KE N TA RC H A E O LO G I C A LS O C I E T Y

newnewIssue number 59ss ll ee tt tt ee Winterrr 2003/4 TH U R N H A M Inside 2-3 Axes at Crundale PO T I NH O A R D Valley Park School Internet Publishing n Wednesday 5th Higham Priory November 2003, Peter and Christine Johnson obtained Allen Grove Fund permission from a farmer 4-5 to do some metal detect- Library Notes & ing on arable land at Rectors of Aldington Thurnham. Walking onto New Books the field that the farmer had indi- 6-7 cated, they began to find a num- Lectures, Courses, ber of coins spread across an area Conferences & Events of about 10 square metres. 8-9 Initially Peter and Christine were Notice Board not sure of the date of the coins. They informed the farmer of their 10-11 find, and then returned home to ‘Ideas & Ideals’ see if they could discover more. Wesley & Whitefield Research on the Internet soon and the Evangelical identified the coins as Iron Age Revival Potins; cast coins of high tin 12-13 bronze. Many of the coins still Lenham Big Dig retained traces of the sprue from Bayford Castle which they had been snapped. 14-15 Returning on subsequent days Letters to the Editor the Johnsons recovered more coins from the same area. Further Above: Complete and fragmented potins. YAC Report coins were also recovered by John Summer Excursion Darvill and Nigel Betts of the Mid- obvious parallel (pictured over- 16 Kent Search and Recovery Club, leaf). The hoard was also exam- John Williams who also had permission to detect ined by David Holman, Kent’s lead- on the land. In total 145 more or ing Iron Age coins expert, who had less complete coins, and a further also not seen such a coin before. 80 fragments were recovered by Given the rarity of Potin hoards 21st November. In the meantime, (only about 14 have been recorded, the finders notified the coroner of of which very few have been the find, since the coins clearly archaeologically investigated) it represented a dispersed hoard, was decided to carry out an and were therefore potential excavation at the find spot, with a Treasure. They also contacted the view to recovering as many further Finds Liaison Officer (FLO) for coins as possible, and also to try to Kent, Andrew Richardson. locate the point of deposition of the All the Potins were of Flat hoard, and see if any of it remained Linear I type, depicting a highly in situ. This excavation took place stylised human bust on the on a sunny but cold Sunday obverse, and butting bull on the in early December. The team reverse. One of the coins however was of an unusual style, with no continued on page 2 Winter 2003/4 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 1 TO PMARKS FORSC H O O L’ S AR C H A E O L O G YC E N T R E ARCHAEOLOGY upils at Valley Pa r k CENTRE AT Community School in Maidstone have a new VALLEY PARK a m e n i t y, a purpose-built SCHOOL archaeology centre and museum in the school ARCHAEOLOGY grounds. The KAS Education CENTRE AT Committee has provided a laptop computer for use within the VALLEY PARK centre. Pam Johnson, Head of SCHOOL History at the school, instigated and co-ordinated the design, con- ARCHAEOLOGY struction and furnishing of the CENTRE AT centre and is delighted that pupils VALLEY PARK will be able to further explore their interest in their after-school club. SCHOOL The centre was officially ARCHAEOLOGY opened by the Mayor of Maidstone, Morel de Souza, and CENTRE AT Phil Harding of ‘Time Team’, as VALLEY PARK part of a day of activities designed around the Vinters Estate and the SCHOOL Whatman family. In the morning ARCHAEOLOGY pupils investigated the landscape the afternoon included Victorian Valley Park pupils listen intently to an and remains within Vinters Park, washday, paper making and also explanation of knapping techniques CENTRE AT led by Ian Coulson; workshops in flint knapping by Phil Harding. VALLEY PARK SCHOOL ARCHAEOLOGY continued from page 1 logical features were observed, deposited in a shallow pit. Flat CENTRE AT and no archaeological materials, Linear I Potins date to between consisted of the Johnsons along other than Potins, were discov- circa 100-50 BC. We are likely to VALLEY PARK with Keith Stafford, Nigel Betts ered. Of the latter, a further 59 be able to learn much from further SCHOOL and John Darvill of the Mid-Kent more or less complete coins, and study of this hoard, but unfortu- Search and Recovery Club, Caspar 78 fragments were recovered. An nately the reason why someone ARCHAEOLOGY Johnson of Kent County Council’s area of approximately 1 square buried these coins sometime CENTRE AT Heritage Conservation Te a m , metre with a concentration of during the 1st century BC and David Holman, and three mem- largely complete coins was identi- never returned for them is VALLEY PARK bers of the Kent Archaeological fied, and this probably represent- probably lost forever. SCHOOL Society. The Portable Antiquities ed the original point of deposition. Andrew Richardson ARCHAEOLOGY Scheme was represented by Ploughing had dispersed coins Kent Finds Liaison Officer Andrew Richardson (Kent FLO) across a roughly oval area about CENTRE AT and Liz Wilson (Sussex FLO). 20m by 10m, with the area of con- Obverse of the unusual potin. VALLEY PARK The excavation was an excellent centrated finds lying example of co-operation, at both roughly at the centre of this SCHOOL an individual and organisational area. The number of dam- level, between professional and aged and fragmentary amateur archaeologists, and metal coins appeared to increase detectorists. the further they were from A hand-dug trench removed the central zone. the ploughsoil across the central The apparent lack of area where the coins had been any pit cut into the clay found, revealing stiff orange clay- subsoil, or of any finds with-flints at a depth of about other than Potins, suggests 25cm. The trench and spoil were that this find represents an thoroughly metal detected during isolated hoard, probably excavation, as was the immediate contained within an area around the dig. No archaeo- organic pouch or bag and

As we go to print, another huge hoard has come to light, this time at ST O P Crundale and dating to the Bronze Age, consisting of axeheads, spearheads, sword blades and cast copper cake fragments (these last alone PR E S S weighing 9kg!). Further details in the April edition. Winter 2003/4 2 download our on-line publications. Internet and electronic publishing THE ALLEN TH ES O C I E T Y can accommodate items of any length, profusely illustrated and in colour GROVE LOCAL without additional cost. If the files are AN DT H E very large they are more suitable for HISTORY FUND publication on a CD. In addition to The late Allen Grove left a legacy to IN T E R N E T indexing, notation and bibliography in the Kent Archaeological Society to estab- traditional publication, electronic pub- lish this fund to be used for the purposes PROJECTS’ lication includes the ability to word of research, preservation and enjoyment FUNDS, Half of all house- search the publication and provide of local history. The trustees will consid- holds in the UK now page thumbnails and bookmarks. er applications for grants for any project COMPETITION With internet and electronic pub- with one or more of these purposes. ANDTHE have a connection to lishing the end user has full control. Projects may be practical ones such as the internet – Oftel They may decide to read the publica- presentation, publication and education INTERNET tion on their computer screen or they as well as research. PROJECTS’ ….. The Times, may choose to print out all or part of it. Grants may be made to societies and Business 27.10.03 As far as the Society is concerned, the groups as well as to individuals and are FUNDS, decision as to the size of a print run not restricted to members of the K.A.S. COMPETITION he great advantage of internet and the prospect of storing unsold pub- They are usually around £200 to £400 publishing is that it is freely lications is eliminated. each but the trustees would consider a ANDTHE available to the world commu- The Society’s internet publishing larger grant for a particularly imaginative INTERNET nity at negligible cost to the facility can be found at or innovative project which might not be PROJECTS’ Society. The Society is capable h t t p : / / w w w. ke n t a r c h a e o l o g y.ac and able to proceed without the grant. of fulfilling its educational and select ‘articles’. Full details on how Awards may not be announced until the FUNDS, publishing role both locally to submit articles can be found on the summer or autumn of 2004. COMPETITION and internationally. Half the homes in site or in previous editions of this Applications should be submitted, the UK are now able to access and newsletter. on the official application form, by the 31 ANDTHE March 2004. Application forms and fur- INTERNET ther information may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary: Mr A I Moffat, Three PROJECTS’ Elms, Woodlands Lane, Shorne, FUNDS, Gravesend DA12 3HH, or by email to sec- be marked giving credit both to the [email protected]. COMPETITION nature of the feature involved and also ANDTHE CH U R C H E S to the clarity and liveliness of the Other grants description. We are anxious to attract The Society has other grant pro- INTERNET entries from the widest possible range grammes. PROJECTS’ of contributors and consequently are Fieldwork grants may be obtained CO M M I T T E E not looking particularly for entrants FUNDS, from the Fieldwork Committee and appli- with academic qualifications. The cations should be sent to its Hon. COMPETITION competition was featured on Radio Secretary: David Bacchus at Telford Lodge, Kent in November and is open to non- Roebuck Road, Rochester ME1 1UD. ANDTHE CO M P E T