II.

NOTICE OF SOME STONE , WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO E MARKET-CROSSETH SCOTLANDF SO JAMEY B . S DRUMMOND, ESQ., R.S.A., F.S.A. SCOT.

.Fro e interesmth t lately createe proposeth y b d d restoratioe th f no ancient City of , it occurred to me that, having at various times made sketches of a number of Scottish market-crosses, a notice of thesf o w e afe migh acceptable b t thio et s Society. In addition to Market or Town Crosses, there are two other kinds of Crosses that may be mentioned, viz., Ecclesiastical and Memorial. Of e latterth e havw , a greae t man n Scotlandi y . .For illustrationa f o s highly-interesting clas thesef so deepublie a e th ,p ow cdeb gratitudf o t e to the Spalding Clu their bfo r beautiful volum "e Standinth n eo g Stones of ," so well edited by their and our secretary, Mr Stuart. There is, however, a class not included in this volume to which I will simply allude, such as the one on the Hawkhill, near Alloa, having merel rudya e cross carve n eaco d h side (fig . Thi2) . e s th seeme b o st first step in advance from the rude upright monolith, marking the site t Dunbaobattle—suca a f e on re (figth s ha . 1)—o grave chiefa th r f eo . By the wayside, near Finzean House, Aberdeenshire, stands one stated by tradition to be erected to the memory of Dardanus, one of our mythic Scottish kings; wooe whilth cairn— s dn e i hi closs i y eb a very large one, ANTIQUARIE SCOTLANDF SO . 87 Next comes a rude attempt at art, a good specimen of which stands near Hume Castle, having incised upon it on one side the figure of a knight with his hound at his feet, and on the other his shield and sword, ter- minating with a cross enclosed in a circle (fig. 3). In the churchyard of Foulis, near Dundee curioua s i , s flat tombstone, havin a gcanop y sculptured on it, below which is a knight's sword, while his hunting horn hang gravse ovestoneth rud e fooa e edge f th s th eo i th r te f t eo a ; upright cross (fig. 4). In the churchyard of Dunbar is another of the

Fig . 1 .Standin g Stone near Dunbar.

same class, having a floriated cross, and also the shield of arms and sword sculptured on it. Wit ecclesiasticae hth l wanderes crossha o , ever wh Ital n di e d yyon an other Roman Catholic countries mus familiare b tthin i sd countryan ; , no doubt, they were also very common previous to the Reformation, and were generally placed by the solitary wayside, to remind the faithful of their duty as good Catholics, or in some public place of a town, either PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO Y O

placed there by the Church or erected by some pious devotee in the spirit with which Sir Walter Scott inscribes the well in " Marmion:"—

" Drink, weary pilgrim, drin prad kan y gooe th dr souFo f Sybio l l Gray, Who built this cross and well."

Of this clas sI onl y kno f onewo t G-oodlieburna , , near Pertt hI (fig . 5) . has been a , having the figure of Christ sculptured on it, the under part, from the waist downwards, now only remain- ing, although I was told that people still remembered the upper part lying in the field. In a cottage garden by the roadside near Markinch, there is a stone with a cross rudely sculptured on it in relief. This may have belonged to the same class t CrossrigA .mile w fe sa , from t BiggarPrestoa d an ,n near Dunse, fragments of such wayside crosses still remain. e churchyarth n I f Bortho d - wick there remains a socket, which may have formed part of a cross, erected on the spot Fig. 2. On the Hawkhill, near Alloa where stood St Kentigern's Marvellous Cross, which, with his residence here, is thus alluded to in Jocelyn's Life of the saint, pub- lished by Pinkerton in his Vita Antiques Sanctorum—" Aliam quoque crucem incredibilem dictu, nisi posset explorari visu et tactu, in Lother- werd (Borthwick) juste et religiose de resurrectione cogitans de sola arena maris construxit. In quo loco ipse octo annorum spacio mandit." Again, o rocna k juttin t int roae gou o th d near South Queensferry sockee th s i , t of such a cross, being the spot from which the. pious pilgrims first got ANTIQUARIE SCOTLANDF SO . 89

sigh f Uunfermlineo t . This interesting fragmen saves wa td Eare hyth l of Eoseberry, who insisted that the trustees should not interfere with it makinn i e las roade m s pointe tgsimila th o A autum t wa .t e ou don r n near Melrose, where it goes by the name of a Holy Water Font. An- other class were boundary crosses, erected eithe landmarks ra poino t r so t oue extenth t f sanctuaro t f o y church lands. Some such still remai n connectioni n wite hth Preceptor Torphichenf yo , radi- e churchatinth n gi froe - mon yard. However, Marker o t Town Crosses are those I wish particularl calo e t yatten th l - tion of the Society to. They were generally placed in some large open space of a town, suc a positioh n being chosen not only to show where the market was held, but as a centre from which edicts, either royal or burghal, might be proclaim- ed, and where civil offenders migh e punishedb t n ScotI . - land they generally consisted of a pillar raised upon a flight of steps, or a solid basement without steps of any sort. On most crosses of this sort there Fig. 3. At Eccles, Berwickshire. still remain iroe sth n staplo et whic jouge hth collaa s( r use chaininr dfo malefactorp gu publie th r cfo s edification) were attached, serving thus the same purpose as the stocks in England, or for the more serious punishment of the pillory, where the offenders might be jeered at and pelted with everything unsavoury and disagreeable—a mode of punishment only abolished by Act of Par- liament in 1837. In some cases, probably, the branks (another variety of the same class of punishment) may have been fixed at the opposite 90 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO Y O

Crose sidth f seo fro jougse mth t seemI . havo st e t Ormistobeea o ns n and Crieff botn i , f whicho iroe hth n staples still lattee remainth rn I . it is higher up the shaft than on the opposite side. The Market Cross sometimes consiste a large f o d r building, havin ga stai r inside leading to the roof, which was surrounded by a parapet, and from the centre of e roopillae th th f r sprang n countrI . y district jouge sth s see havmo t e been attached either to the gateway of the churchyard, as at Dudding- stone and Eestalrig, near Edinburgh, or on the doorway of the church. At Spott, East Lothian, they are so fixed ; the old bellman, who was a nativ f thio e sonlo parish wh yearyw d diefe an sa ,d ago, recollected

Churchyare th n I . 4 Foulis-Easterf g do Fi .

having seen a man fixed in the jougs for some ecclesiastical misde- meanour t Biggaa buttresA churce n . th e jougo th ry e hb s ar s door ; whila buttrese othe yard th n w eo n fe r e dooro sa sidesth f ,o ' there remains a staple where, very probably, the branks, or witch's bridle, was attached. Sometimes they were attached even to a tree. A pair whic d bee e hchurchyarha o place s nth n i d f Applegirtho d , Dumfries- shire, are now in possession of Sir William Jardine. In towns they were occasionally on the door-post of the common prison. At the ancient ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 91 villag f Wateo e f Leito r h the yd hous e doorwaol hunth n et a ga f yo still standing. This house, or some part of it, was used as a prison. The Cross was also used to measure punishment from. You have all hear judge e storcondemneo th th d f eywh o notorioua d s offendee b o t r publicly whipped from the Cross to the Watergate, but who so little appreciate benefie dth t that, shakin e judge'th fiss n gi hi t s face tole h ,d him wit n oata h d donh s worst—whereupoha thahi ee h t e judgth n e laconically added ballad bac,ol d f ""do e an Adak th agai n mi nd ;"an e tolBellar d e thaw " t preparations wer eJustice e madth th r y b fo e execution of William of Cloudesly at the Pillory or Cross— " The Markee nth o went te placeh t , As fast as he could hie, Ther epaia nef ro wp u gallow t se e sh Besid pillory.e eth " Crosses were no doubt originally ecclesiastical d theian ,r transition from this character to their ordinary use is simple. In rude and lawless times supposwn eca e apactioy an f no sort being considered bindingf i , contracted at a Cross, with its sacred significance. This would perhaps be rendered doubly sure if, while hand-fasting, they touched with the other hand the Cross. The place s situatewherwa t i e d thus becom- ing a place of bargain-making, and Crose th s gradually losin s religit - gious significance, its very cruci- form shape disappearing, untit a l last it was transformed into the or- dinary Market Cross. The Crosses of Cockburnspath and Clackmannan (figs. 6 and 7) are characteristic in Fig. 5. Near Goodlieburn, Perthshire, this respect, the one at Ormiston still preserving the cruciform shape ; having, however, a shield of arms 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

