people's needs ?" goal joint U.S.-China communique of February 28, 1972, and that "The of school," says Vice-president Zao, "is to train high-quality personnel; if U.S. foreign policy with respect to China be guided by these worker-peasant students can't keep up, same principles: respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity; they'll just have to drop out. That's the law non-aggression; non-interference in the internal affairs of other of natural selection." states ; equality and mutual benefit; and peaceful coexistence. "But we want to be the masters of know- We call for the removal of all barriers to the growing friend- ledge, not the slaves of books," reply the 'W'e ship and exchange between our two peoples. recognize that students. Xu Niu-zai, the pig-keeper, puts up a major barrier is the U.S. diplomatic recognition of and a poster: "Less about horses, more about military presence in Taiwan. As the Joint Communique signed pigs and water buffaloes!" by the governments of the United States and the People's Zao orders Xu to tear it down and stop Republic of China states, Taiwan is an inseparable part of disturbing order in the school - "Students should listen, not tell their teachers what to China and the resolution of the Taiwan question is the internal 'We do." As Xu tears it down, his classmates are affair of China. recognize that the People's Republic of appalled. How could he capitulate before China is the sole legal government of China. such injustice? But in a moment he has put Our educational activities include production and distribu- up a still bigger poster and is loudly cheered. tion of literature, films, and photo exhibits; sponsoring speakers Zao arrd his cohorts are indignant at these and study classes; speaking out against distortions and miscon- working-class victories. "Are we running a ceptions about the People's Republic of China; publishing college or a farm ?" "'Who ever heard of newsletters and pamphlets; promoting the exchange of visitors classes in the fields or students with bare as well as technical, cultural, and social experiences. feet ?" "Remember what Marx said, 'From It is our intention in each activity to pay special attention to each according to his ability.' Students farmers go back to those subjects of particular interest to the people of the United should study; let the farming." States. As the struggle deepens, Vice-president Everyone is invited to participate in our activities and any- Zao tries to send his daughter off to a "well- one who agrees with our goal is welcome join. to known" college. She is humiliated when he gives her an acceptance letter he obtained through influence. This fully exposes him as someone plotting to resurrect a system of special privileges and consciously trying to steer society away from socialism. His daughter criticizes him for expelling her For infortnation, contact your local Association. friends from a school they have built with their own hands and chooses to stay at Pine Addresses, inside back couer. Mountain College and make it serve the working class. After difficult struggle and soul-searching, Dean Sun is won over to revolutionary 44 December r976 education and joins the campaign to inoculate water buffalo, He is proud to see one of his students come back to school after having quit under pressure from his father to earn extra money as soon as he learned the special skill of castrating pigs. The student returns the money to the peasants and vows to use his skills to help them rather than to profit from their needs. The battles in education overlap with struggles in other areas of society. The young student and mother, Li Jin-feng, leads a fight against private farm plots, a new Party policy instigated by the then president of China, Liu Shao-chi. "It means dividing up the land and going it alone ! That's going backward," she says. Over the objections of several Party leaders, she mobilizes the farmers and re- verses Liu's policy. The "break" in Making the Break is not a clean one. The cultural legacy of the old system dies hard; those plotting counter- revolution try again and again to discredit socialist innovations, Conservative bureau- crats and educators, persisting in their lost cause, try to 6re President Lung, expel him from the Party, and close down the college, Lung, together with the new breed of students, teachers, and farmers, is eager to consolidate each progressive change, but with each new setback they must overcome disillusionments and rally to fight back. Making the Break graphically demonstrates that the struggle for a classless society will be long and difficult, and that not every battle will be won. But it also shows that when working people stand together, those who seek to turn back the clock an'd restore the old system of privileges are bound to fail. A potential problem in showing this film is that the subtitles are on a separate film ,lr) strip and cannot be easily coordinated with i the dialogue. I hope this will be corrected soon, because Making the Breabis bound to t be popular in the U.S. James T. Caldwell New York, N.Y. Note t,iA' on Spelling of Chinese Words a, Chinese proper names in NEw CHINI are generally spelled in Hanyu pinyin, the romanization system now used in the People's Republic to render