I T I O N KAS members. The Society’s Kent Local History INTERNET Fund makes grants to assist with serious he Churches Committee of the The final date for submissions will research leading to publication. They are PROJECTS’ KAS is promoting a competition be 15 May 2004 and entries should be only made to societies affiliated to the FUNDS, for the best essay on an unusu- sent to: K.A.S or the Kent History Federation and al, puzzling or bizarre feature of members of those societies or the K.A.S., COMPETITION some church within the ancient Mrs S Petrie professional historians and post graduate AND THE county of Kent. Such an article Sunninglye Farmhouse students are not eligible to apply. should be between 500 and Bells Yew Green Application forms can be obtained from INTERNET 1000 words in length and would Tunbridge Wells Dr James Gibson, 27 Pine Grove, PROJECTS’ attract a prize of £100. The article will TN3 9AG Maidstone ME14 2AJ. FUNDS, COMPETITION AND THE THE HIGHAM PRIORY PROJECT INTERNET rchaeological & Historic cal work carried out by Peter Tester, rying out archaeological/historical Building Research and broaden the research to include a research, site survey, archaeological The KAS Fieldwork detailed understanding with regard fieldwork – excavation, historic Committee are looking into to the prehistoric, Roman, medieval building recording and post-excava- the possibility of carrying out and post-medieval development of tion work, at Higham Priory. If you a programme of archaeologi- this area. are interested in this project, please cal and historic building research The Fieldwork Committee are contact: work across the general area covered looking for people or archaeologi- Anthony Thomas BA (Hons), MIFA by Higham Priory and its surround- cal/historical groups who would be 32 Herbert Road, Bexleyheath, ing environs. The purpose of this interested in helping with the plan- Kent DA7 4QF work is to continue the archaeologi- ning-development of the project, car- Tel: 020 8306 7043 or 07931 660120 Winter 2003/4 3 Library to assist users. The Book A carefully researched and well writ- Guide will help to locate books in the ten account of an area of Kent’s history LI B R A RY library rooms or stores, and the Safety that is not otherwise well supported by Guide gives guidance on health and published material. NOTES safety aspects of use of the Library. 725. Johnson, Matthew Behind the VOLUNTEERS FOR NEW ADDITIONS Castle Gate London, Routledge 2002 LIBRARY ASSISTANCE TO LIBRARY 0415 261000 7 illus., diagrs., bibliog. LIBRARY A lively but scholarly reappraisal of Our appeal for volunteers to work 913. Pearson, Andrew The Roman castle design and building. Life in castles AND BOOKS in the Library has not fallen on deaf Shore Forts: coastal defences of Southern Britain was not so grim as we might expect, and LIBRARY ears. We have enlisted a sufficient Stroud, Tempus Publishing Ltd 2002 careful examination of sites and plans can AND BOOKS number of willing members to make a 0 7524 1948 8 show how castle builders were careful to start on the work that needs to be illus., plates, maps, bibliog. site and build these structures with regard LIBRARY done to improve the service which the A brisk but adequate survey of the not only to defence, but to the quality of AND BOOKS Library offers to members. Among Roman forts, including those in Ke n t . life that they could sustain. An intriguing the areas on which work has started Good illustrations, informative text and a book, with much relevance and reference LIBRARY or is continuing are: useful bibliography. to Kent. AND BOOKS * cataloguing the Hussey collec- tion of files of Kentish genealogy and 301.4K. O’Hara, Diana Courtship and 942K. Lyle, Marjorie Canterbury: 2000 LIBRARY family history interest Constraint: rethinking the making of marriage years of History Stroud, Tempus Publishing AND BOOKS * cataloguing of visual records in Tudor England Manchester, Manchester 2002 and assessing the quantity and diver- University Press 2000 0 7524 1948 X LIBRARY sity of different types of visual records 0 7190 5074 X illus., plates (col), diagrs., bibliog. AND BOOKS in order to draw up plans and costs for diagrs., bibliog. A useful, modern account of LIBRARY their conservation A scholarly account of Tudor marriage Canterbury’s history, with some good illus- * assisting in editorial prepara- customs, of particular use to KAS mem- trations and an intelligent text. AND BOOKS tion of articles for posting on the web- bers, since it draws heavily upon church, LIBRARY site kentarchaeology.ac and other, court records in Kent. 913. Grainge, Gerald The Ro m a n * cleaning and organisation of Channel Crossing of AD43: the constraints of AND BOOKS books on shelves, and identifying 942K. Black, Shirley Burgoyne Local Claudius’s naval strategy. Oxford, LIBRARY items needing refurbishment Government, Law and Order in a Pre-reform Archaeopress 2002 English Parish, 1790-1834 Lampeter, Mellen 1 84171 2973 AND BOOKS My thanks are due to those mem- Research University Press 1992 maps, diagrs., bibliog. LIBRARY bers doing this work. However, there 0 7734 9239 9 BAR British Series 2973 AND BOOKS is room for more volunteers on these map, bibliog. and other tasks. A pressing need is for Detailed research into the parish of 352.2K. Ingleton, Roy Policing Kent: LIBRARY someone with knowledge of Brass Farningham. A valuable addition to the Guarding the garden of England, 1800-2000 AND BOOKS Rubbings. The library has a collection Library. , Phillimore & Co Ltd 2002 of rubbings in need of cataloguing 1 86077 2331 LIBRARY and assessing for conservation and 301.424K. Joyce, Brian The Chatham front., illus., bibliog. AND BOOKS storage. Potential volunteers for this Scandal: a history of Medway’s prostitution in A well written account of policing in and other work please contact the the late 19th century Rochester, Baggins Kent. It contains good illustrations and LIBRARY Hon. Librarian: Dr F Panton, Grove Book Bazaar 1999 could be a useful source of information for AND BOOKS End, Tunstall, Sittingbourne ME9 8DY 1 901625 04 4 anyone commencing a deeper study in LIBRARY Two Guide Folders are now in the bibliog. this, or related fields. AND BOOKS LIBRARY Cromwell ordered that everyone who had at any time been privy to her AND BOOKS RE C T O R SO FA L D I N G T O N prophecies should be arrested and LIBRARY condemned to death, including AND BOOKS ndexing the Hussey collection Warham offered him the living, but Masters. The charges were knowing has begun, and revealed some Erasmus initially declined since “he her to be an imposter and aiding and LIBRARY colourful Rectors of Aldington. was not sufficiently versed in English abetting her to their own advantage. AND BOOKS John Noble, one of the Library but a barbarian speaking a foreign Masters, and the others implicat- Volunteers writes, “After reading tongue”, but was persuaded to accept. ed, were placed upon a high platform this, you may conclude that sub- He resigned in 1512 upon appoint- at St Paul’s , London, and put to sequent Rectors of Aldington ment to a Professorship at Oxford. public humiliation before a vast con- determined to live a quiet and sober Before leaving, he astutely arranged a course of spectators, Bolton reading a life!” pension of £20 per annum should be confession of guilt. Bolton, two John Allen, rector 1510-1511, paid to him out of the living. monks and a priest, were hanged at became Cardinal Wolsey’s henchman Robert Masters, rector 1514-1558. Tyburn. Masters, although con- in the early suppression of smaller He had as a parishioner Elizabeth demned, was imprisoned for a further monasteries, which rendered him odi- Bolton, a young girl subject to fits and four months, then by Royal Grant ous to the people. Rewarded by eleva- trances during which she saw visions (1534/35) received pardon and remis- tion to the Archbishopric of Dublin, he and uttered prophecies. In 1525, she sion of his attainder with restoration was barbarously murdered at Clontarf entered a nunnery and became known of his goods and possessions. on 28 July 1534, his brains being beat- as the holy Maid of Kent. In 1533 she Meanwhile, Erasmus complained en out with a club. began to denounce King Henry VIII that his £20 was not being paid!! Desiderious Erasmus of Ro t t e r- and his conduct towards his Queen dam, rector 1511-1512. Archbishop about the proposed divorce. Thomas John Noble Domestic Buildings and The Saxon NE WB O O K S Monastic Church. Sunken floored buildings were discovered, includ- ing a large weaving hut destroyed Kent 1800 – 1899 A by fire, containing spectacular Chronicle of the Nineteenth strings of fallen loom weights. Century by Bob Ogley. Published Nearby, a stone-floored hall, post- by Froglets Pu b l i c a t i o n s . ed buildings and a boulder road Hardback 1-872337-51-1 £18.99, were also found. The sequence of Paperback 1-872337-56-2 £13.99. the monastic church of St Martin’s LIBRARY dating from the 7th century was AND BOOKS uncovered, from its beginnings as a small wooden cell through sever- LIBRARY al enlargements culminating in a AND BOOKS major church over 22m long. In the 11th century the wooden LIBRARY church was replaced by the AND BOOKS Scholars and school staff, the fully- Norman stone church of St LIBRARY indexed chapters cover many dif- Martin-le-Grand. ferent topics. These include the Available from K.A.R.U. (to AND BOOKS original application in 1839 for whom cheque payable) Ro m a n LIBRARY financial assistance, the Centenary Painted House, New Street, Dover celebrations, the school during the CT17 9AJ. Please add £3.60 AND BOOKS two World Wars, the effects of the postage. LIBRARY railway line on the school - and some good reasons not to attend! The - in the AND BOOKS More