Reconstructing Word Order in Proto-Germanic: a Comparative Branching Direction Theory (BDT) Analysis of Old Saxon
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Studies on Language Change. Working Papers in Linguistics No. 34
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 286 382 FL 016 932 AUTHOR Joseph, Brian D., Ed. TITLE Studies on Language Change. Working Papers in Linguistics No. 34. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Linguistics. PUB DATE Dec 86 NOTE 171p. PUB TYPE Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142) -- Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Arabic; Diachronic Linguistics; Dialects; *Diglossia; English; Estonian; *Etymology; Finnish; Foreign Countries; Language Variation; Linguistic Borrowing; *Linguistic Theory; *Morphemes; *Morphology (Languages); Old English; Sanskrit; Sociolinguistics; Syntax; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Word Frequency IDENTIFIERS Saame ABSTRACT A collection of papers relevant to historical linguistics and description and explanation of language change includes: "Decliticization and Deaffixation in Saame: Abessive 'taga'" (Joel A. Nevis); "Decliticization in Old Estonian" (Joel A. Nevis); "On Automatic and Simultaneous Syntactic Changes" (Brian D. Joseph); "Loss of Nominal Case Endings in the Modern Arabic Sedentary Dialects" (Ann M. Miller); "One Rule or Many? Sanskrit Reduplication as Fragmented Affixation" (Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph); "Fragmentation of Strong Verb Ablaut in Old English" (Keith Johnson); "The Etymology of 'bum': Mere Child's Play" (Mary E. Clark, Brian D. Joseph); "Small Group Lexical Innovation: Some Examples" (Christopher Kupec); "Word Frequency and Dialect Borrowing" (Debra A. Stollenwerk); "Introspection into a Stable Case of Variation in Finnish" (Riitta Valimaa-Blum); -
Noun Group and Verb Group Identification for Hindi
Noun Group and Verb Group Identification for Hindi Smriti Singh1, Om P. Damani2, Vaijayanthi M. Sarma2 (1) Insideview Technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad (2) Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT We present algorithms for identifying Hindi Noun Groups and Verb Groups in a given text by using morphotactical constraints and sequencing that apply to the constituents of these groups. We provide a detailed repertoire of the grammatical categories and their markers and an account of their arrangement. The main motivation behind this work on word group identification is to improve the Hindi POS Tagger’s performance by including strictly contextual rules. Our experiments show that the introduction of group identification rules results in improved accuracy of the tagger and in the resolution of several POS ambiguities. The analysis and implementation methods discussed here can be applied straightforwardly to other Indian languages. The linguistic features exploited here are drawn from a range of well-understood grammatical features and are not peculiar to Hindi alone. KEYWORDS : POS tagging, chunking, noun group, verb group. Proceedings of COLING 2012: Technical Papers, pages 2491–2506, COLING 2012, Mumbai, December 2012. 2491 1 Introduction Chunking (local word grouping) is often employed to reduce the computational effort at the level of parsing by assigning partial structure to a sentence. A typical chunk, as defined by Abney (1994:257) consists of a single content word surrounded by a constellation of function words, matching a fixed template. Chunks, in computational terms are considered the truncated versions of typical phrase-structure grammar phrases that do not include arguments or adjuncts (Grover and Tobin 2006). -
A Comparative Case Study of Active Latin Teaching and Learning
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences College of Education 2021 “HOW SWEET THAT I AM THE ONE TO WHISPER THESE THINGS”: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF ACTIVE LATIN TEACHING AND LEARNING Laura Ann Manning University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0697-4546 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2021.265 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Manning, Laura Ann, "“HOW SWEET THAT I AM THE ONE TO WHISPER THESE THINGS”: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF ACTIVE LATIN TEACHING AND LEARNING" (2021). Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences. 91. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsc_etds/91 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Education at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. -
“Sorry We Apologize So Much”
Intercultural Communication Studies VIII-1 1998-9 Chu-hsia Wu [Special phonetic symbols do not appear in the online version] Linguistic Analysis of Chinese Verb Compounds and Measure Words to Cultural Values Chu-hsia Wu National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Abstract Languages derived from different families show different morphological and syntactic structures, therefore, reflect different flavors in the sense of meaning. Inflections and derivatives do more work in Western languages than is asked of them in Chinese. However, the formation of verb compounds allows Chinese to attain the enlargement of lexicon. On the contrary, measure words do more work in Chinese but there is no exact equivalent of Chinese measure words in English. In this study, the Chinese verb compounds such as verb-object compound, cause-result compound, synonymous, and reduplication to cultural values will be discussed first. Measure Words to Cultural Symbolism will be rendered next from two aspects, pictorial symbolism and the characteristics to distinguish noun homophones. Introduction Languages derived from different families show different morphological and syntactic structures, therefore, reflect different flavors in the sense of meaning. Inflections and derivatives do more work in Western languages than is asked of them in Chinese. However, the formation of verb compounds allows Chinese to attain the enlargement of lexicon. On the contrary, measure words do more work in Chinese but there is no exact equivalent of Chinese measure words in English. Therefore, the purpose of this paper will be focused on the formation of verb compounds and the use of measure words relating to their corresponding meanings in Chinese respectively. -
Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate
Freistaat Sachsen State Chancellery Message and Greeting ................................................................................................................................................. 2 State and People Delightful Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate ......................................................................................... 5 The Saxons – A people unto themselves: Spatial distribution/Population structure/Religion .......................... 7 The Sorbs – Much more than folklore ............................................................................................................ 11 Then and Now Saxony makes history: From early days to the modern era ..................................................................................... 13 Tabular Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Constitution and Legislature Saxony in fine constitutional shape: Saxony as Free State/Constitution/Coat of arms/Flag/Anthem ....................... 21 Saxony’s strong forces: State assembly/Political parties/Associations/Civic commitment ..................................... 23 Administrations and Politics Saxony’s lean administration: Prime minister, ministries/State administration/ State budget/Local government/E-government/Simplification of the law ............................................................................... 29 Saxony in Europe and in the world: Federalism/Europe/International -
Implementing the GF Resource Grammar for Nepali Language Master of Science Thesis in Software Engineering and Technology
müzik Implementing the GF Resource Grammar for Nepali Language Master of Science Thesis in Software Engineering and Technology DINESH SIMKHADA Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Department of Computer Science and Engineering Göteborg, Sweden, June 2012 The Author grants to Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg the non-exclusive right to publish the Work electronically and in a non-commercial purpose make it accessible on the Internet. The Author warrants that he/she is the author to the Work, and warrants that the Work does not contain text, pictures or other material that violates copyright law. The Author shall, when transferring the rights of the Work to a third party (for example a publisher or a company), acknowledge the third party about this agreement. If the Author has signed a copyright agreement with a third party regarding the Work, the Author warrants hereby that he/she has obtained any necessary permission from this third party to let Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg store the Work electronically and make it accessible on the Internet. Implementing GF Resource Grammar for Nepali language DINESH, SIMKHADA © DINESH SIMKHADA, June 2012. Examiner: AARNE RANTA, Prof. Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Department of Computer Science and Engineering SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: concept showing translation of Nepali word संगीत (music) to different languages that are available in Grammatical Framework. Inspired from GF summer school poster and stock images Department of Computer Science and Engineering Göteborg, Sweden June 2012 Abstract The Resource Grammar Library is a very important part of Grammatical Framework. -
Herjans Dísir: Valkyrjur, Supernatural Femininities, and Elite Warrior Culture in the Late Pre-Christian Iron Age
Herjans dísir: Valkyrjur, Supernatural Femininities, and Elite Warrior Culture in the Late Pre-Christian Iron Age Luke John Murphy Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í Norrænni trú Félagsvísindasvið Herjans dísir: Valkyrjur, Supernatural Femininities, and Elite Warrior Culture in the Late Pre-Christian Iron Age Luke John Murphy Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í Norrænni trú Leiðbeinandi: Terry Gunnell Félags- og mannvísindadeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands 2013 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í Norrænni Trú og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Luke John Murphy, 2013 Reykjavík, Ísland 2013 Luke John Murphy MA in Old Nordic Religions: Thesis Kennitala: 090187-2019 Spring 2013 ABSTRACT Herjans dísir: Valkyrjur, Supernatural Feminities, and Elite Warrior Culture in the Late Pre-Christian Iron Age This thesis is a study of the valkyrjur (‘valkyries’) during the late Iron Age, specifically of the various uses to which the myths of these beings were put by the hall-based warrior elite of the society which created and propagated these religious phenomena. It seeks to establish the relationship of the various valkyrja reflexes of the culture under study with other supernatural females (particularly the dísir) through the close and careful examination of primary source material, thereby proposing a new model of base supernatural femininity for the late Iron Age. The study then goes on to examine how the valkyrjur themselves deviate from this ground state, interrogating various aspects and features associated with them in skaldic, Eddic, prose and iconographic source material as seen through the lens of the hall-based warrior elite, before presenting a new understanding of valkyrja phenomena in this social context: that valkyrjur were used as instruments to propagate the pre-existing social structures of the culture that created and maintained them throughout the late Iron Age. -
AN EXPERIENCE of TRANSLATING NEPALI GRAMMAR INTO ENGLISH Govinda Raj Bhattarai and Bal Ram Adhikari [email protected]; [email protected]