sculptured on it, the ecclesiastical character is lost. But the most beau- l Scottisal tifu f o l h market-crosse I shav t see ye es tha i n f Invero t - keithing (see Plate II.), seeming to me to possess all the requisites of such an erection. It is heraldic (which, fortunately, fixes its date), has a sun-dial, which is again surmounted by the Scottish Unicorn, with the shield. Attached to the shaft the staple for the jougs still remains, the whole surrounded by a parapet wall, in which is a doorway. The capital is formed by heraldic shields, two of them being charged with the royal e king th e othe r th ;fo re armon s; being assume Duke th f Bothey eo d b - say as the king's eldest son and heir apparent; thos f Anabello e a Drum- mond, queen of Eobert III., viz. the roya Drummond an l d arms impaled —and of the Earl of Douglas. May not this Cross have been a gift of the queen on the occasion of the marriage of her son, the Duke of Eothesay, with the daughter of the Earl of Dou- glas, in 1398, as the heraldry sug- gest sconsequentl? y carryin bacs gu k troublouo t s historyr timeou n si , when the Wolf of Badenoch was devastat- ing Morayshire, sacking and burn- ing Elgin Cathedral, and committing all sorts of cruelties and excesses; Fig. 6. Market-Cross, Cockburnspath e Clath nd . an whe e y Clath n Ke n Chattan nearly extirpate- an e on d Ince othe th Pert f recallind hn o o ran h; tragicae gth crued an l l murder Duke oth f Eothesaf eo starves 1401n wa y i o d ,wh to.deat Duke th y ehb of Albany and the Earl of Douglas. Shortly after the death of the Prince a chapel was built in St Giles', having on the capital of its centre pillar the arms of these two noblemen; and it is not unlikely that this may have bee votivna e offering foe deer th f blooddo . This capital beara s strong resemblance to the capital of this cross, only having two shields ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 93

instea f fourdo . Occasionally thera date t this i ebu ,s seems generally more modern thae erectio e Crossth n th seemd f an o ,nmar o t s k either removaa r restorationo l e Crosth Biggaf n so O . dateso r thertw e —ear 1633, which, I suppose, may be the time of its first erection; while on a stone placed above the old capital is the date 1694, with the initials E. J. W., showing that at this date it had been repaired by John, sixth Earl of

Fig . Market-Cross7 . , Clackmannan.

Wigton. Sometimes a coat of arms or a crest was carved on the capital, t Clackmannana s a , Kincardine, Doune, Coldingha mand man y others. I come now to a subject which I approach with some timidity; namely e restoratioth , r Citou y f nCrosso . Abou mannee th t d stylan r e of doing opinionthi o closa stw e r ope b eo o nt s Crost exists i I s I s? . restoratioa e b o it t formn ni , sized proportioan , e Crosth f sno removed in 1756 ? Or is it to be an entirely new design? This is a matter which t varioua s ha s timebeew no ns n s takei bee ha p n u nt I talke . of d 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF earnest shafe d capitath anciene , an tth f o l t City Cross standinw no , n gi grounde th Druf so m House, having lately been proffere towe th y nb o t d Alexander Mitchel f Stowo l ,magistratee EsqTh . s having acceptef do this gift t occurrei , somo t d e enthusiastic citizens that money coule b d raised amon inhabitante g th propor e th f o style -restord o th st ean n i t ei tions of the Cross removed in 1756. A committee was accordingly formed for this purpose resolveo wh , d that, until the d fullyha y considerew dho the restoration should be carried out, it would be as well that the matter should not be brought before the Town Council or any one connected with it, that it might, as much as possible, be a citizen affair. While the committee were still deliberating, Mr William Chambers, its secre- tary, produced a design for an open cross, by Mr David Cousins, the city architect—Mr Chambers recommending this s styledesigit d ,n an "s a imparting a light and graceful effect to the structure, not unlike the " ! Such a design, however, could in no sense be con- sidered a restoration of the Cross taken down in 1756, excepting that it would occup e samyth e spac f roadwayeo . Unfortunately, this design, which was not approved of by the committee, was shown at a meeting of the Town Council held on the 12th February—a body who previously though e projece restoration th welth o s f tf o o lt , that thet onlno y y grante a sited t actuallbu , y cause a movabld e structur f wooo d e an d canvas to be placed at various points in the street, that thus it might be determine dmose whicth s t eligiblhwa e site. Now, howevere th n o , motion of Mr Duncan M'Laren, the whole matter was set aside by d althougan ; M'Laren'r 14 M h o t 1 2 s remarks wer n somi e e respects quite uncalle languags dhi t forye , referencn ei thio t e s desig s pernwa - fectly just, when he said, that to call this a restoration of the ancient City Cross could only be regarded as a hoax, and as an imposition upon the credulity of the public—an attempt to raise money on false pre- tences. originae Th l committee, after holding many meetings, still differinn gi opinion among themselves whethe t shouli r simpla e db e restoratiof o n the Cross erected in 1617, and removed in 1756, or a modified design of the same proportions, agreed to refer the matter to a joint committee, selected from the Eoyal Scottish Academy and the Antiquarian Society. On the part of the Antiquaries—Messrs John Hill Burton, James ANTIQUARIE5 9 SCOTLANDF SO .

Drummond, Joseph Bobertson (who acte s Secretary)a d d Professoan , r Simpson (who was chosen chairman). From the Academy—Messrs. William Brodie, G-eorge Harvey . Hill W0 d . . an ,D B . Johnstone. This committee, after mature deliberation, unanimously resolved upo fole nth - lowing Eeport:— committee "Th e mad t theiei r first dut ascertaio yt n whethe t woulri d be practicable to incorporate the fragment which Mr Mitchell has so liberally placed at the disposal of the public into an exact restoration, both in form and in dimensions, of the building of which it formed a part. Having fula n l o ,examinatio existine th l al gf no engraving d san other data, come to the unanimous conclusion that such is practicable, the committee communicated their views to that distinguished architect Mr Bryce kindlo wh , y agree preparo dt plaea accordancn ni e with them. This plan (Plate III.) has been carefully considered by the committee, and they are much gratified to find that it thoroughly justifies their expec- tations. It is not only an unquestionable restoration of the Cross which was taken down in 1756, but it proves that building to have been a very fine example of the national architecture of Scotland before the Union, as displayed with characteristic differenc nearle th n yi e contemporary Cross of Preston, and in the later Cross of . e committe"Th e unanimously recommen adoptioe dth f thino s plan, confident that it will supersede all questions as to style or design which may have arisen from the supposition that no sufficient data existed for restoratioe th originae th f no l Cros 1617."f so ' As far as I have heard public opinion expressed, it would appear that