recent times are examined church of St.Mary the Virgin, LIBRARY together with a discussion of the Great Canfield by the Reverend AND BOOKS struggle to relocate to the current Stephen Ta y l o r. Published by In 1801 people were spread site at Roseacre. Cambridge Universal Publications LIBRARY evenly around the Kent country- Available from Mrs K Kersey, 5 0-9545455-0-8 £5.99 AND BOOKS side; by 1891 more than two thirds Greensand Road, Bearsted, While on ordination retreat at had moved to the towns. This Maidstone ME15 8NY. Cheque LIBRARY book tells the story of the changing payable to Kathryn Kersey. Please AND BOOKS face of the county, the understand- add £3.85 for first class postage. ing of childhood, the desire to seek All profits from sales of the book LIBRARY recreation in the sea-bathing will go to the school fund. AND BOOKS resorts and the appreciation of art and literature with Dicke n s , The Discovery and LIBRARY Morris, Tennyson and Turner pre- E xcavation of Anglo-Sax o n AND BOOKS eminent among the county’s nov- Dover by Brian Philp. Published LIBRARY elists, designers, poets and artists. by the Kent Archaeological Rescue Extensive quotes from newspapers Unit, £18.00. This is the third in a AND BOOKS of the day recreate the atmosphere series on Dover’s archaeology, and LIBRARY and tell the story of Kent, year by deals with the excavation of major year, throughout the 19th century. A n g l o - S a xon structures from AND BOOKS A feast of facts and over 200 illus- 1970-1990. LIBRARY trations (many in full colour) pro- The report covers The Saxon vide a panorama of the 19th centu- AND BOOKS ry and an invitation to spend hours LIBRARY browsing. Pleshey in the early 1960’s, Available from Kent bookshops Stephen Taylor explored the Essex AND BOOKS or direct from Froglets at Brasted countryside and chanced across LIBRARY Chart, Westerham TN16 1LY – this lovely little church. He was AND BOOKS please ring 01959 562972 for infor- greatly mystified by the presence mation about postage. of what appeared to be five LIBRARY cut into the stonework AND BOOKS A School at Bearsted b y of the porch. The little guidebook Kathryn Ke r s e y. 0-9545831-0-8 in the church spoke of their link £15.00. with the catacomb of San Callisto For over 160 years, there has in Rome, but could say no more; been a school at Bearsted. This forty years on, Stephen Taylor is book is a celebration of the staff, offering the fruits of his research the original modest red-brick into the meaning and significance building and its later counterpart, of these Flyfot-Crosses. which have all meant so much to Available post free from CU local residents. Drawing on the Publications (to whom cheque written and visual records of the payable), PO Box 878, school and village, incorporating Whittlesford, Cambridge CB2 4XZ original research and interviews Tel: 01223 830461 email: cupas- with local people, memories of Old [email protected] Le c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events

KAS EVENTS

LECTURES The KAS History & Archaeology Show EVENTS Saturday 5 June at Maidstone Museum CONFERENCES & COURSES Keep this date free in your diary! Further details will LECTURES appear in the April newsletter. EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES KAS AGM Saturday 15 May at Canterbury Christchurch OTHER EVENTS FROM AROUND LECTURES University College. THE COUNTY EVENTS With guest speaker Jill Eddison on ‘R om n e y CONFERENCES Marsh: Survival on a Frontier’ & COURSES Fuller details can be found on page 8 LECTURES CONFERENCES EVENTS KAS Churches Committee Outing CONFERENCES Saturday 24 April The Great House, from the Roman Villa to the Stately & COURSES You are invited to visit the two east Kent churches of Home: Perspectives & Prospects on Monday 26 to LECTURES Crundale and Godmersham. We meet at Crundale at Wednesday 28 January, the Institute of Historical EVENTS 1.45 for 2pm. Tea and biscuits will be provided at Research. Godmersham. Tour £2 (students £1) with £1 for tea. The great house has been an abiding feature of Britain’s CONFERENCES Please return enclosed booking form by 17 April. political, social, economic, cultural and architectural histo- & COURSES Replies to Philip Lawrence, Barnfield, Church Lane, East ry. Although forms were necessarily varied and divergent LECTURES Peckham, Tonbridge TN12 5JJ tel: 01622 871945 across two millennia, there are common themes concerning EVENTS the functioning and the perception of these great houses. CONFERENCES Wide participation is encouraged from individuals, groups, KAS Place-Names Field Day organisations and constituencies with an interest and con- & COURSES ‘Place-Names in the Weald’ cern in the great house. Speakers are too numerous to men- LECTURES Saturday 17 July 10am-4pm at the Free Church, tion here, but include Barry Cunliffe and David Rudkin on EVENTS Staplehurst. Villas, the Duke & Duchess of Devonshire on Chatsworth, CONFERENCES Dr Paul Cullen of Nottingham University will give a lec- Simon Jenkins from The Times, Simon Thurley of English & COURSES ture followed by a power point presentation. Further Heritage and Ian Coulson of KCC. Representatives of the details and booking forms will appear in the April VCH, Country Life, National Trust, Historic Houses Assoc., LECTURES newsletter. Hamlyn Foundation, British Museum and the Institute of EVENTS Historical Research will also speak. CONFERENCES Cost: £65 Member/Friend of IHR, £95 non-Member, £30 & COURSES KAS ‘Lectures in the Library’ series. Saturdays at Postgrad or Unwaged. LECTURES 11am in the KAS Library in Maidstone Museum. All sessions take place at the IHR in the Beveridge Hall, Tickets £2 each; reservations can be made to pay on Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. Further EVENTS arrival by telephoning Denis Anstey on 01634 240015 or details from the Conference Secretary at this address or tel: CONFERENCES email [email protected]. Members are reminded 020 7862 8740 email: [email protected] & COURSES that they should sign in and out with their membership card at the museum reception. 24 January Cobham Hall Study Weekend History and Archaeology Research on the Internet by Dr 16-18 April Jacqueline Bower One of the greatest of English country houses, this confer- 14 February ence will address issues of history and interpretation and Writing up Your Research by Dr Jacqueline Bower. How will provide an opportunity to look at the history, architec- to approach writing up, whether for an academic essay, ture and setting of this multi-phase house, its park and gar- a published article or just for pleasure. den buildings. 13 March Non residential £160, residential £195 per person. All meals Tonbridge People in the Seventeenth Century by Dr C W are included in the price plus a concert in the Gilt Hall on Chalklin Saturday. Winter 2003/4 6 Further details of speakers, themes & times from Tracy White tel: 01795 535430, Shoreham & District Historical Society email: [email protected] or from 12 March PO Box 177, Faversham, Kent ME13 8WB. (AGM) The Ground Beneath Us by David Horsley Tel 01959 522835 to check time. LECTURES EVENTS Images of the Ice Age: Recent work on the earliest art LECTURES EVENTS by Dr Paul Bahn on Friday 13 February at 6pm. The The Science and Conservation of Treasure, Thursday annual Darwin Lecture will be given by this leading interna- 11 March from 9.30-17.00 at the British Museum. A CONFERENCES tional authority on Palaeolithic art, in the Lord Brabourne Study Day to be held in conjunction with the Treasure exhi- & COURSES Lecture Theatre, Keynes College, bition and National Science week, exploring many aspects LECTURES University of Kent at Canterbury. of the archaeology, science and conservation of gold trea- Paul Bahn has recently discovered EVENTS sures from Britain, from the Bronze Age to the Civil War. CONFERENCES the first examples of cave art to be Tickets £24, concessions £18, to include entry to the exhibi- recorded in Britain, at Creswell tion on the day. Further details and booking forms from P & COURSES Crags in Derbyshire. T Craddock, The British Museum, London WC1B 3DG. Tel: LECTURES Admission to the lecture is free. 020 7323 8797 Email: [email protected] EVENTS Further information from the Communications and Development Office, University of Kent CONFERENCES tel: 01227 827829. COURSES & COURSES LECTURES University College London, Field Archaeology Unit. EVENTS Transport through the Ages; by Land, Sea & Air - Five/two/one day practical archaeology training CONFERENCES Council for Kentish Archaeology on Saturday 3 April courses at Barcombe Roman Villa, East Sussex as part of & COURSES from 2-5.30pm at the Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar the fourth season of research and rescue excavations. School, Faversham. Speakers: LECTURES Land: Giles Guthrie. 