pro- nunciation in the official common CHINA: FROM THE SKETCHBOOKS OF CHEN CHI dialect. Since pinyin is relatively new A glimpse of modern China after its great revolution - a great change in to Americans, in most cases the more human life, yet a legacy of thousands of years of civilization. familiar spellings are given in paren- 120 pages of ink-brush drawings, six full-color watercolor reproductions, theses at a word's 6rst appearance in poetry and calligraphy. Regular edition S10. each article. In book titles or direct quotations using other forms of roman- Deluxe edition $100. Limited to 250 copies, signed and numbered, with an ization, the pinyin follows in square original 18" x 26" color lithograph, signed and numbered. brackets. A few familiar proper nouns Make check or money order payable to: Chen Chi Studio, 15 Gramercy Park, are spelled as they usually appear in New York, N.Y. 10003. Please add sales tax if you are a New York resident. U.S. publications. New China 45 {a^dt uind Temple Garden Restaurant Szechuan, Mandarin, and Shanghai Cuisine Books, Gilts, and Food from China Cocktail Lounge z8or Broadway, New York, N.Y. rooz5 Open every day till midnight )rt Tel: (zrz) 665-6644 Private Party Room b, 16 Pell Street - Chinatown i+ New York City H- rlo',"lol::u' Tel: (zrz) 43-5544 & Imported Directly from China Marvelous Holiday Gifts Moormend's, lnc. Hee Seung Fung Teahouse, lnc. 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Send classi- West, Order now. Each copy, $1. Set ol fieds - prepaid - to New Chino,4r Unioo Square Exclusive lnterviews Rm.7ur, N.Y., N.Y. tom3, four, $3.50. Thirty percent dis- with Chou En-lai count on ten or more ol any sngle Fed up with black-on-white copies ? r-z-3 Copy Center, Plus special articles on issue. rz3 Fifth Ave., NYC, offers "color a day" copies, while National Minorities, you wait. Monday and I0ednesday - Blue Ink. Tuesday and Thursday Red. 8j x rr, margins all around. I am enclosing (please - |" Education, Health Care, $_for roo copies, $l.ro, each additional roo, $r.ro. Othe! indicale the number of copies of and Women in China colors ? Call us at (zrz) 473-L7oo. r-z-3 has been xerox- each issue): Available in the First ing and duplicatin g tor Neu Cbina since its inception. 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Also, Friendship Kit for kindergarten through the Concept "Public First, Self Second" gtad,e g - $7. Includes maps, stamps, a game' paPercuts etc. Send orders and inquiries to USCPFA-New York, Vol. 1, No.3: China's National Minoriti€s; Rm. rzz8, 4r Union Square Wcst, N.Y., N.Y. roo3. lnterview with Nobel Prize Winner C. N. USCPFA pamphlets on "The Taiwan Question: Road- Yang; How China Kicked the Drug Habit; block to Friendship" and "Opium and China: Ncw The Taiwan Ouestion; Chou En-lai on the China Kicked the Habit." Single copics, 25 ccntsi 50- Cultural Revolution and Socialist Educa- Make checks payable to New China. zoo, zo centsi over uoo, r5 cents. For single or small tion Send the completed lorm and your orders write to the nearest USCPFA chapter; for bulk check in the prepaid envelope attached orders writc USCPFA National OfEce. 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Estes, Chapel Hill, N'C.27514 Des Moines: r53z rrth St., Des Moines, Iowa 5o3r4 Sarasota : P. O. Box 195 7,Sarasota,Fla. 31 578 Detroit: P.O. Box 793, Detroit, Mich.48z3z Greater Lansing: P,O. Box r34r, East Lansing, Mich. 48821 Southern Region Organizing Committees Indianapolis: 1529 S. New Jersey St., Indianapolis,ltd. 46227 East Alabama: P.O. Box rr53, Auburn, lrla, 16$o !trToodford Iowa City: P.O. Box 16z5,Iowa City, Iowa 5zz4o Lexington: r14 Dr., Lexington, Ky. 4o5o4 Kansas City: P.O. Box6179, Kansas City, Mo.54rro San Antonio: P.O. Box rzz54,San Antonio, Tex,78zrz Madison: rrzT University Ave., Madison, Wisc. 53715 Southwest Virginia: 337-A Chestnut St., Norton, Ya.24273 Milwaukee:7rz E. Meinecke, Milwaukee, Wisc. 53zrz Tampa: P.O. Box 7r'21, T ampa,Fla. 316or Minnesota: P.O.Box 354x6, Minneapolis, Minn. 55435 Tuscaloosa: 163o roth St., Tuscaloosa, Ala. 354or New China 47 - just published this year - 39 poems in English - paper, $1, cloth $1.75 - beautiful full-color reproductions - $5.95 - all color prints - $5.95 - photo album of China's agricultural advances - $3.95 - summing-up report at the National Conference on Learning from Tachai in Agriculture, October 15, 1975, by Hua Kuo-feng - 35 cents - exciting novel of a women's militia unit just after Liberation in the 1950s - $1.95 - collection of Lu Hsun essays written in 1926 - $1 ,00 50 cents - s1.25 _ $1.00 - reports of the Chinese journalist delegation to Cambodia - 50 cents black-and-white and color plates with short text in English - $7.95 - 75 cents - a new revolutionary opera - $1 .25 - the story of a well-known model agricultural village - 51.00 T-3 (6) - 85 cents T-4 (5) - 70 cents T-5 (5) - 70 cents T-7 (6) - $1.50 T-8 (4) - 65 cents T-9 (4) - 60 cents T-12 (4) - 60 cents (airmail). $3/year $3/year (airmail), $4.50/year $ lyear $ /year $9.60/year A complete catalog of books, magazines, posters, papercuts, records, greeting cards, postage stamps, etc., from China is available free on request from China Books and Periodicals. Place your orders with your local US-China Peoples Friendship Association or: China Bool