an almost universal feeling prevails for the restoration of the Cross to 1 This design was submitted to the Town Council, who, at a meeting held on Tuesday, 13th. August 1861, resolved tha , b9) majorito a y tn o t the d 8 ha y(1 y objections to have it erected in front of the County Buildings, knowing well that Parliamenf o t Ac n a t prevent buildiny san g being erecte than do t open space. Thus is seale Crose th fate f Edinburghf dth so eo this a sr desigfa s a , s concernedi n I . will only add, that much misunderstandin takes gha n place fro mistakee mth s which Mr Duncan M'Laren fell into regarding the history of the Cross and its details, originating partly in the report given in to the Town Council on 4th December 1860 by Mr David Cousin, and who, from his position as City Architect, should have known the difference between carving and ppangling. 6 9 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

bneas e a approximatio n a r s possiblea n , bot n proportiohi appeard nan - ance thao t , t taken dow n 1756i n , (Fo ra histor f thio y s Crosse se , paper by Mr M'Culloch, Proc. Ant. Soc. Vol. II.) Some, however, I am sorry to say, were carried away by having seen the design for an open cross, which was for some time exhibited in a draper's window near to Mr William Chambers's place of business, as the proposed restoration of the Ancient City Cross. Such must have been designed under an entire misapprehensio whaf nwanteds o argumento wa t Tw . s have been use justification di n t lighwoul :i o airy d s tha d e an tb an dt; this style prevail n Englandi e sAberdee th d an , n n opeCrosa s ni s one—both of which arguments show thae attentio t beedu tno ns e paith ha n o dt requirement f suco s e purposea hstructurth e wanto t w r r fo s so a , e which English market-crosses were dedicated. In style they were en- tirely different from our Scottish market-crosses. The beautiful market- crosses t Chichestea Malmesburd an r y were finishe lantera n di n sucs ha the spire of St Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh, or that of King's College, t Qlastonbura Aberdeene on roos e it fd Th radiatiny.ha g fro mcentra e; Chedder domea Cros d sha d roof thad t Salisburan a t; e 'buils th yn wa i t fourteenth century for country people selling poultry under. In all of a centrthes s suppore wa e e superstructh r thershaf th o r f s fo i o ett - nonn theri s t turtope wa estaibu a th e ; .o t r They wer polygonal eal l buildings, wit open ha n archwa e sides eacn th vaulted y o f han o , d with- in, being of size enough to hold a considerable number of persons. In fact, Leland, writin time th Henrf eo n g i y VIII., tell thas su t these places were erected " for the shelter and accommodation of poor market folk to stand in when it raineth." Neithe re confoundin b mus e w t g wha s wantei t d with preaching crosses. These were generally placed near a church. St Paul's Cross, London, demolishe f Parliameno t Ac y db 1645n ti savourins a , Poperf go y and Prelacy, was a good specimen of this class. It consisted of a pulpit of wood raised upon steps, and covered with a lead roof. Nor with such as Waltham Cross or the Scott Monument: they are memorial, and belong neither to kirk nor market. Tet, strange as it may seem, I have heard all these advanced as precedents for our guidance in the restoration of the Cross of Edinburgh. Now, what is wanted is a substantial reality, not a toy, but something on which heralds and their attendants may stand with a feel- ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 97 security,—somethinf o g in g shadowing forth t werei stabilits e a ,th , d yan power of the Government they represent, and in whose name, in all the pomp of heraldry and at the sound of the trumpet, they proclaim, in a voice of authority, royal edicts for coronations, for peace and for war, parliamentary ordinances affecting the peace, happiness, and prosperity natioe oth fwhic n t largeo na d h an ,traitor e punishedb y sma builda ; - ing shortn i , , having some resemblanc castla o et e wit parapes hit t wall, aa protectios thoso nt e acting unde e royath r l authority. Complaints of the want of such a structure have been made for years. Now, surely the architects who designed such structures at a time when they were much used, knew best what was wanted, and they seem all to have been closed crosses—the English so-called crosses being merely ornamental sheds erected in a market-place for shelter during bad weather. As to the "light and airy" argument, no two reasons could have been used more condemnator f sucyo hdesigna t havinno , g eve e excusd nth ol f eo Leland shelteo t , r poor market folks durinI hav s a er g bee fa rains nA . abl ascertaino et , there were only five Edin e crossee stylth th f -eo n i s burgh one, buil 1617n i t . Preston Cross (Plate III. evidentl)s i e th f yo same date, and is, perhaps, the purest in architectural style of any cross of the same class. The privilege of holding weekly markets and annual fairs was granted to the barony of Preston in 1617; and about this time, no doubt, that Cross would be erected. Unfortunately, the whole family papers of Hamilton of Preston were destroyed by fire in 1650; and as superiorite th barone th f yo y belonge thio dt s family, anything like accu- rate information is not now to be had. The fraternity of the Chapmen Lothiae oth f ns alleg e that their predecessors acquiren i right a di o t t 1636. They still meet there annuall electioe th r f yoffice-bearersfo no . The alse yar o e boundth n i I believe, w no keerepairo s n t i i , t t pi I . middl a marke f o e t garden, althoug e gardenerth h abouw no , t ninety years of age, remembers when the Cross was in the centre of a large open square, from the outskirts of which the foundations of the houses were only removed at the end of last century. He has also occasionally come upo e causewath n f formeyo r streets e architecTh . f thio t s Crosy ma s have been William Wallace, who not only belonged to this part of the s muccountrywa ht employebu , e neighbourhoodth r n fo i d s wa e H . many years principal master-maso kinge died th 1631o n an nd,t i , while VOL. IV. PART I. 0 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

acting as master-mason of Heriot's Hospital.—The third was Perth. It was pulled down by Cromwell's army in 1651, and rebuilt in 1669. The shaft thif o , s Cross, likEdinburge eth h onespangles ,wa d with thistles; an muco ds h importanc s attache e paintinwa th o dgildint d gan f go these, that, on its restoration in 1669,1 an agreement was entered into betwee Magistratee nth Lore f Pertth s o d d Lyohan grano nt licensa t e to Charles Wilson to come from the Herald Office in Edinburgh " to gilde the Croce." The shaft is now preserved in the grounds of Fingask Castle. The Cross was finally condemned and demolished, as an incum- branc streete th 1765.—Tho en t i , e take Dundeet s fourta s wa n t hwa I . dow 1777n ni . About this perio e demoth d f destructioo n n seemo t s have seized thos powern ei . Edinburgh lament o alont period a eha n i , d of eleven years wantoe th , n destructio f s mosthreno it f teo interesting historical relics. In 1753 the.Eoyal Porch of was taken down; in 1756 the Cross disappeared ; and in 1764 the Netherbow Port •was pulle e materialo piecesdt th d an , s sol auctiony db shaf e f Th o t. e Dundeth e Crosliew sno e sgroun ith n de churc th floo f o rh tower, ignominiously covered up with old mural stones and rubbish. Until within the last three years it stood in the churchyard.—And the fifth is Aberdeee th n one, erecte mor1686n a de i sit f th eo en ,o ancien t cross; in 1821 we are told it was thoroughly repaired; and in 1837 altogether remove anotheo dt r site ,mad s whe opewa n ea t n i n cross beins o a ,n f go other use than the ornamental—there is not even a stair to the top. This Cros buils Johy wa sb t n Montgomery ,Eayne d masoe Ol H n i n. received for the work L.100 sterling, which was paid from the Guild wine funds. It is hexagonal in form, and about 18 feet to the top of the parapet. From the centre springs a Corinthian .column wreathed with thistles, and about 12 J feet high. The.capital is surmounted by the unicor marblen ni , wit royae hth l shiel Scotlanf do breasts e it t Th da . upper part of the building is divided into twelve compartments, two of these being occupied by heraldic shields—the one of the royal, the other royae cite ar e ootheth yf th ln arms Scottiste rn I . h medallions- be , ginning with endind Jamean . gsI with James attempn VIIA . t has lately been made to show that the Cross of Peebles was of this important

1 Perth Council Eegister• . ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 99

class. However, on causing inquiry to be made of old people on the welo lwh spot remembed Crossd an , ol e , th rthe l distinctlyal y describe raises a t i d upo solina d pedesta r eigho x tsi lfee t high, slightly raised toward s centrsit t allowitho offn t e stairbu e raio ru , w n ,th o nt , inside or out. Two questions naturally suggest themselves e :for th Whaf m o s wa t the original or ancient Cross of Edinburgh, taken down in 1617? and, Whert i stan d ddi ? e Ther e seems little difficult n answerini y e gth former query, my own opinion being that it was something similar in design to the Inverkeithing Cross—a simple column, surmounted by the unicorn, and raised upon a flight of steps, only larger and more import- havinantd an , g perhap large th s e stone basipreservew nno t Abbotsa d - fprd, fro centre mth f whiceo shafe probably hth ma t y have sprune th g; whole being surrounded by a parapet wall of no great height, but suffi- cien o keen ordinart te o crow th pt ou d y occasionsn a whicn i ,s wa h entrance with a door of iron or wood. These statements receive confir- mation from various entries in the Treasurer's accounts of the City:—

1560. Item, for ane band to ye Croce dur, ... n" Item mendinr fo , yf geo loyf eko Croc . e xvndur . ,d 1584. 5. Julii. Item, y* sam day given for ane lok to ye Croce duir, and thre keyis for it, ... xvin" 1584. Payit to David Williamson, for making and upputting of the Uicornn upon the head of the Croce, . £30 0 0

With regard to the original site of the Cross, it seems, from the account of Queen Mary's visit to the city in 1561, to have been opposite Luckenboothse th f t o Giles's S ease d th en tt a ,frod face an mth ; t also that it is not shown in any of the earliest views of the city, which are so drawn tha e churcth t h must have conceale , whilit d Canongate th e r eo St John's Cros shows s i prope it n ni r place. Thi places w Crosno ds i s agains e Tolboot th wale Canongatee f th tth o l n i h e staple th Th r .efo jougs still remains, and there was also a contrivance of some sort for fixing the legs. Old people still living recollect of a woman being put in the jougs here for stealing yarn, a hank or hasp of it being coiled roun r necdhe k durin pillorye gth . Arnott says there were three Crosses a 2 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF in the Canongate—St John's, the Oanongate, and the Girth Cross near the Watergate ; which last marked the extent of the sanctuary at Holy- . What remains of the Ancient City Cross of Edinburgh, and now standing with part of its shaft in the grounds of Drum House, near Dal- keith s deservini , f noticego , fro heaute s mdesigth it f yo n and- work- manship. The capital, which is of elegant form and proportions, repre- sents animals of the dragon kind, entwined both head and tail, and amid clustering foliage, surrounding the capi- tal; the sculpturing is most delicate and beautifully detailed, both animals and leaves being undercut standind an , t gou in bold relief, which give ligha d t si an t sparkling effect, especially during sun- lighshinee th ts ,glinta s throug opee hth n spacecarvinge th scrapinn n si O . g away part of the whitewash with which the shaft is unfortunately encrusted, traces of paint are hertherd ean e come upon, whics hha sunk into the texture of the stone, no doubt the preparation on which gilt thistles were spangled, as mentioned by Arnott, wh ofee0 say2 shafte s longse th wa t Th . Cross crosslet which surmounts the capital is modern, as also the pedestal. Arnott's description of the Cross of 1617 has caused much needless discus- sion. He describes the capital as Corin- Fig. 9. Ciinongate Gross. thian, whereas in the Cross at the Drum s Gothici t i . Now, when \ve knoe wth careless way in which architectural details are sometimes described by those who should know better (even at the present day), we cannot be surprised that Arnott fell into such an error, describing it, as he no doubt did, from the drawing which he has engraved, in which the capital is quit s lika e e Gothie nondescripth s a c t animals doing dut gurgoils ya s are lik originalse eth , which were f whichlionso e ,on , fortunately pres i , - serve t Lixmountda , near Edinburgh. ANTIQUAKIE SCOTLANDF SO . 101 From the resemblance of the capital of the Cross to some of the bosses in St Giles's Church, more especially to one representing animals chasing- one another round a flower, presented to this . Gibson-CraigJ Societr M y yb whicd an , h belonged to one of the chapels destroyed durin e unfortunatth g e repair f thio s s church, I should suppose the date to range somewhere between 140 1420d 0an . t whyoftes i Bu t i n, asked this swa , Cross removed, and the Luckenbooths, which were also in the street, allowed to remain ? The answe a simpl s i rCrose s th e onef swa I . designed supposI s a , t originallei havo yt e been, in connexion with the collegiate church, and long before the Luckenbooths were thought of, it would occupy the centre of the street; whereas the Luckenbooths, as shown in the diagram, were entirely to one side, leaving plenty of room for the royal cavalcade. On the 25th March 1617, we tole Calderwoody ar db , this Cros takes swa n d lonol down ge th ston, e having been translated, wit assistance hth f "eo certan e mariners in , from the place where it stoode, past memori f mana placo e o t ,e beneath Highe th n ei Street, without anie d ol bodie harme stanee th th th f d eo o et an ; Crosse was demolished, and another buildit, wherupon the long stone or obelisk was erected and set upon." It being considered necessary by the magistrates to widen the street upo occasioe n th visi e Kinth f o f t no g Fig. 10. Remains of Edinburgh Cross at Drum. Jame s native Sixthi th s o et h country, which took place during the month of May this same year. In the Treasurer's Accounts of the City of Edinburgh there are fifteen pages entitled, " The compt of the debasements for taking doune 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

e Aith d Croc buildind an e e Newgth , beginnin e four gth f Janua o t r 1617." Many of the Items in this account being interesting, I will select a few. e CrosTh s seem o havet s , been four month a-hald san building n e i f th d an , amount expended reckoninn o , e th p gu summas at the foot of the pages, was £4486, 5s. 6d. Scots. namee Th f seveso r eighno t master- masons are specified in the accounts. t firsA t they wer e rat f th paio e t a d L.4 the week ; but this sum was raised t oe ter L.4th my B master-, 13s . 4d . mason we are only to understand skil- ful workmen in distinction from those called ordinary workmen, who were employe e ratf th L.2o e t a , d 10s., increased to L.3, 12s. the week. But Fig. 11. Positio Originaf no l Cross it is evident that the true master-mason of Edinburgh. e wor oJOHs th f kwa N TALIPHERE wils a , l be seen fro followine mth g extracts :— 1617. Jan. llth. Item, to John Taliphere and John Mylne, masons extraordinar, debursit be tbame, .£300 Joho t n — Taliphere — — , John Watt, Thomas Taliphere, Thomas Cranstoune, Thomas Patersone, William Sympsone, Master 0 0 4 2 . . • Measonespiecee . th 4 , £ t a , — __ —to eigh0 t othe0 0 r 2 Measone . 10s2 £ .t sa — 25th. — to John Taliphere, himselfF and five Mr Measones, ...... 24 0 0 0 0 5 2 . othee th r. o t Measones . — . , — — Feb. lst. — to John Mylne of chairges for gawing to Inver Leith, both hircarriaged an e f o , some calmestane extendin 0 1 0 cornpts 6 hi 1 o g t . , ANTIQUARIE3 10 SCOTLANDF SO .