AN EXPERIENCE OF TRANSLATING NEPALI GRAMMAR INTO ENGLISH Govinda Raj Bhattarai and Bal Ram Adhikari [email protected]; [email protected] 1. Introduction Translating a grammar from one language to another sounds impossible because two languages differ basically in terms of grammar which stands for different components from sound to discourse units. Despite this fact, the world has translated grammar between languages, as it is the most authentic door to enter into another language, its structure, form and function. Greek grammars were translated into Latin and it is from Latin that many western grammars have been reshaped, some in translation, some in adaptation and others in considerable degree of borrowing as well. The grammars of all young languages undergo such a process in course of evolution. This applies to Nepali as well. Pande's Chandrika Gorkha Bhasa Vyakaran (1912) and Sharma's Madhya Chandrika (1919) (quoted in Schmidt and Dahal 1993: x) are some seminal works in Nepali grammar. These works in their attempt to codify and describe the Nepali language adopted the model of Sanskrit grammar. The modern Nepali grammar has evolved through a long and exacting process. Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar (1879) is a best example of translation of classical grammar into contemporary languages. There have been some efforts made in Nepali too. Some works like Ayton (1820), Turnbull (1888) Kilgour and Duncan (1922), Turner (1931), Clark (1963) and Matthews (1984) border between translation and restructuring. Many other foreign scholars have contributed towards writing Nepali grammar till date. They have laid the foundation stone of Nepali grammar in English. -
Tagging Guidelines for BOLT Chinese-English Word Alignment
Tagging Guidelines for BOLT Chinese-English Word Alignment Version 2.0 – 4/10/2014 Linguistic Data Consortium Created by: Xuansong Li, [email protected] With contributions from: Niyu Ge, [email protected] Stephanie Strassel, [email protected] BOLT_TaggingWA_V2.0 Tagging Guidelines for BOLT Chinese-English Word Alignment Page 1 of 24 Version 2.0 –4/10/2014 Table of Content 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 3 2 Types of links ................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Semantic links ........................................................................................ 4 2.2 Function links .......................................................................................... 4 2.3 DE-clause links ....................................................................................... 5 2.4 DE-modifier links .................................................................................... 6 2.5 DE-possessive links ............................................................................... 6 2.6 Grammatical inference semantic links .................................................... 6 2.7 Grammatical inference function links ...................................................... 7 2.8 Contextual inference link ........................................................................ 7 3 Types of tags ................................................................................................ -
Department of English School of Languages and Literature Sikkim University Gangtok-737102
From Race to Nation: A Critical Perspective on the works of William Butler Yeats and Hari Bhakta Katuwal Vivek Mishra Department of English School of Languages and Literature Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Philosophy February 2017 Department of English School of Languages and Literature Sikkim University Gangtok-737102 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researching and writing of this dissertation has proved to be a profitable experience for me in the academic field, and for this I owe a great debt to these people. Firstly, I take this opportunity to thank my supervisor Dr. Rosy Chamling for her guidance, support and encouragement that enabled me to complete my work. I thank Dr. Irshad Ghulam Ahmed, the Head of the Department for his guidance and insightful inputs. I am grateful to the faculty members of English Department for their support during my Masters in Philosophy programme. I thank my parents and my sister for their endless love and support. For help in finding material and providing insights vis-a-vis the Nepali poet in my study I want to thank many people, but particularly Smt. Kabita Chetry and Nabanita Chetry. My thanks extend to my friends – Bipin Baral, Afrida Aainun Murshida, Ghunato Neho, Anup Sharma and Kritika Nepal for their selfless assistance during my entire research work. Vivek Mishra CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION (1 – 5) Chapter – 2 RACIAL AND NATIONALISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE WORKS OF YEATS AND KATUWAL (6 – 28) Chapter – 3 REPRESENTATION OF IRISH AND NEPALI CULTURES IN YEATS AND KATUWAL (29 – 43) Chapter – 4 LYRICAL QUALITY IN YEATS AND KATUWAL (44 – 53) Chapter – 5 CONCLUSION (54 – 66) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The present study entitled “From Race to Nation: A Critical Perspective on the works of William Butler Yeats and Hari Bhakta Katuwal” shall be a comparative literary survey across languages i.e. -
And *- in Germanic
Archaisms and innovations four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Publication date: 2014 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Hansen, B. S. S. (2014). Archaisms and innovations: four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 01. okt.. 2021 FACULTY OF HUMANITIE S UNIVERSITY OF COPENH AGEN Ph .D. thesis Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen Archaisms and innovations four interconnected studies on Germanic historical phonology and morphology i Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... V 1. Grammatical terms ....................................................................................................................................................... v 2. Linguanyms .................................................................................................................................................................. vi 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Archaisms and innovations ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Aim and purpose of the present thesis .................................................................................................................... -
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP.