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Sosiological Jurisprudence Journal Sociological Jurisprudence Journal Volume 3; Issue 2; 2020, Page: 75 - 83 SOSIOLOGICAL ISSN 2615 - 8809 E ISSN 2615 - 8795 JURISPRUDENCE JOURNAL https://ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/sjj The Constitutional Power Of The Executive in The Age of Rule of Law: A Comparative Study on Malaysia and Indonesia Norazlina binti Abdul Aziz1* and Rosa Ristawati2 1Faculty of Law UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM) 40450 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Law, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Dharmawangsa Dalam Selatan, Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] Published: 15/08/2020 How to cite: Aziz, N, B, A., Ristawati, R. 2020. The Constitutional Power Of The Executive in The Age of Rule of Law: A Comparative Study on Malaysia and Indonesia. Sociological Jurisprudence Journal. Volume 3 Issue 2. Page 75 - 83. https://doi.org/10.22225/scj.3.2.1857.75-83 Abstract The rule of law sets as an important principle entrenched in the Constitution of Malaysia and Indonesia. This principle stand as a guardian against abuse of power by the government as nobody shall be above the law. This paper examines the practices of the executive power relating to decision-making policy, execution of power and enforcement activities in Malaysia and Indonesia. It also analyses how the executive branch perfoms the powers in accordance to the rule of law. It mainly focuses on the institutional framework of the head of the government and head of state. The analysis allows for identifications of issues and proposals on the enhancement of the executive branch in both countries that would increase the quality of state administration as well as promoting the rule of law. The study adopts a normative method where the fundamental discussions are based on normative approach with content analysis approach on the constitutional and legal provisions, legal cases, circular and directive. The data acquired through doctrinal study is supported by semi-structured interviews with respondents that have been selected through purposive approach. This article concludes that the executive branch plays important roles in promoting the rule of law in both countries. The Constitution, in this case, provides constitutional limitation for the institutional branch of the executive to perform its powers. In the age of rule of law, the executive powers has to be limited. There is no power without limits. The laws has to provide a clear legal direction and reliable mechanism of checks and balances to govern the exercise of the executive powers. Keywords: Executive, president, prime minister, rule of law I. INTRODUCTION The study of Asian countries governmental structures sees that although they hold similar system but often function differently. Most of the Constitution provides clearly on the scope of power and the administration system of a country. However, whether the actual intention of the constitution drafters is reflected in the execution of administration is an area that needs to be explored. Thus, this study sets a pilot study on one of the administration body ie the executive. Both Malaysia and Indonesia are selected to see the administration of an Asian country that adopts a Parliamentary democratic system and a presidential system. The study of these two governmental structures progressed within the actual occurrence of the political of each country. II. METHODS The study adopts a normative method where the fundamental discussions are based on normative approach with content analysis approach on the constitutional and legal provisions, legal cases, circular and directive. The data acquired through doctrinal study is supported by semi-structured interviews with respondents that have been selected through purposive approach. Sociological Jurisprudence Journal, Volume 3; Issue 2; 2020 CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Page 75 The Constitutional Power Of The Executive in The Age of Rule of Law: A Comparative Study on Malaysia and Indonesia III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Form of Government and the Rule of Law The Head of State: Constitutional Monarchy of Malaysia The unique Malaysian monarchy system existence is secured by the embedment into the Malaysian constitution. The monarchy in Malaysia is gathered in what is known as the Conference of Ruler (Ahmad Ibrahim and et.al, 1995; Aliran, 1987; Andrew Harding, 1996). Among the significant role of the Conference of Rulers is on the appointment of the Yang di Pertuan Agong (YDPA) as the Head of State. The rotation of throne by each YDPA lasted for five years allowing his brother Rulers the opportunity to resume the role of the YDPA (3rd Schedule: Federal Constitution). In Malaysian constitution, the YDPA is given the discretionary (Article 40(1) and 40(1A): Federal Constitution) and non-discretionary power (Article 40(2): Federal Constitution). The exercised of discretionary power sees that it will only be constitutional for YDPA to execute the power after receiving advice of either the Prime Minister, Cabinet or other consultative bodies (Aziz Bari, 2003; Andrew Harding, 