300 years of horse drawn transport at * Excavation techniques EVENTS the Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages, Maidstone. * Surveying for archaeologists CONFERENCES Sea: Valerie Fenwick. Projects include the Graveney Boat, * Archaeological planning & section drawing & COURSES the Dover Boat and the Goodwin Sands. * Geophysical prospecting LECTURES Air: John E King, aviation historian. Flying Through Kent. * On-site conservation Tickets £4.00 (friends of CKA free), available from CKA (to EVENTS whom cheque payable), 7 Sandy Ridge, Borough Green Brochure & application form available from website: CONFERENCES TN15 8HP. Please enclose SAE. www.archaeologyse.co.uk or send SAE (A5 size) to Mrs J & COURSES Brooks, UCL Field Archaeology Unit, 1 West Street, LECTURES Ditchling, Hassocks, West Sussex BN6 8TS. Tel: 01273 Horton Kirby & South Darenth Local History Society 845497, email: [email protected], fax: 01273 844187. EVENTS 8 March CONFERENCES The History of Silk by Janet Hearn-Gillham & COURSES 10 May Regional Dayschools from the University of Kent LECTURES St Mary’s Church by Malcolm Green 28 February EVENTS 12 July An Introduction to Greek Art - Christine Spillane at Bridge Inland Waterways of Kent 1740-1850 by John Elderton Wardens’ College, Historic Dockyard, Chatham CONFERENCES 13 September 13 March & COURSES The Life of Edward Hasted by Shirley Black Greek and Roman Art & Architecture – Dr Chris Wilson & LECTURES 8 November Rachel Ollerearnshaw at the University Centre, Avebury EVENTS A Roman Re-enactor by Leslie Allman Avenue, Tonbridge CONFERENCES All on Monday in the Village Hall, South Darenth at 8pm. 27 March The Architecture of the Georgian Age – Hubert Pragnell at & COURSES the University of Kent, Canterbury Farningham & Eynsford Local History Society 27 March Friday 20 February Local History in Practice – Elizabeth Edwards & Sandra Lullingstone Roman Villa by C P Ward (Eynsford Hall) Dunster at Bridge Wardens’ College, Historic Dockyard, 17 September Chatham The Anglo-Saxon Jutes in Kent by Andrew Richardson 24 April (Eynsford Hall) The Whitefriar’s Dig Uncovered - Mark Houliston 12 November (Co-Director of Whitefriars Excavations) at University of A Journey along the River Cray by Denise Baldwin Kent, Canterbury. (Farningham Hall) Cost £25.00, concessions £12.50. Further details on free- phone 0800 975 3777 or email: [email protected] All on Friday at 8pm. Winter 2003/4 7 A.G.M. 2004 MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY

Canterbury will be the loca- Thank you to all of you who have sent your subscription renewals to me recently. tion of the Society’s annual gener- Would those who pay by banker’s order please check your January statements as banks NOTICE al meeting on the 15 May this year. are not as reliable as they used to be – some even pay annual subscriptions monthly! BOARD The business meeting will be in the morning at Canterbury Christ At the December Council meeting it was agreed that a list of new members should NOTICE Church University College and we appear in the newsletter as well as in Archaeologia Cantiana. BOARD hope to be supported by the attendance of plenty of members. I am pleased to welcome the following: NOTICE After the business there will BOARD be a presentation by the Library HONORARY MEMBER Committee about its work which Mr D H Clifton, Abbey Farm, Minster, Ramsgate, Kent, CT10 4HQ NOTICE includes the Society’s archives BOARD and website. Jill Eddison will be JOINT MEMBERS giving the afternoon lecture Mr L Cunningham & Miss L Horner, 46 Cross Lane West, Gravesend, Kent, DA11 7PY NOTICE Romney Marsh: Survival on a BOARD Frontier. She is well known for her JUNIOR MEMBERS NOTICE work on the history of the Mr J Davis, 19 Chestnut Place, Cowden, Edenbridge, Kent, TN8 7HZ Marsh and recently appeared on a Miss C L Ingham, Walnut Tree Cottage, High Street, Hadlow, Tonbridge, Kent, BOARD television programme about the TN11 0DG NOTICE area. The results of the elections ORDINARY MEMBERS BOARD will be announced at the A.G.M. Miss J A Batchelor, Oastlands, Hermitage Road, Higham, Rochester, Kent, ME3 7NF NOTICE Nominations can be submitted for Mr N. Bates, 42 Beaumont Avenue, St Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 4TJ any office; it is a sign of an active Mr C P Butler, Rosedale, Berwick, Polegate, Sussex, BN26 6TB BOARD society if there is competition for Mr A G Crampton, Pix’s Cottage, Mount Lane, Rolvenden, Cranbrook, Kent, NOTICE office. TN17 4NX BOARD Any five members can pro- Mrs H A Ingram, Springfield, Old London Road, Knockholt, Sevenoaks, Kent, pose a candidate for election as a TN14 7JR NOTICE member of the Council or as an Mr K C Isted, 14 Common Road, Bluebell Hill, Chatham, Kent, ME5 9RG BOARD officer. Nominations have to be Mrs C King, 4 Boughton Place Cottages, Sandway, Maidstone, Kent, ME17 2BD received by the Hon. General Miss L E Lyddon, Bowden Court, 24 Ladbroke Road, London, W11 3NN NOTICE Secretary by the 1 March at the Mr J E Maxted, Providence House, The Street, Smarden, Ashford, Kent BOARD latest and must be accompanied Ms L Millgate, 33 Chantlers Mead, Cowden, Edenbridge, Kent, TN8 7HU by the written consent of the can- Sir Roger Moate, Calico House, The Street, Newnham, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 0LN NOTICE didate. Mr P Nash, 4 Reeves Close, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0NN BOARD Further information and Ms E Smith, 140 Ploughmans Way, Rainham, Gillingham, Kent, ME8 8LP guidance can be obtained from Mr E L Stuckey, 32 Albermarle Road, Willesborough, Ashford, Kent, TN24 0HL NOTICE the Hon. General Secretary, Mr A I Mrs M-A Young, Park View, Ninn Lane, Great Chart, Ashford, Kent, TN23 3DB BOARD Moffat, Three Elms, Woodlands NOTICE Lane, Shorne, Gravesend DA 1 2 Shiela Broomfield 3HH; email: secretary@ke n t a r- BOARD c h a e o l o g y.org.uk. Although an The address for all correspondence relating to membership is: NOTICE application form does not have to Mrs Shiela Broomfield, KAS Membership, 8 Woodview Crescent, Hildenborough, be used, he can supply a suitable Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD. Tel: 01732 838698. BOARD form. Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. NOTICE BOARD NOTICE ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION BOARD NOTICE The KAS, in conjunction with the Trust for Thanet Archaeology, will be holding an eighth season of BOARD excavation at Abbey Farm, near Ramsgate. Settlement here spans from prehistoric times through to the Anglo Saxon period. As most members know, the site is dominated by a large Roman Villa complex. Work NOTICE will commence on Sunday August 15 2004 and continue for two weeks. BOARD The excavation is open to people aged 16 years and above. Participants can attend for the two week period or for one of either weeks. NOTICE Registration fee for members of the KAS or the Thanet Archaeological Society is £35 for one week (non BOARD members £50) or £50 for two weeks (non members £70). For enrolment or further details please contact: Chris Pout, Sunnydene, Boyden Gate Corner, Marshside, Nr. Canterbury CT3 4EE. Tel: 01227 860207

Winter 2003/4 You and Your Society 8 KAS COMMITTEE ROUND-UP

Brian McNaughton CHURCHES Eltons, Warehorne Road PUBLICATIONS NOTICE COMMITTEE Hamstreet, Ashford, COMMITTEE Kent TN26 2JL BOARD The visit to two parish churches Tel: 01233 732721 The Committee last met on NOTICE on the 1st November was preceded by Saturday 6 December 2003 and will the opportunity to investigate the Writing up Past Excavations next meet on Saturday 28 February. BOARD remains of a Roman building within Over the past four decades there The Committee has a new Secretary, Dr NOTICE the ruined medieval church of Stone has been a steady rise in the number J M Gibson, and I am deeply grateful by Faversham, with the assistance of of excavations that have not been to Miss E Melling, the retiring BOARD Clive Foreman. written up. To help with the costs of Secretary, for all her hard work over NOTICE Oare and Davington churches are bringing out a report on some of many years. Full membership has both sited on raised ground overlook- these sites, the Committee is to make been reduced to thirteen, four former BOARD ing creeks of the Swale Estuary. The available small grants. It is envis- members having opted for observer NOTICE relevance of the topography to the aged that they will be in the range of status, each being sent an Agenda with buildings and the history of the local- £100 to £1000. For those who have an open invitation to attend if there are BOARD ities was brought out by each of the an outstanding report to complete any matters which interest them. NOTICE speakers, each as churchwarden hav- and wish to apply for a grant the The bid for funds to re-establish ing insight into details of the fabric, following criteria apply to their the Victoria County History has been BOARD and enthusiasm for elucidating the application: successful. The total project costs for NOTICE past and existing structures. * Applicants must define the Kent amount to £197,619, comprising Donald Goodsell told of recent site they are writing up and the sum Heritage Lottery Funding of £145,857 BOARD work at Oare uncovering earlier of money required. (74%) and matching funding of NOTICE remedies for subsidence, and the * The write-up must be offered £51,762 (26%). Nationally 17 VCH insubstantial foundations of the rec- for publication in Archaeologia studies will be produced in print and BOARD tangular ragstone and flint church; Cantiana. on-line with volunteer support. The NOTICE Domesday Book referred to half a * The closing date for applica- HLF insists on the engagement of vol- church at Oare. tions is Saturday February 21 2004. unteers. For Kent a two year module, BOARD At Davington, following a view- * In all grant decisions the People and Work in the Lower Medway NOTICE ing of the western exterior, Lawrence Committee’s view is final. Va l l e y, c.1750-1900 should commence Young outlined the history of the pri- Applications to: during 2004. Volunteers will use maps BOARD ory buildings and varied ownership David Bacchus, Hon Sec. Fieldwork and records to explore agricultural and NOTICE since its founding in AD1153. In Committee industrial change within a group of 1931 the pur- Telford Lodge, Roebuck Road, parishes in the Lower Medway Valley BOARD chased Davington Priory, formally Rochester, Kent ME1 1UD close to Rochester, within the hinter- NOTICE establishing Davington Parish Church Tel: 01634 843495 land of an ancient and important eccle- the following year. The priory house siastical centre, and river BOARD and grounds subsequently passed port. The volunteers will receive train- NOTICE once more into private ownership. PLACE NAMES ing, acquiring new skills, working with The church is virtually as ‘restored’ by COMMITTEE and under the supervision of a profes- BOARD Thomas Willement, owner in the sional historian as County Editor, 19th century, and represents the £70,651 being allocated for staff costs. NOTICE modified western half of the original At the meeting held on Saturday John Whyman (Chair) BOARD priory church. 11 October Dr Paul Cullen agreed to Deborah Goacher run a Study Day on place-names at NOTICE Staplehurst in July. He ran a power- CONTACT BOARD point presentation on the Anglo- ADDRESSES NOTICE FIELDWORK S a xon bounds of Godmersham COMMITTEE parish to show the Committee how BOARD he could marry maps and docu- Hon. Gen. Secretary NOTICE ments, and we were all mesmerised. Andrew Moffat The following three members He could sell place-names to Three Elms, BOARD Eskimos. For those who like to trav- were appointed to the committee; Woodlands Lane, Michael Howard, Michael Eddy and el, he is arranging a conference at NOTICE Anthony Thomas. Nottingham University on river- Shorne BOARD A GPS meter (Geographical names, called ‘Adventure in Gravesend DA12 3HH Positioning System) has been pur- Hydrology’. Email: [email protected] NOTICE chased for use on fieldwork projects. Material for the Kent place- BOARD names volumes is accumulating at This meter locates items and features Hon.Treasurer NOTICE by calculating their grid reference. Nottingham, and the on-line Key to Robin Thomas Kentish Place-Names will appear The committee also has a resistivity 1 Abchurch Yard, BOARD meter. when the maps have been drawn. To obtain information about the Our next meeting will take place Abchurch Lane geophysical equipment please con- on Saturday 20 March. London EC4N 7BA tact: Anita Thompson Email: [email protected]

You and Your Society Winter 2003/4 9 ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the ninth of a series of articles describing formative movements and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to where we are.

WESLEYAND WESLEY AND WHITEFIELD AND WHITEFIELDAND THEEVANGELICAL REVIVAL THE EVANGELICAL REVIVAL WESLEYAND he three founders of ‘Predestination to life’ as the ever- WHITEFIELDAND were born with- lasting purpose of God. THEEVANGELICAL in eleven years of each other. L a t e r, Wesley’s Lutheranism REVIVAL in 1703, and Whitefield’s Calvinism led to Charles in 1708 and George a separation between the two WESLEYAND Whitefield in 1714. This lat- leaders. John Wesley could not WHITEFIELDAND ter date is significant in the accept ‘the horrible blasphemies lives of all three, as the colony of contained in this horrible doctrine THEEVANGELICAL Georgia in British North America (predestination) which represents REVIVAL was also founded then, and was our Blessed Lord... as a hypocrite to figure largely in their work of John Wesley (left) and his brother Charles. or deceiver of the people, a man WESLEYAND evangelism. John fully appreciat- devoid of common sincerity ...it WHITEFIELDAND ed the task to be undertake n before joining the Established represents the most Holy God as there. “Here are adults from the Church and their maternal grand- worse than the Devil’. He set out THEEVANGELICAL furthest parts of Europe and Asia father had even been ejected from what was to be the chief charac- REVIVAL and the inmost kingdoms of St.Giles Cripplegate. Furthermore, teristic of his movement - that of WESLEYAND Africa ...who shall come over and they were initially strongly influ- Christian Perfection or Holiness help us, where the harvest is so enced by the Lutheranism which which was ‘An attainable condi- WHITEFIELDAND great and the labourers so few?” Moravian refugees brought with tion in which the sinful nature is THEEVANGELICAL George Whitefield was to return them from the continent. John eradicated and the soul entirely seven times. The gentler upbring- even thought of himself as a sanctified’. To George Whitefield REVIVAL ing of the two Wesleys forced Moravian minister for a time. It this was ‘Papistical ignorance and WESLEYAND them to return from a colony was a little later that the strict and refined Deism’ and ‘if this doc- where many of the settlers were methodical way of life of them trine is true ...how few ...will be WHITEFIELDAND convicts. and their followers earned them saved?’ (Deism, a form of religious THEEVANGELICAL The three had met during the title of ‘Methodists’. rationalism, regarded God as sim- REVIVAL their studies at Oxford; John The Moravian influence took ply the force which was present in was already a Fellow of the Wesleys into the ethos of creation and which could be WESLEYAND Lincoln College and had gathered Central Europe. Moravians from termed ‘Natural Religion’). WHITEFIELDAND around him the nucleus of ‘Our Bohemia had inherited the mantle From 1739 the title of Company’ or the ‘Holy Club’, of John Huss, had been forced to Methodism rather than the origi- THEEVANGELICAL when Whitefield, in the summer flee to Saxony and had then nal ‘Our Company’ had been uni- REVIVAL of 1733, was invited to breakfast. absorbed that state’s Lutheranism versally adopted and Charles The ‘Holy Club’ was accustomed which they subsequently brought Wesleys’ fine Hymn Book, in its WESLEYAND to take the Eucharist every with them to England. In spite of new edition, made clear to all WHITEFIELDAND Sunday, to fast on Wednesdays attracting a following estimated to their supporters the brothers’ and Fridays, and they firmly number some 100,000, their teachings. As well as members of THEEVANGELICAL believed in the Apostolic weakness lay in their failure to the Church of England, REVIVAL succession of the Church of secure naturalisation; their soci- Independents, Baptists and WESLEYAND England priesthood. Each of the eties remained dependent upon Presbyterians were to be made three was eventually to be German preachers and adminis- welcome. From 1750 there was WHITEFIELDAND ordained within that Church. trators. some measure of reconciliation THEEVANGELICAL George was soon to experience George Whitefield, following between Wesley and Whitefield, conversion. Recovering from ill the tenets of Calvinism, believed although the latter wrote ‘Have REVIVAL health at home in Gloucester, in the doctrine of predes- ‘God was pleased to remove the tination, that the death George Whitefield preaching in 1749. heavy load...when the weight of of Christ referred partic- sin went off and an abiding sense ularly to the elect, ensur- of the pardoning love of God and ing their salvation, and a full assurance of faith broke in’. in the evangelical doc- The central beliefs of the two trine that the essence of Wesleys rather followed the gen- the Gospel consists in tler Lutheran evangelicalism char- the teaching that salva- acterised by belief in ‘justification tion depends upon faith by faith’ and ‘the priesthood of all rather than works. The believers’. Their father the Rector foundation of his min- of Epworth had initially been edu- istry was his emphasis cated for the dissenting ministry on the ‘new birth’ and Winter 2003/4 10 you thought about a union?...I made more converts in those areas Dean, the Vicar of Shoreham, believe we are on two different newly affected by the changes Vincent Perronet, who was later to planes’. But he was soon to brought about by the Industrial be regarded as ‘the Archbishop of renounce his leadership of his Revolution, while the softer the Methodists’, in the words of supporters. Lutheranism of the Wesleys had a Charles We s l e y, written almost One of the strengths of the greater appeal for the largely agri- forty years later in 1782. Year after evangelical movement was its cultural areas of the country. But year the brothers came to stay in appeal, not only to the poor and the ports and riverside industries the sixteenth century vicarage dispossessed - this goes without of north Kent were frequently vis- teaching a devout group gathered WESLEYAND saying - but also to the aristocracy ited by Whitefield as he slowly in the kitchen. From the vocal WHITEFIELDAND and leading politicians. The con- made his way down the river to opposition of the first visit in 1744 THEEVANGELICAL tact was made when George begin his many voyages to when, ‘The wild beasts began roar- Whitefield was appointed as one Georgia. Becalmed at Deal he ing, stamping, blaspheming, ring- REVIVAL of Selina Hastings’, Countess of records lengthy visits ashore. The ing the bells and turning the WESLEYAND Huntingdon’s, chaplains. She has Wesleys ventured abroad less fre- church into a bear garden’ to ‘The been described as, ‘A combination quently but occasionally there was most lively society in the circuit’. WHITEFIELDAND of Puritan Churchman, Dissenter rivalry with Whitefield’s support- (Vincent Pe r r o n e t by Margaret THEEVANGELICAL and Re f o r m e r,’ and her wealth ers. Whitefield’s opinion was ‘Let Batty). In their later visits Vincent enabled her to build chapels in the Lord send by whom He will Perronet and his family remained REVIVAL Bristol, Brighton and Bath as well send so that Christ is preached’. strongly supportive of his friends’ WESLEYAND as in Tunbridge Wells. Among her At Chatham Wesley preached to teachings. Some years later two supporters were the elder Pitt, ‘nearly twelve thousand people’. Methodist chapels were to be built WHITEFIELDAND Lords North and Bolingbroke, the He frequently visited the then in the village; the larger surviving THEEVANGELICAL Earl of Chesterfield and Frederick, rural settlements in north west one, until its closure, was always REVIVAL Prince of Wales. But the poor were Kent of Blackheath, Lewisham, known as the Wesleyan Chapel. not forgotten. John Wesley was a