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Universal Chloroplast Integration and Expression Vectors, Transformed (19) TZZ ¥_¥¥_T (11) EP 2 319 933 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: C12N 15/82 (2006.01) A01H 5/00 (2006.01) 15.10.2014 Bulletin 2014/42 (21) Application number: 10181990.2 (22) Date of filing: 05.08.1998 (54) Universal chloroplast integration and expression vectors, transformed plants and products thereof Universeller Integrations- und Expressionsvektor für Chloroplasten; transformierte Pflanzen und daraus abkömmliche Produkte Vecteurs universels d’intégration et d’expression de chloroplastes, plantes transformées et produits obtenus (84) Designated Contracting States: • SVAB Z ET AL: "HIGH-FREQUENCY PLASTID AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU TRANSFORMATION IN TOBACCO BY MC NL PT SE SELECTION FOR ACHIMERIC AADA GENE", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY (30) Priority: 07.08.1997 US 55314 P OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES (PNAS), 23.03.1998 US 79042 P NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, US, vol. 90, 15.05.1998 US 79640 no. 3, 1 February 1993 (1993-02-01), pages 913-917, XP002942726, ISSN: 0027-8424, DOI: (43) Date of publication of application: DOI:10.1073/PNAS.90.3.913 11.05.2011 Bulletin 2011/19 • GADANI F ET AL: "Tobacco: a tool for plant genetic engineering research and molecular (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in farming", AGRO FOOD INDUSTRY HI-TECH, accordance with Art. 76 EPC: TEKNOSZIENZE, MILAN, IT, vol. 6, 1 March 1995 05011140.0 / 1 571 220 (1995-03-01), pages 3-6, XP002134757, 98935230.7 / 1 002 115 • STAUB, J.M. AND MALIGA, P.: "long regions of homologous DNA are incorporated into the (73) Proprietor: Auburn University tobacco plastid genome by transformation", THE Auburn, AL 36849-5176 (US) PLANT CELL, vol. 4, 1992, pages 39-45, XP002090407, (72) Inventor: Daniell, Henry • MCBRIDE, K.E., ET AL.: "amplification of a Winter Park, FL 32792 (US) chimeric Bacillus gene in chloroplasts leads to an extraordinary level of an insecticial protein in (74) Representative: Weiss, Wolfgang et al tobacco", BIO/TECHNOLOGY, vol. 13, 13 April Weickmann & Weickmann 1995 (1995-04-13), pages 362-365, XP002043706, Patentanwälte • ZOUBENKO, O.V., ET AL.: "efficient targeting of Postfach 86 08 20 foreign genes into the tobacco plastid genome", 81635 München (DE) NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 19, 1994, pages 3819-3824, XP002090405, (56) References cited: • DATTA, R. , ET AL.: "transformation of he WO-A-91/02066 tobacco chloroplast genome with the aroA gene to confer glyphosate tolerance", PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SUPPLEMENT, vol. 111, no. 2, June 1996 (1996-06), page 168, XP002090406, Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations. Notice of opposition shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). EP 2 319 933 B1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) (Cont. next page) EP 2 319 933 B1 • LU, Z., ET AL.: "characterization of replication • DANIELL,H., ET AL.: "containment of herbicide origins flanking the 23S rRNA gene in tobacco resistance through genetic engineering of the chloroplast DNA", PLANT MOLECULAR chloroplast genome", NATURE BIOLOGY, vol. 32, 1996, pages 693-706, BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 16, April 1998 (1998-04), XP002090408, pages 345-348, XP002090409, • DORA LI ET AL: "Expression of cholera toxin B subunit and the B chain of human insulin as a fusion protein in transgenic tobacco plants", PLANT CELL REPORTS, SPRINGER, BERLIN, DE, vol. 25, no. 5, 1 May 2006 (2006-05-01), pages 417-424, XP019335576, ISSN: 1432-203X, DOI: DOI:10.1007/S00299-005-0069-2 2 EP 2 319 933 B1 Description FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 [0001] This application pertains to the field of genetic engineering of plant genomes, particularly the genetic engineering of the genome of plant plastids, such as chloroplasts and to the stable transformation of chloroplast genome of any plant species. RELATED CASES 10 [0002] This application relates in particular to a universal chloroplast expression and integration vector which is com- petent to transform any plant with one or more genes of interest. The earlier patent application Serial No. 08/591,407, teaches plant cells transformed by means of an expression cassette comprising an exogenous DNA sequence which is stably integrated (covalently linked) to the chloroplast genome of the cell of a target plant. "Stably" integrated DNA 15 sequences are those which are inherited through genome replication by daughter cells or organisms. This stability is exhibited by the ability to establish permanent cell lines, clones, or transgenic plants comprised of a population containing the exogenous DNA. [0003] Likewise, U.S. patent 5,693,507 (1997) to Daniell and McFadden discloses such stable integration by means of an expression cassette which comprises an exogenous DNA sequence which codes for a desired trait, and the 20 transformed plants. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0004] Advantages of Chloroplast Transformation Over Nuclear Transformation. The attractiveness of transfor- 25 mation of the chloroplast genome over transformation of the nuclear genome is attributable to the serious risks resulting from the latter. One common concern is the escape of foreign genes through pollen dispersal from transgenic crop plants to their weedy relatives. It has been demonstrated that transgenic pollen will deliver foreign (transgenic) genes to other sexually-compatible plants (detected by marker gene prevalence in progeny harvested from non-transgenic plants grown in surrounding area). For Example, dispersal of pollen from a central test plot containing transgenic cotton plants to 30 surrounding non-transgenic plants has been observed at varying distances in different directions. (Lewellyn and Fitt, 1996); (Umbeck, P.F., et al., 1991). In addition, the frequencies of marker genes in wild sunflowers averaged about 28 to 38%; in wild strawberries growing within 50 meters of a strawberry field, more than 50% of the wild plants contained marker genes from cultivated strawberries. (King, J., 1996). [0005] The escape of foreign genes through pollen is especially a serious environmental concern, in the case of 35 herbicide resistance genes, because of the high rates of gene flow from crops to wild relatives. The concern is that gene escape from transgenic crops to their weedy relatives will create super weeds. In rice (Oryza sativa), gene flow from cultivated varieties to wild relatives has been noted, into O. perennis (Barrett, 1983) and red rice (O. sativa; Langevin et al., 1990). In the southern US, red rice has become a major weed because herbicides that kill it also kills cultivated rice. Decreased prices are paid for cultivated rice contaminated with red rice. Some researchers have introduced the 40 bar gene conferring resistance to glufosinate (Liberty) into cultivated rice to combat this weed (Oard et al., 1996; Sankula et al., 1996). However, due to sexual compatibility, introduction of a nuclear-expressed gene will allow transmission of that resistance trait into red rice via pollen. [0006] Similarly, transgenic oil seed rape, genetically engineered for herbicide resistance outcrossed with a weedy relative, Brassica campestris (field mustard) and conferred herbicide resistance even in the first back-cross generation 45 under field conditions. (Mikkelson, T. R., et al., 1996). [0007] Maternal inheritance of introduced genes prevents gene escape through pollen. Engineering foreign genes through chloroplast genomes (which are maternally inherited for most of the crops) is a solution to this problem. Also, the target enzymes or proteins for most herbicides (e.g. amino acid/fatty acid biosynthetic pathways or photosynthesis) are compartmentalized within the chloroplast. Another important advantage of chloroplast transformation is the higher 50 levels of foreign gene expression due to a very high copy number (5000-10,000) of chloroplast genomes in plant cells. Because the transcriptional and translational machinery of the chloroplast is prokaryotic in nature, herbicide resistant genes of bacterial origin can be expressed at extraordinarily high levels in chloroplasts. [0008] Transformation of the Chloroplast Genome. Early investigations on chloroplast transformation focused on the development of in organello systems using intact chloroplasts capable of efficient and prolonged transcription and 55 translation (Daniell and Rebeiz, 1982; Daniell et al., 1983) and expression of foreign genes in isolated chloroplasts (Daniell and McFadden, 1987). These experiments were done under the premise that it was possible to introduce isolated intact chloroplasts into protoplasts and regenerate transgenic plants (Carlson, 1973). The discovery of the gene gun as a transformation device opened the possibility of direct plastid transformation in plants (Daniell, 1993). Transient ex- 3 EP 2 319 933 B1 pression of foreign genes in plastids of dicots (Daniell et al., 1990; Ye et al., 1990), monocots (Daniell et al., 1991), prolonged foreign gene expression using autonomously replicating chloroplast expression vectors (Daniell et al., 1990) and stable integration of a selectable marker into the tobacco chloroplast genome (Svab and Maliga, 1993) were ac- complished using the gene gun. Tobacco plants resistant to certain insects were obtained by integrating the cryIAc gene 5 into the tobacco chloroplast genome (McBride et al., 1995; U.S. Patent 5,451,513). Stable plastid transformation of higher plants has been accomplished so far only in tobacco. [0009] Prior Studies on the Chloroplast Genome. To date, stable integration of a foreign gene into the chloroplast genome of a higher plant has been reported only in tobacco. This was achieved with a vector which was specific for tobacco and which was derived from the tobacco chloroplast genome, that is, the vector contained a sequence homol- 10 ogous only to the tobacco chloroplast genome and which is not highly conserved in the chloroplast genomes of other plants.
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