1617. Feb. 1st. Item Joho t , n Talipher M7 r d Measonesan e , at £4 13s. 4d...... £32 14 4 — — — to 14 other Measones at £3 12s. . . 50 8 0 — 17th thi— . s day, whe e Croc s th funditn wa e , e th M^ giver o t Measonen s amongst . .56 . . 8 . . them . , — — — to the rest of the Measones and work- men, ...... 300 e foresaith o —t d vij22d— . .M r Measonee th s sa 4 3 1 2 3 . . . . . lastoulk . . , 0 othee 0 th Measone5 1 ro t 4 5 12s3 £ . — t .sa — — o Joht n — MarcTaliphere . h1 , Alexander Watt, John Watt, John Sympsone, Thomas Tali- phere, Thomas Paterson, William Symp- sone, Mr Measones4 3 1 2 £t 3 a 4, 13s. . 4d. . , — 8th Simila— . r paymente th o t o thes t sd an e ordinary masons, on 18th, 22d, and 28th March; also on the 5th, 12th, 19th, and 27th April. — 25th. — for six tries tane to Edward Stewart from John Murray to help the ingyne that the Croce was sett on, at 30s. elk trie, . . 9 12 0 — — — The Croce .of Edinburgh wes this day * seat w payid Dist r ne an upo, fo pu te -nth joyn d Dennee Marinerian th e o t r n i s ' Leyth, ...... 24 15 0 Trumpetourise . th .56o t . — . , 8— — — — — to the Drummer of Leyth, &c. Edwaro t — d Stewarawir ou n— d wrichtistan — , afteup-puttine th rCrocee . th f ,g o .668 Apri a menJoho lt tw 15th ns , wh— hi Miln. ad an e 0 6 1 3 wroch1 t thi . Crocese oulth . t ka , workmex si — o t 27thn tha— . t broch e staneth t s frae the Deyne, that sic be put upon the 0 Croce 2 1 , 1 ...... 104 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

1617. April 27th. 0 Itemordina6 1 2 o t 1 , r 7 masones£5 . 12s.3 £ t ,a , — given the— — extraordinarf m o , becaus they began at four hours in the morning, and wrocht neir until aucht at nicht, 12s. the piece, ...... 9 12 0 0 6 1 0 1 Joh o . t n mens — Myln. hi d , ean — — May 1st. — to Thomas Drysdaill (herald), servitour to my Lord Chancellour, for his paynes for helping in setting doune our airmes, . 6 13 4 — 3d. — mair, twa stane lead to zett the Vni- 0 2 1 corn 3 e . upon Crocee heie th e. f th do , 0 Joho t 0 n thri s Myln— hi 8 1 ed men e. an — —, — 10th. — to the same, . . . . . 18 0 0 — — — to David Browne (for making of ane waynscotr Oroce)e fo dur th . d o et 20an , , 0 r makinfo n f scaffoldigo me s hi e b o st — — — David Browne, three sundrie tymet pu o st Vnicornee upth uthed an , r e turnith o t s Paynter, ...... 12 10 0 — o Patric t 17th — k. Walke r furnishinfo r n ty g io the greit Vnicorne, also to the little globVnicorneCrounee a th tw o -d t d an , an , bis, as his compt, . . . . . 18 13 4 — — — to John Mylne this oulk for waiting, . 6 13 4 Joho t n — Stewart — , Paynter— , conforo mt . his compt, ...... 133 6 8 — — — mair to him besyd ane roisnobill, . . 10 13 4 — give o JOHn t — N TALIPHERE— , Master Mea- s extraordinahi sone r fo , r paynis, quhilk was. promissed him by the Counsell, . . 40 0 0 payi— t to— — Thoma s Broune, locksmythr fo , ane chene to the Croce of Edinburgh, . 20 0 0 — — — for twa staine wecht of battis to the VnicornCroce e heie th th f do d , aean t 53s. . • 66 . 8 . • . .th 4d e. • stane . . , .is ANTIQTJAKIE5 10 SCOTLANDF SO .

It would appear from the foregoing extracts, that John Milne who wa e MagistratesPerto t th senr y b hfo t f Edinburgho s Novemben i , r 1616 o assist , t John Lamber carvinn i te th kine statue r th gth g fo f eo Netherbow Port, was employed with his men after the Cross was put receivee h s a upd an highe; r wages tha othee th n r master-masonst i , may be inferred that with his men he was engaged to carve ornamental details, suc headss ha , armorial bearings gurgoilsd an , . more Thith es i likely, seein receivee gh same whildy th epa e assisting John Lambert. The John Milnel here mentioned was subsequently appointed principal master-maso kine th 1631deceas e n gi o n t th n Williaf o , eo m Wallace. This last Cross again was demolished in 1756. The scene is thus described in the " Scots Magazine" of that date:—" As soon as the work-- men began, which was in the morning of March 13th, some gentlemen, who had spent the night over a social bottle, caused wine and glasses to be carried thither, mounted the ancient fabric, and solemnly drank its dirge. The beautiful pillar which stood in the middle, fell and broke e pulleyth f o toe soccasio e th piecesuse on n o dy nb , giving way." This account s presenit r fo s t deficienc n lengthi y , bein onlw gno y fee4 1 inches7 t . historicaw fe a alsd y l ad oma incident I s which bear some relatioo nt e firsth t Cross. Drummond of Hawthornden, in his History of Scotland, tells us that 143n i e murderer6th f Kinso g Jame . wersI e thus e disposeTh . dof Earl of Athole, after being strippe shirts hi mounteo s d,t "wa pillara n do e market-placeth n i crowned an , d wit a diadeh f burninmo g iron, with a placard bearing ' The King of Traitors;' " afterwards he was tortured on a scaffold, and there had his head cut off. Chambers and Stewart were also beheaded on a high scaffold erected in the market-place, while the commoner sort were hanged on gibbets.

1 For many particulars in the history of the Mylne family, I am indebted to Robert W. Mylne, Esq., architect, London. 1669-70. Item Georgo t , e Porteou r paintinfo s e Croce gth 0 lib80 , . 8 4 1 6 53 = . lib2 n .. 10sme s . M merkso t d an , — Item drinr fo , k mone Robero yt t Mylne's men spend an , t with the said Eobert Mylne, for ye armis on the Croce, 46 8 0 restorinr fo Thi s s wa t gaftei defacemens it r t durin Protectoratee gth 1652n i , . / I

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

In Dunbar's Poem to the Merchants of Edinburgh, he alludes to the Cross—som e complaintsth f o e , shal I lsay , bein applicabls ga s a w eno they were abou yeae th t r 1500, when they were written:—

" Quhy will ye, Merchants of renoun, t EdinburghLa , your nobill toun, For laik of reformatioun The commons proffeitt tyne and fame ? Think ye nocht schame Tha uthey on t r regioun Sail with dishonour hurt your name!

May nane pass throu your principall gaittis r stinFo f haddockiko f scaittiso d san • ; For cryi carlingif so debaitid san s; r fensuFo m flyttingi f defameso , Think ye nocht schame Befoir strangeri l estaittial f so s That sic dishonour hurt your name!