and Bexley. His visits were to cen- The Wealden area of Kent, so WESLEYAND social reformer, opening dispen- tre on Blendon House in Bexley, responsive to earlier Protestant WHITEFIELDAND saries and distributing medicines, the home of the wealthy sugar teaching brought across the while George Whitefield dedicated i m p o r t e r, whose son Charles Channel, had remained a centre of THEEVANGELICAL his life to his Orphanage House in Delamotte had been a member of dissent. William Cobbett, riding REVIVAL Georgia. Although Wesley was the Oxford Holy Club, and who down to Dover, ‘All across Kent no revolutionary he ‘affirmed had accompanied the Wesleys on from the Weald of Sussex’, WESLEYAND unfeigned loyalty to the king and their early visit to Georgia. George although opposed to Methodism WHITEFIELDAND sincere attachment to the consti- Whitefield unsuccessfully courted could not help but note the enthu- tution’. Some of his lay preachers Charles sister, Elizabeth, but his siasm for ‘these roving fanatics’ as THEEVANGELICAL were rather more anti-establish- great open air gatherings on he passed by their many chapels. REVIVAL ment. It was noted ‘their doctrines Blackheath and Bexleyheath And in Canterbury, many of the WESLEYAND are more repulsive and strongly attracted, ‘above twenty thousand soldiers temporarily stationed in tinctured with disrespect towards people’ and perhaps comforted the barracks were converted by WHITEFIELDAND their superiors...it is monstrous to him. On one Sunday alone three the local congregations. Not only THE EVANGELICAL be told you have a heart as sinful thousand came into Blendon gar- was Kent part of John Wesleys’ as the common wretches that den to listen to Whitefield preach ‘Home circuit’, but Archbishop REVIVAL crawl upon the earth’. to them from the top of the gar- Potter, who, as Bishop of Oxford WESLEYAND John Wesley, before he died, den wall. had ordained John as priest, was drew up a deed of declaration; 100 The spiritual guide of the not unsympathetic. By 1844, the WHITEFIELDAND ministers were named as the gov- Delamotte family was their parish centenary of the Methodist move- THE EVANGELICAL erning body of the Methodist priest, the Vicar of Bexley, the Rev. ment, there were eleven circuits in REVIVAL Church and vacancies were to be Henry Piers, ‘An awakened clergy- Kent. filled by election by the ministers. man’ and ‘A strenuous ally’ of the The zeal of these three men WESLEYAND The chapels were grouped into cir- Wesleys. It was he who was cred- kindled a fervour within and with- WHITEFIELDAND cuits and the circuits into districts. ited with introducing them to his out the established church which The itinerant ministers were resulted in evangelism and social THEEVANGELICAL appointed for three years. Neither John Wesley preaching at the Market Cross. reform. REVIVAL John and nor Joy Saynor George Whitefield wished to leave WESLEYAND the Church of England, but in Suggestions for further reading. WHITEFIELDAND 1795 after their deaths, the English Methodist congregations A Dallimore, George Whitefield - Life THEEVANGELICAL broke with the established church. and Times. Banner of Truth Trust REVIVAL However, on 2nd November 2003, 1980 at a ceremony attended by Her N Currock, Journal of the Rev. John Majesty the Queen, the Methodist Wesley Epworth Press 1938 and Anglican churches signed a R Southey, Life of Wesley and the Rise covenant which is intended to of Methodism. 1890 heal the 200 year rift and move E P Thompson, Making of the towards re-unification. English Working Class Pe n g u i n When the spread of Books 1991. Methodism in Kent is considered, M White and J Saynor, Shoreham, it might be assumed that the A Village in Kent Shoreham Society Wesleyan rather than the 1989 Calvinistic Whitefieldian form I Murray, Whitefield’s Journals, new would be preferred. Whitefield edition. Banner of Truth Trust 1960 Winter 2003/4 Images from the website of the Methodist Archives and Research Centre, www.rylibweb.man.ac.uk 11 BI GD I GI NL E N H A M n Summer 2003, Time Team’s ‘BIG DIG’ invited the public to excavate, causing much controversy amongst archae- BIG DIG IN ological commentators. Here, one participating group LENHAM recount their experience of BIG DIG IN the venture. LENHAM East Lenham discovering BIG DIG IN a lost moated manor on LENHAM ‘Time Team’s’ BIG DIG BIG DIG IN weekend. LENHAM BIGDIG IN Lenham Archaeological Soc- iety officially came into being ear- fig 2 LENHAM lier this year. When ‘Time Team’ BIG DIG IN announced their BIG DIG propos- al we thought it would be an LENHAM excellent opportunity to join in BIG DIG IN something that had ‘official’ the SMR although it is meter subsequently refused to backing and get ourselves some mentioned in the Domesday book function at all the following week, LENHAM publicity. - a modern mystery! so it may be that it had already BIG DIG IN Various field walks, observa- In June of this year we did a started to malfunction on Stack tions, geophys surveys and resistivity survey of Stack Platt Platt. LENHAM research had already been started using the KAS meter and with Ted We were prepared to dig three BIG DIG IN by our members and we had Connell’s assistance. (fig 1). Is the trial pits on Stack Platt to see what found several interesting areas paler inverted ‘L’ shape in the top we could find, but ‘Time Team’ LENHAM that would warrant trial pit inves- right quarter the manor house and were very behind with their BIGDIG IN tigations. Rather than each indi- the darker, denser areas the fallen Registration procedure and we had LENHAM vidual entering separately we walls and rubble? Perhaps the not received their pack of instruc- deduced it would be easier to rectangle (position of trial pit 3) tions! It was not till June 19th (just BIG DIG IN enter the different sites together was a stone floor…of a missing 10 days to go) that I received a LENHAM as a Group. Unfortunately this chapel? We were eager to find out. phone call to say that they were seemed to confuse the ‘Ti m e But the amount of stone in the very interested in our proposed BIG DIG IN Team’ organisers - as you will see present farm buildings and walls sites and they would send us a rov- LENHAM shortly. suggests that a huge amount had ing cameraman on Sunday June One of the most interesting been robbed out, so was every- 29th. BIG DIG IN sites we wished to investigate was thing else just rubble? Imagine my confusion and LENHAM East Lenham moated manor. The A resistivity survey was also shock when on the following BIG DIG IN owner of the present house/farm done of the area closer to the lake, Tuesday an e-mail arrived from a at East Lenham, Andrew Barr, had as there one substantial wall still ‘Sheridan Nott’ of ‘Time Team’ to LENHAM found a 1660 map with a picture stands, but not normally visible as say that our sites were “too sensi- BIGDIG IN of the old manor house standing submerged by the waters of the tive” and that we could not be reg- on Stack Platt, the piece of land moat. Constructed of well-shaped istered in their scheme. (One of LENHAM encircled by the present moat. Kentish rag, four blocks high, it our members suggested that this e- BIG DIG IN The old manor had no reference in extends around a marshy area in a mail was a hoax…. but somehow, I distinct right angle. do not think it was). LENHAM Was this just a ‘garden As the mix-up seemed too silly BIG DIG IN wall’ or was it the for words and everything was footings of the original planned, we decided to go ahead LENHAM m a n o r, standing, regardless! And it was just as well BIG DIG IN rather like Ightham that we did, because a full registra- LENHAM Mote, with its feet in tion pack finally arrived mid week the water? (fig 2). at East Lenham Farm. (I would Fo r t u n a t e l y, wh e n appreciate hearing from any other re-dredging the moat people who had the same standard in 1980, Andrew Barr letter from refusing registration of had taken this picture. their sites). The building behind is On the Sunday morning, a C19 cowshed that Duncan, the cameraman, arrived was marked on the as planned and he took shots of 1831 tithe map. But our dig at East Lenham and the the area abutting this film was sent back to London by fig 1 wall showed simply c o u r i e r. We made it into the nothing on the resis- Sunday programme in a short slot, t i v i t y. However, the but it was well reported. Winter 2003/4 12 Here is a sketch map and proof of its age. But the C16 adapted from the 1831 brick poses more questions… Wa s tithe map to show the fig 3 there a Tudor manor house, as the position of present and picture on the 1660 map suggests? past farm buildings, the Was there an older medieval manor moat wall, and the posi- closer to the lake? Were they both tion of our resistivity demolished in progression till the plots. (fig 3). present house and farm buildings Each of the trial pits were built? Were there intervening dug had a hard layer or C18 buildings on the Platt? THE ‘floor’ just 15cm beneath It is all very intriguing. There CONTINUING the surface. These floors could even be Roman features present were of well packe d on the Platt. One surface find of a SAGA OF flints, hard packed chalk Romano-British sandy ware sherd BAYFORD and/or crushed tile and might suggest that. But Roman and brick and each area was older finds have been surfacing in all CASTLE some 15cm in depth. fields around Lenham. THE Beneath the ‘floors’ was BUT, it is certainly worth a larger another 15cm of mixed dig and a bigger trench without the CONTINUING top soil/heavy clay. As we ‘Time Team’s’ restriction in size. A SAGA OF were not allowed (by trench across the slight mound that BAYFORD ‘Time Team’ rules) to dig Key did not show any resistivity abnor- much deeper than 60cm approx resistivity