1996; Shad Saleem Faruqi, 2019). On another point, the exercise of discretionary should be literally understand to give exclusive privilege to the YDPA to decide, yet by the precedent made by Malaysian judges (Madhavan Nair v.Government of Malaysia [1975] 2 MLJ 286, Teh Cheng Poh v. Public Prosecutor [1979] 1 MLJ 50; Balakrishnan v. Ketua Pengarah Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia and Government of Malaysia [1981] 2 MLJ 259) indicated that the power of YDPA to decide must be limited to the constitutional provision and are still subject to the received of advice. The YDPA roles in Malaysia is distinct from an elected president in the Indonesian republican parliamentary regimes. Since the 80’s the Rulers' position has been, to a considerable extent, diminished by various confrontation (HP Lee, 1993; Raja Aziz Addruse, 1998). The major factors were the disclosures in the media on the abuse of power, immoral behaviors and the use of public monies and the vast business ventures of some of the Rulers (Joseph Fernando, 2014). The Malaysian monarchy is usually associated with the issue of under-power. Although they are the head of state at federal or state level, but their functions are limited to consultation that carries lesser weight than the power to give advice (Aziz Bari, 2003). The Indonesian Presidency in a Presidential System of Indonesia The Indonesian presidential system has evolved as the Constitution has been changed. Several aims of the amendment process were mainly focussing on reducing Presidential power through the separation of powers, to increase the role of the DPR to oversee the executive power of the president, to bring the sovereignty to the people through direct elections and to establish the separation of power with a check and balances mechanism within the three branches of government (Mulyosudarmo, Soewoto, 2004). Blair Andrew King observed that the Indonesian Constitution (the Amendment) is the constitutional basis for anticipation of the institutional presidency conflicts since the President acted as the most powerful branch without any control from other branches in the Indonesian Constitution (before the Amendment) (Blair Andrew King, 2004). The 1945 Constitution (before the Amendment) gave extraordinary emergency powers to the First Indonesian President (Edward Schneier, 2011). Under the 1945 Constitution (before the Amended Constitution), the Indonesian presidency was applied in combination of presidential system along with some parliamentary elements. The President was not directly elected by the people but was appointed by the MPR (the Peoples Representative Assembly). To be appointed, the President of Indonesia must, in effect have a majority vote in parliament and must keep that majority to stay in office. Therefore, the MPR could directly dissolve the government, as the Parliament in a Westminster or parliamentary system (Stephen Sherlock, 2011). The presidency before the Amendment of the Constitution was indeed depend on the MPR but could not be deposed by the DPR (the legislative) (ICG International Crisis Group, 2011). The Constitution before the Amendment gave the opportunity to the President to dominate the three powers: the executive, the legislative and the judicial powers within the presidential system at the time (Christopher Candland and Sity Nurjanah, 2011). The experiences shown that the President of Indonesia at the time retained broader powers and used to have the power strengthened. For example, in the emergency powers, the President enjoyed the power to declare a state of emergency and take any actions or even take any extra constitutional actions in Sociological Jurisprudence Journal, Volume 3; Issue 2; 2020 CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Page 76 The Constitutional Power Of The Executive in The Age of Rule of Law: A Comparative Study on Malaysia and Indonesia order to overcome the situation without any checks and balances from any institutions. On the legislative power, Article 5 of the UUD 1945 (before the Amendment) was the constitutional basis for the President to take control of the legislative process. The President was given the power to make legislation, while the DPR only formalized it. On the pardoning power, Article 14 of the 1945 Constitution gave the President unlimited power to grant pardon, amnesty, and abolition. In the lawmaking area, the Constitution granted the president the power to make government regulations in lieu of a law (the emergency law) and the presidential decision that had frequently used by the President to benefit his family and cronies (Blair Andrew King, 2004). The Constitution (before the Amendment) emphasized that the president had the power and responsibility to conduct government affairs as the highest chief of government (Annotation IV the UUD 1945 Constitution). As the head of the government, the President had a prerogative power to establish a cabinet (Annotation of the UUD 1945 Constitution). The president had full control over the cabinet and manipulated the government policies to strengthen his powers. Under the Amendment of the Constitution, the executive powers in Indonesia were reduced in many ways.
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