At you Crocee rhi , quhair golsild kdan Sould be, there is but curdis and milk ;

Singular proffeit so dois yow blind, The common proffeit gois behind: I pray that Lord remei fyno dt d That deit into Jerusalem ; schamw yo An r e! dga Thatymm su tbinde w ressouyo , y nma [reconqueiso t r Fo guiw d]yo Name."1

In 1561, Sept. 2, when Queen Mary made her entry into Edinburgh after arrivahe r l from Prance tole ar d e tha,w t " afte entertainmenn a r t in the Castle, she rode into the city accompanied by her nobility, amid volleys from the cannon in the Castle, and was met by fifty of the young men of the burgh, dressed as Moors. Sixteen of the burghers also, in gown bonnetd san velvetf so ,pale barpurplf th o lp eu e velvet, whics hwa

1 Dunbar's Poems, by Laing, vol. i. p. 97. ANTIQUARIE7 10 SCOTLANDF SO . lined with red taffety, and fringed with silk and gold, &c. The first plac Buttee e th stoppes r wa Tron t da , wher gateerecteda s ewa . Under this was a cloud, which opened, when a child descended and presented the keys of the city, together with a bible and psalm-book. The child delivered a speech, again ascending into the cloud. Next she stopped Tolboothe th t a , where scaffolds were erecte anothed dan r speech mady eb " a fair wirgin (virgin), callit Fortune. And after ane littel speitche maid thair quenie th , s grace Crocee comth o et , quhair thai standans rwa d four fair -virgynnis maise , th cle n ti d hevenli e quhile th clething a kfr d an , Croce the wyne ran out at the spouttis in greit abundance ; thairwes the noyis pepilf so l castin glassie gth s with doubwyne.o n win e s tTh ewa " containe sucn di ha larg e stonpreservee on e e basi th t Abbotsa ds n a - mouthe grotesque th t th a f t so ou en headra fordd san , sculpture, it n do beside eac f whico h h probabl e fouth y rf stooo fai e r don damsels . This notice is particularly interesting, as giving the relative position of the first Gross—a point which has been much disputed. 1565. In Knox's " History of the Reformation," we are told that the Keformed clergy seize r JamedSi s Carve Tarbat)r (o t Eomaa , n Catholic priest, "revested him with all his garments upon bim, and so carried him to the market-cross, binding the chalice in his hand, and himself fas e hourn spacte a cros th tie e th samr f repeates eo th o ds;fo t ewa d e spacth threr f eo fo nex e r fouy eo th da rt hours, during which time eth boys and others served him with bis Easter eggs. The press of people so increased upon the Cross, that Archibald Douglas, the provost, came with some halberdiers and released him, and carried him safe again to Tolbooth.e e Crosth th d s beeHa " n anythin e for th f tha mo f f o o gt 1617 victie th , m would have dange o been n ni r fro pressine mth f thgo e crowd upon him, to say nothing of the shelter which the parapet at such a height would have afforded from the unsavoury missiles of the rabble. " 1598 10te Th h. Julii.—Ane man, sume juglar a calli m thi , playic si t sowple tricks upone ane tow, qlk was festinit betwixt the tope of St Geills Kirk steiple and ane stair beneathe the Crosse, callit Josias Close1 heid s nevie lyth k,wa rs countrie senyi raie n i eh d w s a ,dpunto e th e and playi manea s t y pavie. it n so

1 Tliis Close, with others neighbourhoods init disappeareds ha , . 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

Maiif o laire 7 th ,Johnestou2 f do e "Th pictos nhi r Crosshune th t ga e with his heid dounwart, and declarit ane mansworne man ; and upone the 5th of Junii, he, and his complices, were put to the home, and pronuncit rehellis at the Crosse be opin proclamatione." yeae th r n 159I 9 compana Englisf yo h comedians obtaine royae dth l licens t playac Edinburghn o sei t . This permission gave offence th o t e clergy, who began to " exclaim in their sermons against stage-players, their nnrulines immodesd an s t behaviour; thed an "y even ventureo t d prohibit the people, under the pain of ecclesiastical censures, from church-sessioe th f o attendin t ac e theatrer e consistoro nth gth s A . y was a direct attempt to annul the King's license, it was resented as a contemp indignitd tan Privf yo offeret Majestys yhi Ac Council o n t d A . , passed on the 8th of November, " ordains ane official' of armes to pass to the Mercat- Grace of Edinburgh, and thair be oppiii proolamacioun in his hienes name and auctoritie to command and charge the haill personis of the saidis foure sessiones, becaus thay are an multitude, to convene thame-selffis in thair accustomat place of convening within thrie houris next eftisaie th rd charge speciale thaid an an ,e rb l act caso t , s annull dischargd an vthee eth t forsaid ac r witd an h, tha gio t tf ane special- or l dinance and directioun to thair haill ministeris, that thay eftir thair sermonis vpon the nixt Sonday publictlie admonische thair awne flockis to reuerenc obad s majestiean ey hi o declait d an o tham,rt e that thay will not restreane nor censure ony of thair flockis that sail repair to the saidis commedeis and playis, considering his majestie is not of purpois or intentioun to awthorize allow, or command ony thing quhilk is prophane, ' or may cary ony offence or sclander with it; and to charge thame heirto under the pane of rebellioun and putting of thame to the home." This brough clerge tth y immediatel theio y t day o r tw ssense s afterd wa an t si ,; again proclaimed at the Mercat-Croce that they had been advised " verie raschli vnaduisitlid ean contramano et publice an e db t act s majestie,hi s said warrand;" and that now " thair floikis may friely at thair awne pies- sour repair to the saidis commedeis'and playis without ony pane, skaithe, censureing, reproch r sclandeeo incurrie b o rt thame b t e thairthrow."1 In Birrell's "Diary" we have the following quaint description of an

Histore 1Th Scottisf yo h Poetry Daviy B . d living, LL.D. Edin., 1861. ANTIQUARIE9 10 SCOTLANDF SO .

interesting scene. 1600. " The llth day of Auguste, being Monday, the King came over the water. The toune, with the haill suburbs, met him upon Sandye eth Leithf so armesn ei t gratw , e joyschuttind an , f go muskettis, and shaking of pikes. He went to the Kirk of Leith, to Mr David Lindesayis orisone. Yr'after toune th , Edr.f eo , having conveinit up to Edr., and standing at the hie gaitt, hes M. past to the Crosse, the Crosse being hung wt tapestrie, and went up yr'on wt his nobillis. Mr Patrick Galloway being yair, mad e sermonan e Psal4 e 12 upo me ; th n declarie h haile th t l circumstance e treasonth f so e proposi Earle th y eb t o f s brotherG-owrihe d ean , qle Kinkth g testifies awehe ne b tmouth , sitting upone the Crosse all the tyme of the sermone.—12th. The nixt day following, at 6 houris at evin, the fyve ministers of Edr. banischit be open proclamatio sound nan trumpef do Crossee t affirmth no t r a t -fo , King'e th g s in ratifie e Crosse.worde h th k t a sql t " Now, if this means anything, it is surely that the steps of the Cross were carpeted with nobles tapestrt upon hi e kinsi e d th o s t th r g ,an yfo object being that the king, who was fond of doing things in a homely way, might show himsels lovinhi o t gf subjects joid an n, them thus openl a praye n yi f thankfulnesso r d alsan o, receive their congratula- tions on his escape from the treasonable attempt upon his life by the Ear f G-owrieo l , whic e coul h t t havdowno d sa suc n ee no h donh d eha a structure as the last Cross—he would have disappeared behind the parapet wallsucn occasionO n ha . alss i t o,i very probable tha shafe th t t and basin woul coveree db d with hangings. After such evidence as these notices furnish, it seems to me there can doubho en tl event thaal originat e a t sth suclo Crosn hd understrucsha - tur thas e a f 1617to , otherwise there would have bee occasioo n e th r nfo erection of " ane wooden skaffalt at the mercat-croce," for the quarter- ing, drawing, and heading of traitors, &c. And, moreover, it could not have been a pilloryuse s a d e prove, b whic y dma h fro followine mth g extract from " NicholFs Diary."—"26 Marche 1655 Patrir M . k Max- well, ane arrant decevar, was brocht to the Mercat Croce of Edinburgh, qiikair a pillorie was erectit, gairdit and convoyed with a company of sodgeris; and thair, after ane full houris standing on that pillorie, with heis handid hi dan s t hoillilyana t dou s cutti thar fo t t end ryghs hi ,g lu t was cuttit af." 0 11 PBOCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

firse pillorye Now th uses tth n Crosi s ,wa da mas e t a shaf,i sth y f o t be seen in the Treasurer's Accounts:—

1561. Itemf Marcheo e 24y th ,t r da anh fo e, chenz'i f iro o eyo t n" branx at ye Croce, . . . . . IIIB Item, for inputtyng of ye said chenze and ye led yrto —to ye mason, ...... xvmd 1562. Item, the laist day of Junii, for ane lok to ye brankys to brank ye sklater y* wanti . t ye handxn*. 1 , frow fe m A Nicoll's Diary n connectioi 1 n wit lase th ht Crosy sma be interesting, as graphically illustrative of the manners and customs of these times. Montrose having been taken prisoner at the end of Apri ls ordere1650Estatee wa th e y h d,f b Parliamen so e hangeb o t t d at the Cross. " This sentence was punctuallie execute upon him at the Mercat Croc f Edinburgo e h upo y n1650 TysdaMa f , o e 21s th y tda and he hangit upon ane heigh gallows, maid for the view of the pepill more than ordinar, with his buikis and declaratiounes bund on his bak. He hang full thrie houris; thairefter cut doun, falling upon his face, nane to countinance him bot the executioner and his men. His heid, twa leggis, and twa airmes tane fra his body with ane aix, and sent awa e placed affixith an yt a st appoyntit thairfoir s bodhi ; y cassin i n to ane lytill schoirt kist, and takin to the Burrow mure of Edinburgh, and bureyed thair amang malefactouris. s hea e spikes Hi th d"wa n o d Tolbooth. " Feb. 1652.—Upone Settirday the sevint day of Februar 1652, by ordouris fro e Commissionerimth e Parliamenth f o s f Englano t w no d sittand at Dalkeith, thair were maissones, carpentaris, and hammermen Kirdirece th Edinburghf ko o t t , quhai Kingee th r s erectits saiwa td an , to the mercat croce of Edinburgh, quhair his airmes and unicorne with the croun on his head was set; and thair pulled doun the Kinges airmes, dang doun the unicorne with the croun that wes set upone the unicorne, an de crou hanth p ngu upon e gallowiseth thesy (B e. treacherous vil- lanes.) The same day, the lyke was done at the entrie of the Parliament Hous and Nather Bow, quhair the Kinges portrat was fund; defacing and

Diary of John Nicoll. Printed for the Bannatyne Club. Edin. 1836. 4to. 1 ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. Ill

dinging doun all these monumentis and curious ensignnes. The lyke, also, in the Castell of Edinburgh and Palice of Halyrudhous." 1660.—" This Proclamation solemnlis ewe eMercae actith t a t t Crocf eo Edinbrugh, upon f Augussevino y fouda e t b t r severall heraldi thain i s r coates of airmes, the ane reidand, and the uther procleamand, in presens of the Magistrates of Edinburgh and Town Counsell, all of thame stand- upong in Croce eth thain ei r riche robbis Magistratee th , Aldermed san n thain i r starle t Counsele robbisth d thaian n , i l r blak gownis Croce th , e being richlie clad,. "&c occasioOe nth coronatioe th f no Charlef no s ApriII.d ,23 l 1661, e "th Mercat Croce was buskit up with floweris and grene bransches of treyis, punszeoneanm dsu wynf o s e Croce e heith layth f do n ,d o wit h Bachus t thaironfallos se hi wd an servandi, s ministering unto him, quha drank lairglie, and distribute full glassis abundantlie, casting thame over among e pepill.th " " Efter denne Magistratee th r f Edinburgso h come throw the citie to the Mercat Croce, quich wes gairdit with a great number of partizens thaid an , r dran e Kingeth k s helth upon thair kneyist a d an , sindry uther pryme pairtenoblecitie e th th e; f sso alsgentrid oan d edi e lykth t sindriea e bonefyre th Crocee f eo th f o s, dansing about thame, drinkind an g thair wynes upone thair kneyis." " Upon the 13th day of May 1661, Sir Archibald Johnnestoun of Warystoune, lait Clerk Eegister, being forfalt in this Parliament, and being fugitive fra the lawis of the kingdome for his tresonable actis, he was first oppinlie declairit traitour in face of Parliament, thairefter the Lord Lyon kin t airmesga , with four heralditrumpetterisx se d san , went Mercae th o t t Croc f Edinburgheo thaid an , r made publict intimatiof no his forfaltrie and treason, rave asunder his airmes, and trampled thame under thair feetkuisd an , numbea t thamf ro e ove Crocee rth affixed an , d f thamo e an e upon e heighe greaeth th f to t stane remayno t , e thaio t r the public view of all the beholders. Thir airmes were croced bakward, his heid being put downmest and his feet upmest." n Jul i 1662.—d August t yan wi o ",T thair sindriwe r e commedois actit, playin dancingd g an Croce th f Edinburght eo a , , upone towis, done by strangeris, for quhich, and for droges sauld be thame, thai resavit much' money, and for dancing and volting upone a tow to the admiration of many." 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF

29.—Thy 1663Ma , e Magistrates, 'wit e usuath h l demonstrationf o s loyalty, celebrated the Bestoration hy " drinking mirrelie" at the Cross, also " erecti lairge tan e skaffold upon eise eth t Crocee sydth f eo , quhairan thair wes placed sex danceris, all this tyme the violes playing, the drums beating," &c. 1666Dec.—d n hange22 me , t Edinburgx a d" si Thes wa r h Croce, comonlie callit The Whigs : quairof Mr Hew M'Zell, expectant minister Umphrd an , waon as Colquhon, merchan n G-lasgowi de iither an s , wa , with uther four : quho all of thame pretendit they died ' For God and Covenant.'e th " I cannot help conclusionn i , , alludin whao gt t passe meetina t da f go e Architecturath l Institute h April8t e ,, th helwhe n o d papea n s wa r r LesselEestoratioe reaM th y n d b Buildingso d s course Ol f th n o n eI . remarks ohi f followine sth g sentence occurred: " Each building possesses a valu itselfn ei t onlwora no , s f yarchitecturea ko exponenn a t bu , f o t the wants and feelings of ages that are past." Now, if ever a building was expressive in these respects, it was the Cross of Edinburgh, supposed styla e firs peculiarln o th i es te b o t y nationat presena t no tl m thaa I t aware of anything similar out of Scotland, erected at the most interest- ing period of our civic and baronial architecture; and yet the following- extraordinary opinion was advanced by Mr Lessels: " I think we may be grateful that we are spared the trouble of its removal, for a greater piece of barbarism can hardly be conceived to have existed." Pecu- allowee liaritiesb y remarko dt ma I , t certainlbu , t barbarismsyno r fo ; if such language e refermixturth o st architecturaf eo l stylese , sucth s ha introductio f classicao n l details, &c. t i woul, d also appl o Heriot't y s Hospital, Wyntoun House, and to most of the baronial mansions in Scot- land built about this period, and which have ever since been copied and quote s authoritieda architecty b s havo swh e adopte e Scottisdth h baro- nial style. And I feel quite convinced, that if Mr Lessels had taken the trouble of making one of his own careful drawings, even from the wretched engraving of the old Cross, he could never have used the language he did on this occasion. Every one knows how a fine picture may be ruined, Crose th beens poo a s sha a y b r, engraving. In addition to the Market-Crosses figured, there are many others well worth noticef yo . Thos Sconef eo , Lochmaben, Ancrum, Aberlady, Gifford, ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 113 Kincardine, Airth, Coldingham, and others, are raised upon steps. The average height of the pillar and capital of these is from 9 to 13 feet. Thos f Musselburgho e , Thornhill Pencaitlandd an , , again, consisa f o t solid basement havin Crose gth r pillao s r springing fro centre mth f o e it. At Falkirk the old site of the Cross is occupied by a public well, whic surmountes hi Scottise th y b d h lion. havThiy ma es formed part anciene oth f t Market-Cross calles i Crose t I th d . s Well. Fragments remain of those of Bowden, Kinross, Upper Airth, &c.; while the Cross t publiWese a th f to c Linto wellp t to I femal a e raise.s ni w th n eno do is thus described by Dr Pennecuik in his " Description of Tweeddale," published in 1715: " The Cross, now decayed, is a lively specimen of natural genius withou e assistancth t f arteo , bein entire gth e labouf o r one G-iffard, a small feu-proprietor in Linton, which he erected in 1666 s solhi et a expense perpetuato t , e memore th s belovehi f yo d wifd an e five childrens representei e Sh a devou. n i d t posture pedestala n o , , supported with four infants aroun r head.e he dfift a n Th hero hd " an , children have disappeared. Such Crosse s thossa f Inverareo Campbeltowd yan n scarcelnca e yb looked upon as market crosses, having originally been memorial stones, which were brought from neighbouring churchyards botn O f thesho . e there are inscriptions, mentioning to whom they were erected.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. No. 1.—Newbigging Market-Cross, Lanarkshire. In the " Memorie of the Somervills," written by Lord Somervill in 1679, mention mads i a Cros f eo s having been erecte Carnwatn di Hughy b h , Lord Somervilln i , 1516, bearing hia own and his lady's name on it, with their arms. " Neither was there any Crosse at Carnwath before that tyme, nor within the baronie, save that of Newbigging, built by Sir Ganlter of Newbigging (he died 1380), or some of his pre- decessors. For that Crosse lies nether letters nor other armes, save a double Crosse, resembling that which the Crosse dollers bearea at present." The Cross at Carn- wat bees hha n replace commonplaca y db e modern one. . 2.—No Market-Cros t Ormiston,a s HaddinglmsJiire. On this Cross there is a shield, but tho arms are completely defaced. VOL PAR. IV . TI u 4 11 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F F SO YO

No. 3.—The Market-Cross of Melrose, Roxburghshire. oldese Th t par thif o t s Crosoctagonae th s si luppe e shaftth n ro ,par whicf o t e har shadowe th y remain f thio shiela sp f shafcrestto d so a e dan croziers r i tth o , n O . rude square capital, surmounted by the unicorn rampant, supporting between its fore legs the Scottish shield, displaying the lion, within its double tressnre, of the royal arms. On the front of this squared base or capital there is the date 1645 ; on one sidremaine eth lettersf so , apparently othere ^ th jj n shiela ,o ; d bearine gth Mel Rosd lan Melrosef eo belod ,an w these, masons' compasses baccrossede th kn O . sun-diala capitae ot th fdat e cu s eTh li .her e give apparentls ni y tha repairf o t r so alterations made by or under the superintendence of the person whose initials are . carveit Ther a n smalo ds i e l plo f grounneighbourhooe o t th n i d f Melrosdo e calle Corse dth e Rig Crosr o , s Ridge e ren , devote f th whic,r useo be o t , o dt is h d to kee Crose pth repairn si . No. 4.—Doune Market-Cross, Perthshire. capitaOe nth thif o lshield o s Crostw f armse so sar e principath , l being thosf o e the earldom of Moray, the other the coat of arms of the Campbells. It is sur- mounted by a lion, his fore paws resting on a shield charged with the crest of the Earl of Moray. There are also two sundials on the capital.

PLAT. EII No. 1.—The Market-Cross of Inverkeithing, Fifeshire. e heighe pillarth Th f o t, capital d unicorn an ,fee 4 1 inches6 t s i , ; diametef o r parapet wall fee6 1 ,inches 2 t . No. 2.—At Crieff, in Perthshire, there are two Crosses. The one, which is a , was removed from the neighbourhood, and placed within a railing in a central position of the town. It is figured in the Spalding Club volume of Standing Stones. The other is, however, the Market-Cross, and is said to have been erecte y Jameb d s Drummond , Chancellos Ear f Perthwa o l o wh ,o Jame t r s VII. From its timeworn appearance, it looks much older than this date. On the capital has been the shield of arms of the Drummonds, surmounted by a coronet. These are very indistinct. It is not in its original position, but is placed near the Town House or jail. Close by it is a set of very massive iron stocks. This, I think, is unique in Scotland. PLATE III. . 1.—No The Market-Cross of Edinburgh, As restored by Mr Bryce from the old engraving; the only difference being, that instead of the very rude attempts at Roman heads, the royal Scottish medallions ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 115

from Ja Charlem o substitutedt e e. ar aI . Cite sII th yd Arman , s are placed above eth door of entrance. The capital is from the original at Drum, while the character of gurgoyle is taken from one at Lixmount, near Edinburgh, which formed part of the old Cross. The pillar was 20 feet high. The diameter of the main building was 16 feet, its height 15 feet; the form octagonal. . 2.—No The Market-Cross t Preston,a Haddingtonshire. The height of the understructura of this beautiful Cross is 11 feet 6 inches, its diameter 15 feet. The height of the pillar or shaft and unicorn is 20 feet.

PLATE IV. . 1.—WhaNo originae th t l Cros Edinburgf so havy hma e been—the shaft, nowt a Drum, springing fro mstona e basinpreservee on e , suc th t Abtotsfordda s ha , which s statei o havdt e been als oCrosse th par f o t. From this wine would flo hign wo h day holidaysd san . No. 2.—How it might be restored. The centre of the Exchange square, or some- wherParliamene th n ei t Square, behin t GilesdS * Church, migh suitabla e b t e posi- tio sucr nfo restorationha . VOL. W PLATE I

SCOTTISH MARKET- CROSSES VOL IV PLATK 11

S C 0 T TI -S H IM /( R K E T - CROSSES VOL. iv r/,/1 •/•/•; in

SCOTTISH MARKET CROSSES VOL.IV PLATE If

Wha e Originath t l CROS f EDINBURGo S H may have boen, rtnd how it; mi^ht.bi^ n:sLnrt:d.

SCOTTISH MARKET-CROSSES -aft