mality might well reveal the building CASTLE we left investigation at areas indicated on the 1831 map. THE that depth. Few finds of An intriguingly named field, datable material were ‘Stumbles’, lies on the western CONTINUING obtained. However, in trench 2 (half were a variety of hard surfaces deliber- borders of the moat, an uneven SAGA OF way along the northern edge of the ately constructed, possibly for stock- pasture that would warrant further resistivity print-out) an old brick with yards, possibly using the material of resisitivity work. Certainly Lenham BAYFORD whitish mortar was found at a depth the earlier manor house, possibly from Archaeological Society could make CASTLE of 50cm, now identified as early C16. the destruction of a later C18 building. good use of the KAS resistivity meter In trench 1 a C19 button was found. We would have been extremely again! THE Conclusions are difficult to arrive lucky if we had found definitive evi- Lesley Feakes CONTINUING at from so little excavation! There dence for the C12 manor’s existence Chairperson LAS SAGA OF BAYFORD CASTLE THE THE CONTINUING SAGA OF BAYFORD CASTLE CONTINUING ollowing my article on the sug- 300m to the north. He does original settlements of Faversham, SAGA OF gested origins of Bayford agree with me however, when Teynham, Sittingbourne and Castle, Sittingbourne, pub- I suggested the Romans initially Milton Regis were all on this line, BAYFORD lished in the Summer 2003 used the Lower Road when being small fishing ports. There is CASTLE edition of this magazine, I was marching between London and nothing of Iron Age date along THE pleased to read Alan Ward’s Dover/Richborough. Watling Street. extensive comments and criticisms It is only since embarking upon a I agree with Mr Ward when he CONTINUING of my theory. Little has been record- course of studies in archaeology with offers the theory of Ospringe also SAGA OF ed of this castle’s past and following Exeter University that I started to being a possible overnight resting extensive industrial activity in the question how the Romans actually place for travellers. This is borne BAYFORD 19th century, any tangible remains got from Richborough to London out by the recent discovery of CASTLE have been obliterated. The best we and Colchester. I assumed they built Roman remains here, possibly the can now do is to put forward our Watling Street section by section as long lost town of Durovernum. It THE own individual hypotheses based they progressed across Kent, but I must be accepted however, that CONTINUING upon what knowledge we might now know this was not so. In the resting places would be needed for have. I’m grateful to Mr Ward for his early days of the invasion they east-west journeys as well as those SAGA OF thoughts on this subject. would have used existing trackways. from west-east. BAYFORD Bayford Castle is without any shad- It was only later, once the southern Moving on to the mysterious CASTLE ow of doubt an ancient structure. It tribes had been subjugated, that earthworks shown in ‘VCH’ that is mentioned on most OS maps and there was the need for a fast access once lay by St Michael’s church, I I was able to purchase a copy of road back to the Channel ports to be concede they could indeed be flood Christopher Saxton’s map of built. defence measures, especially in Bayford and Goodmanstone manors Watling Street conveniently view of the closeness of the stream dated 1590, from the British Library. links London, Canterbury and Dover that once crossed Watling Street On it he mentions ‘Castle Ruffe’, a by a more or less straight road. Our nearby. name by which Bayford Castle was Iron Age ancestors would not neces- This is what makes the study of also known at that time. sarily have needed to link such large Bayford Castle such a fascinating Re my hypothesis of the origins distances. They were not great trav- and thought-provoking study. I’m of Watling Street, the A2, Mr Ward ellers in comparison to the Romans. truly grateful to Mr Ward for his said that there is no evidence for its If they sought to link one communi- views on the matter. original line once having been ty to the next, the Lower Road would adjacent to Bayford Castle, some m a ke more sense. Locally, the John Clancy

Winter 2003/4 13 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR WINTER 2003/4

Dear Editor Dear Editor Barfreston chancel from the south dated 1823. The Shepherd drawings LETTERS KENT CHURCHES BARFRESTON CHURCH are familiar in Kent but I had not seen TO THE the text before. A sentence on page 82 I do not wish to prolong the I have sometimes been asked, and reads, ‘The south, or principal entrance EDITOR debate on church surveys but I must indeed often wondered myself, how it opening into the nave, is most richly LETTERS again comment on a statement by was that the Romanesque carving on ornamented with figures: but a great portion of it is now obscured from view TO THE Alan Ward, in his letter in the last the south portal at Barfreston survived issue. He talks of white-washing over the iconoclasm of the Cromwellian by a brick porch, so injudiciously con- EDITOR a wall painting as ‘destruction’. I period when so much else in the area structed as to abut immediately against LETTERS think he now concedes that his claim was desecrated. the sculptures.’ was based solely on hearsay evidence There are a number of pre-restora- The porch was not mentioned by TO THE of an event of about twenty years ago; tion engravings showing the chancel Glynne, who visited the church before EDITOR but even if correct, the act of covering, or the east end, but I have not yet seen 1840 and most likely about 1830. My far from destroying the painting, actu- any showing the portal. Hussey’s tentative conclusion is, therefore, that LETTERS ally safeguards it for the future. This account of his restoration in a porch might have been built to TO THE has to be done when paintings are Archaeologia Cantiana 16 reports rela- obscure the sculpture on the south por- uncovered and if money is not avail- tively minor restoration of the south tal in order to prevent its destruction. EDITOR able, either to investigate further, or to portal. The porch was either removed between LETTERS embark on a possibly large-scale and It had been suggested to me that, 1823 and 1840 (when Hussey visited TO THE expensive programme of conserva- since the carving on the portal is low the church), or may have fallen victim tion. The Canterbury Diocesan relief, it may have been covered in to the subsidence that necessitated EDITOR Advisory Committee on the Care of plaster to hide the sculpture from the Hussey’s thorough restoration. In any LETTERS Churches (DAC) has recently recom- Puritans. In 1778 Hasted mentions ‘a event, the sculpture is in unusually mended just such a procedure. There modern porch’ and does not describe good condition and this may be due to TO THE is an obvious parallel in ‘dirt’ archae- the sculpture. However, I recently the presence of a porch. EDITOR ology; sites that cannot be fully exca- came across the Kent volume of Can any reader shed light on the vated are recorded and protected, to ‘Picturesque Beauties of Great Britain’ mystery of why the sculpture on the LETTERS await further study. with drawings by Shepherd and oth- Barfreston door is in such good condi- TO THE ers. Although not dated, the work tion? Leslie A Smith seems to have been completed in the EDITOR Vice-Chairman first quarter of the 19th century. It Mary Berg LETTERS Canterbury DAC includes Shepherd’s drawing of the Canterbury TO THE EDITOR TO THE DO YOU RECOGNISE THIS MYSTERY OBJECT? EDITOR Can any KAS member identify this mystery object? Discovered in the bottom of a box of bric-a brac from a charity shop, it has already been sent to Maidstone Museum and the British Museum, but to no avail. The object is metal, bronze or brass, weighs 4oz/112gm and is 9.45inch- LETTERS es/240mm long. Which language do the 12 oriental characters which surround the compass belong to? Is the compass a later addition to the object? The burnt mass within the bowl is slightly sticky. Although the stem is hollow, there is no ‘exit’ hole at the end furthest from the bowl. TO THE The puzzled owner would love to know its origins and use. Please contact the Editor at the usual address, email or telephone number. EDITOR TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Winter 2003/4 14 AYE A RT O REMEMBER FOR YAC 2003 has been a great year for the North Downs Young Archaeologists’ Club. We have been involved with many excit- ing projects, some of A YEARTO which you will already be REMEMBER aware from previous arti- cles in the Newsletter. A YEAR TO This summer our con- REMEMBER tribution to National Archaeology Day was an A YEARTO event entitled ‘A Century REMEMBER of Change’ held within the A YEARTO Museum of Kent Life. The REMEMBER Cantiaci Living History Carenza Lewis surrounded by enthusiastic YAC members. group were there, as was A YEAR TO the Roman Primus Abuteus, both greatly appreciative of the glorious Christmas Party was also to be demonstrating aspects of life in sunshine! remembered. We ate our fill of REMEMBER the first century AD. North During the autumn we learnt food (reclining of course!) and A YEARTO Downs YAC ran a number of about the Portable Antiquities were exhausted by the games, so it activities where people could try Scheme from Kent’s Finds Liaison was great to sit and listen to a fas- REMEMBER their hand at spinning and mosa- Officer, Andrew Richardson and cinating talk by Carenza Lewis A YEAR TO ic making, amongst others. Our the children enjoyed using metal from Time Team who joined us for REMEMBER young members and the public detectors to search for their own the event. enjoyed eating the edible torcs ‘treasure’. We investigated the Our YAC group is very apprecia- A YEARTO they had fashioned and tasting beginnings of writing, creating tive of all the time and effort many REMEMBER food of the period. As we were hieroglyphs on papyrus and people put into making our club a dressed in costume we were cuneiform on clay tablets. We success. KAS and Maidstone A YEAR TO then focussed Museum deserve our thanks, as do REMEMBER on watermills, the guest speakers who give up a with expert Saturday morning to make our A YEAR TO Mick Fuller meetings interesting, informative REMEMBER giving a talk, and enjoyable. The results speak followed by an for themselves as our members are A YEARTO examination of a keen and dedicated bunch, happy REMEMBER ancient querns to turn up regularly despite having A YEAR TO and a taste test been made to fieldwalk in the of different pouring rain! REMEMBER breads. We have an exciting A YEARTO Our Roman programme ahead, and will keep you up to date with our REMEMBER YACmembers proudly adventures in future Newsletters. A YEAR TO display their Happy New Year from North hieroglyphic Downs Young Archaeologists’ Club. REMEMBER calligraphy skills. Susie Lee A YEAR TO REMEMBER A YEARTO REMEMBER THE KAS 2004 SUMMER EXCURSION ~14-18 JUNE A YEAR TO his year the Society will (Thomas Hardy). We will take in REMEMBER again follow the five-day sights such as Maiden Castle, A YEARTO pattern which has proved so stronghold of the Iron Age REMEMBER successful for the last two Durotriges and the Cerne Abbas Summer Excursions, leav- Giant. Our base will be a hotel in ing valuable summer week- Bournemouth. For further details ends free. As usual, our coach will and enquiries please contact: have four pick-up points through- out Kent and will provide our Joy Saynor, Hon. Excursions transport during the holiday. Secretary Our excursion will explore the Friars, 28 High Street classic and historic landscape of Shoreham Dorset; rolling chalk downland Sevenoaks TN14 7TD and hidden valleys, “of a shape Tel: 01959 522713 approaching the indestructible as email: nearly as any to be found on earth” Maiden Castle in Dorset. [email protected] Winter 2003/4 15 n his own admission, John bowled by Brian Statham in a game against Williams is perhaps shy when the Lancashire Club and Ground – so much for subject in question is himself. But DRJ O H NW I L L I A M S the 4 the ball before - and has a coaching passion for his role in the manage- qualification. However, one of the great ment and promotion of the archae- Head of Heritage Conservation, pleasures of his current job is not having to ology of Kent sees no such reti- Kent County Council do another archaeological sequence dia- cence. He heads a team of 10 archaeologists gram. Aside from sport, gentler pursuits are and a conservation architect and takes obvi- followed. A good thriller appeals, although BACK PAGE ous pride in their work, “one of the best current reading is The Archaeology of Ancient teams in the country, and possibly the best”. G r e e c e, and the Independent crossword PEOPLE Born in North Wales, he was discour- focuses his mind. A music lover, he enjoys BACK PAGE aged in the 60’s from following archaeology both classical and jazz and plays the piano. as a career due to the perceived lack of He also cooks a “mean curry”, a skill learnt PEOPLE prospects (a consistent theme within these at university following liquid cricket cele- BACK PAGE Back Page interviews). A letter to Mortimer brations – or commiserations! Wheeler drew the response “But the really John is married to Egyptologist PEOPLE important thing is to work hard ….” Frances Williams (a relationship initiated BACK PAGE ‘A’ Levels in Latin, Greek and Greek down a medieval cess pit in Colchester) PEOPLE and Roman History preceded reading Latin and obviously revels in having his own per- at Manchester University, where he took sonal guide when accompanying her to BACK PAGE Roman Britain as a special subject. In his that country. Their daughter, once asked by PEOPLE second year he was a supervisor after one a schoolteacher about her parent’s employ- week on a training excavation - “very unlike ment, replied that both “used to be” BACK PAGE the long apprenticeships of today” - and archaeologists. The concerned teacher PEOPLE passed the summer as no 2 on the excava- enquired ‘Have they got real jobs now…?’ tion of ’s Roman amphitheatre. The appropriate standard and subsequent publi- John asserts that it is only through BACK PAGE next year, either side of graduation, 15 cation of the results is a key role of John’s public support that heritage will prosper, PEOPLE weeks were spent directing major excava- team. but questions the distortion of some televi- tions at Warrington, a Roman industrial Two members of this team are respon- sion programmes with a ‘mystery’ or ‘dis- BACK PAGE complex, for the Ministry of Public Building sible for the Sites & Monuments Record. aster’ ingredient. Stirring the public’s PEOPLE & Works. John’s sense of the absurd is Others include a Finds Liaison Officer (see imagination raises awareness, but it is BACK PAGE apparent when recounting an observation front page), and a Conservation Architect, important that best practice and rigorous from the audience at a lecture on the site – dealing with issues of built heritage and interpretation are encouraged. PEOPLE “what an eye the Romans had for a tactical KCC’s historic windmills. What is John’s vision for the future? BACK PAGE defensive position, locating the settlement Beyond the core work of development- For Kent, one long-held desire is the cre- between the River Mersey and the led archaeology, the emphasis is on ‘part- ation of an archaeological resource centre, PEOPLE Manchester Ship Canal”. Staying on at nerships’. John embraces the wider picture, to assemble the archives and finds from BACK PAGE Manchester he did an MA with Barri Jones emphatic that Kent’s archaeology must be excavation and fieldwork and make them on Stone Building Materials in Roman Britain, set within a European context. “Working available for both academic study and gen- PEOPLE but then three years “away from the ivory with continental neighbours develops a bet- eral access to the public and schools. At a BACK PAGE tower of unversity archaeology” in the tex- ter vision and takes forward best practice.” personal level, he hopes to pick up again tile industry provided a good business PlanArch (planning and archaeology) led research on Medieval Northampton. PEOPLE grounding – “some of my best archaeologi- by Kent, is uniting Essex, Nord–Pas-de- John feels archaeology has ‘come of BACK PAGE cal training”. Calais, Flanders, Wallonia, the Netherlands age’ during the last 30 years and that he is PEOPLE He joined Northampton Development and the Rhineland in a C2.5 million pro- privileged to have been employed through- Corporation, a New Town authority, in 1971, gramme of work. The Historic Fortifications out that period in varying roles in three dif- BACK PAGE at the beginning of the explosive growth of Network, embracing Kent, West Flanders ferent parts of the country, each with excit- PEOPLE rescue archaeology, and headed its archaeol- and Nord–Pas-de-Calais, in its present ing archaeology. For those starting out in ogy unit for 13 years. His most challenging phase is bringing C700,000 of European the profession today there are perhaps BACK PAGE and rewarding excavation was of a large funding into Kent. John has to be some- more initial opportunities but developing a PEOPLE middle Saxon Yeavering-style timber hall, thing of an entrepreneur in terms of putting longer-term career is not easy. Having had subsequently replaced in stone. Publication funding together; bidding for money is now the chance to participate in shaping the of Middle Saxon “Palaces” at Northampton fol- standard practice, a completely different management of archaeology at one of its lowed. He also got deeply involved in the scenario from 20 years ago. most exciting periods and more recently be Medieval documentary sources for the Does John ever miss trench and trow- involved with major work in Kent, includ- town. el? “The spirit is willing but the knees are ing that associated with Channel Tunnel He then became Director of Lancaster weak!”, a problem exacerbated by years Rail Link, he counts himself a lucky man. University’s archaeology unit for 5 years, down cold, damp holes, allied to sporting (For an update on Roman Kent see doing some undergraduate teaching along activities - he played cricket for Manchester John’s New Light on Roman Kent, just pub- the way, and during this period obtained his U n i v e r s i t y, where he remembers being lished in the Journal of Roman Archaeology) Doctorate for a portfolio of published work on Medieval Northampton. In 1989 he became Kent’s County Copy deadline for the next issue in April is Monday 1st March. Archaeologist, to face the very real chal- The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for lenge of curating wonderfully rich archaeol- opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the ogy under quite considerable development contents and substance of their work. pressure. Of some 22,000 planning applica- tions annually around 1500 have to be EDITOR : LYN PALMER looked at in some detail and, in addition to 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU full publications, over 300 pieces of “grey Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 literature” (unpublished site reports) are Email [email protected] generated each year. Ensuring an adequate- or [email protected] ly funded archaeological response to an Winter 2003/4 Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME14 1LH 16 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk