DOCSLIB.ORG

The Marketing of California Walnuts with Special Reference to Marketing Agreements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Marketing of California Walnuts with Special Reference to Marketing Agreements The marketing of California walnuts with special reference to marketing agreements Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Christopher, Charles E., 1882- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 16:36:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553345 THE MARKETING OF CALIFORNIA WALNUTS ivITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MARKETING AGREEMENTS by Charles E« Christopher A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Economics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate College University of Arizona 19 3 7 Major Processor It ^ 4 7 9 / /?_3 7 Z- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. TITLE PAGE ...................................... i II. INTRODUCTION .................................. iv III. METHOD OF PROCEDURE ............................. vi IV. CHAPTER I: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE WALNUT INDUSTRY................ 1 Era of Introduction and Selection of CO t- HtO Varieties ............................ Present Importance of the Walnut Industry Status of the Walnut Industry Prior to 1933 .. Brands and Varieties ........................ ' Distributing California Walnuts.... ......... 14 'Independent Growers1 Associations ..... ...... 15 "The California Walnut Growers association .... 15 V. CHAPTER II: MARKETING WALNUTS PRIOR TO THE AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT OF 1933 ......... 24 Preparing of Shelled Walnuts for Market ..... 24 Foreign Markets Prior to 1932 ............... 30 European Methods of Curing Walnuts .......... 33 Imports and Methods of Selling in Competition. 34 Use of Standardization, Branding, and Advertising............................... 37 Chaotic Developments of 1932 ................ 48 VI. CHAPTER Ills THE MARKETING AGREEMENT UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WALNUT INDUSTRY............... 53 Provisions and Purposes of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ........... 53 The Marketing Agreement for Packers of Walnuts Grown in California, Oregon, and Washington.......... 53 Provisions of the Agricultural Adjustment Act Affecting Licensees ................... 67 Operations of and Opinions on the Marketing Agreement.... .. ................ 73 / / Z ?o 7 ill Pag® VII. CHAPTER IV: SUMMARY AID CONCLUSIONS ........... 92 Legal Statu® of Marketing Agreement® ........ 92 The Effects, of the Marketing.Agreement on Producer® ............................. 96 The Effects of the Marketing Agreement on the Income of Growers ............... 98 • The Effects of the Marketing Agreement on the Consumer ............. 106 Are the Results Obtained Under the Agreement Antisocial? .................... 108 Outlook and Permanent Solution .............. 113 VIII. APPENDIX .............................,..........119 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................. 128 IBTRODtJCTIOH The questlcaa which this thesis undertakes to answer Is whether or not the provisions of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as passed by the Congress of the United States in the spring of 1933, and finally approved Hay 12 of that year, together with amendments providing subsidy payments, were effective in securing desirable results for the walnut industry of California, Oregon, and Washington. There has been considerable difference of opinion among the citizens of the country in general as to the desirability of the provisions of the AAA program both from a social and an agricultural point of view. While it is evident that practically all walnut growers have favored and appreciated the benefits obtained under the surplus control program, a few growers have been opposed thereto. Upon being con­ sulted, however, those who opposed such a program were unable to present any facts or logical arguments to sup­ port their opposition. The Agricultural Adjustment Act made it possible not only for the walnut producers to control the distribution of the output of walnuts in an artificial manner, but it also made it possible for them to receive a price for wal­ nuts not established under unregulated competitive condi­ tions. This thesis, in attempting to investigate and to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion concerning the effec­ tiveness and desirability of the policies established by the Marketing Agreement and the License requirements ob­ tained under the provisions of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, considers the problem from two main points of view: (1) That of the Industry Itself (2) That of society The test of the benefits of the Agreement, in so far as the industry itself is concerned, is found in the effect of the Marketing Agreement on the income and morale of the growers. There are many things to be taken into consideration in determining the effects of the Marketing Agreement on the consumers. For example, are walnuts a necessity or a luxury; can other nuts be substituted for them; what ef­ fect does the Agreement have on both short- and leng-rim price determination of walnuts to the consumers; and are the results obtained under the Agreement antisocial? METHOD OF PROCEDURE The procedure employed In studying the effect of the Agricultural Adjustment Act on marketing California walnuts can be divided into six general types of investl- C gations: 1. The gathering of as complete a bib] possible 2, Extensive reading of government-bulletins and textbooks 5. The preparation of an outline dealing with per­ tinent questions bearing on the problem 4. Actual gathering of the material from the fol­ lowing sources: a. Governmental publications b. Early editions of the Pacific Rural Press, dating back to 1870, The California Culti­ vator, The Diamond Walnut Hews, and other similar publications. e. Annual Reports and other official documents of the California Walnut (lowers Association d. University of California, College of Agri­ culture, bulletins e. Interviews with officials of the Citrus Experiment Station, The California Walnut vii Growers’ Association, growers and packers, and the Manager of the Walnut Control Board 5. The arranging of the material gathered in a logical sequence 6. Analysis of the economic conditions that prevented effective adjustment of the supply of walnuts to market requirements, and the way in which the Marketing Agreement was used to bring about more effective adjustments 7. The arriving at conclusions based on economic analysis and the probable outcome in the light of economic principles involved viil SOURCE OF MATERIALS The literature and materials used In this study con­ sist of certain government publications, including the Agricultural Adjustment Act Itself, The Marketing Agree*'■ ■■■ ment made between the Secretary of Agriculture, H. A. Wallace, and the handlers of walnuts on the Pacific Coast, together with amendments to this Agreement, The Citrus Experiment Station and Graduate School of Tropical Agri­ culture and Horticulture in the Experiment Station, located at Riverside, California, which is a part of the University of California^ made available its entire library and files and, also, the reports of experiments and research per­ taining to the walnut industry In California. There is perhaps no more complete library pertaining to the early history of the walnut industry in the world than that which is contained in the publications of the library and files in this institution# Utoder the directorship of Dr. L . D . Batchelor, The California Agricultural Experiment Station and Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and Horticulture in the Experiment Station, has conducted ex­ periments and rendered reports on the subject of walnut culture. Through M s cooperation it was possible to secure copies of publications now out of print and a com­ plete file of the Diamond Walnut Hews, which is the offi­ cial publication of the California Walnut Growers Associa­ tion. Many features of intense interest appeared in the early editions of the Pacific Rural Press and the Gallfor- nla Cultivator in the 1870,s when the walnut Industry was in a nebulous state of development. The California Walnut Growers Association made avail­ able its files, annual reports, and publications. In ad­ dition, the Association was most considerate in showing how walnuts were packed, graded, canned, processed, shelled, and prepared for market. Officials of the Associa tion explained the organisation of the Association and its problems. The Walnut Control Board, which is the agency for estimating, controlling, and marketing the surplus of walnuts, made available information pertaining to the methods employed in administering this governmental agency. The Manager of the Walnut Control Board, Mr. W. E. Good- speed, graciously supplied statistical and other data presented before the 1935 Agricultural Adjustment Act hearing, which could not be obtained from any other source. The Los Angeles City Library was utilized for ob­ taining books and other publications pertinent to the subject being studied. CHAPTER I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE WALNUT INDUSTRY Era of Introduction and Selection of Varieties It has been approximately seventy years since the English walnut, or as it is more properly called, the Persian walnut, was introduced into California on a com­ mercial scale.1 In fact, its introduction was in the year 1867, less than twenty years
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Missouri by Ken Hunt, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Center for Agroforestry, Blight
    AGROFORESTRY IN ACTION University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry AF1007 - 2012 Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Missouri by Ken Hunt, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Center for Agroforestry, blight. In fact, the devastation caused by chestnut blight University of Missouri, Michael Gold, Ph.D., Associate Director, (Cryphonectria parasitica) stem cankers has reduced Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri, William Reid, American chestnut from a major timber species to a rare Ph.D., Research and Extension Horticulturist, Kansas State Uni- understory tree often found cankered in sprout clumps. versity, & Michele Warmund, Ph.D., Professor of Horticulture, Major efforts are underway to restore the American Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri chestnut (see www.acf.org/). The Allegheny and Ozark chinkapins are multi-stem shrubs to small trees that hinese chestnut is an emerging new tree crop produce small tasty nuts and make interesting (but for Missouri and the Midwest. The Chinese blight susceptible) landscape trees that are also useful Cchestnut tree is a spreading, medium-sized tree for wildlife. with glossy dark leaves bearing large crops of nutri- tious nuts. Nuts are borne inside spiny burs that split open when nuts are ripe. Each bur contains one to three shiny, dark-brown nuts. Nuts are "scored" then micro- waved, roasted or boiled to help remove the leathery shell and papery seed coat, revealing a creamy or gold- en-colored meat. Chestnuts are a healthy, low-fat food ingredient that can be incorporated into a wide range of dishes – from soups to poultry stuffing, pancakes, muf- fins and pastries (using chestnut flour). Historically, demand for chestnuts in the United States has been highest in ethnic markets (European and Asian, for example) but as Americans search for novel and healthy food products, chestnuts are becoming more widely accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Plant Diagnostic Network Newsletter
    Western Plant Diagnostic Network Newsletter WPDN – First Detector Dear WPDN First Detectors, Two new pest problems Network News have been found in the WPDN region. The first, the fruit- piercing moth, has been found in Hawaii. It is a destructive moth with a broad host range. The second is a The newsletter for the disease called thousand cankers disease of walnut, which WPDN is caused by a fungus vectored by the walnut twig beetle. First Detector Community This disease has been found throughout the western U.S. Read more about these in the following articles. February 2010 Volume 3, Number 1 We now have over 3,750 First Detectors in the WPDN, achieved with several training sessions in Guam, Oregon, Contact us at the WPDN and California. Congratulations to all our WPDN First Regional Center: Detector Educators. Dr. Amanda Hodges, the NPDN Training and Education Chair, informs us that there is a Phone: 530 754 2255 new online Chilli Thrips module on the Online Training Fax: 530 754 7998 site. Chilli Thrips Email: [email protected] To access this new module, log on to the NPDN home page at: http://www.npdn.org/ Websites: https://www.wpdn.org https://www.npdn.org Published by the WPDN Regional Center Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Davis Click on this logo Editor: Richard W. Hoenisch ©Copyright Regents of the University of California All Rights Reserved And begin! A Fruit-Piercing Moth found in Hawaii Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Oraesia excavata Butler Personal Communication from Bernarr Kumashiro, entomologist with HDOA On December 28, 2009, William Haines, University of Hawaii, notified Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) of a new fruit-piercing moth in Hawaii.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. EPA, Pesticide Product Label, , 07/22/2003
    /40-/US Page 1 of 32 Oevrinol 50-OF Booklet OEV1035 draft revisions 5/23/03 Devrinol® 50-OF Selective Herbicide Dry Flowable For use on certain citrus, nuts, pome fruits, small fruits, stone fruits, vegetables and tobacco Active Ingredient: Napropamide (CAS No. 15299-99-7) ...................................................................................... 50% Other Ingredients: 50% Total: 100% Contains 50 Ibs. of active Ingredient per 100 Ibs. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. CAUTION See additional precautionary statements and directions for use inside booklet. EPA Reg. No. 100-1035 EPA Est. ACCEPTED 0'- -n) ...... tiLiI; L In EPA Lettl."r Dated Made in U.S.A. JUL 22 2003 Ul)der the Federal Imectitide. fwadicide. IUtd Rtulcndcldle .4.ct WI lIDlendcd. [Dr th... .... U~lde SCP# t"ltW.erf'd und .. r 'ia'A, .•. rit~. ...lett>- 4 pounds Net Weight ( Page 2 of 32 Oevrinol 50-OF Booklet OEV1035 draft revisions 5/23/03 TABLE OF CONTENTS FIRST AID ....................................................................................................................................................... PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS ................................................................................................................ Hazards To Humans And Domestic Animals ........................................................................................ .. Personal Protective Equipment. .............................................................................................................. Environmental Hazards ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Walnut (Juglans Regia L.) Pellicle Tissues Reveals the Regulation of Nut Quality Attributes
    life Article Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Pellicle Tissues Reveals the Regulation of Nut Quality Attributes Paulo A. Zaini 1, Noah G. Feinberg 1, Filipa S. Grilo 2 , Houston J. Saxe 1 , Michelle R. Salemi 3, Brett S. Phinney 3 , Carlos H. Crisosto 1 and Abhaya M. Dandekar 1,* 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] (P.A.Z.); [email protected] (N.G.F.); [email protected] (H.J.S.); [email protected] (C.H.C.) 2 Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] 3 Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] (M.R.S.); [email protected] (B.S.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 November 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are a valuable dietary source of polyphenols and lipids, with increasing worldwide consumption. California is a major producer, with ‘Chandler’ and ‘Tulare’ among the cultivars more widely grown. ‘Chandler’ produces kernels with extra light color at a higher frequency than other cultivars, gaining preference by growers and consumers. Here we performed a deep comparative proteome analysis of kernel pellicle tissue from these two valued genotypes at three harvest maturities, detecting a total of 4937 J. regia proteins. Late and early maturity stages were compared for each cultivar, revealing many developmental responses common or specific for each cultivar. Top protein biomarkers for each developmental stage were also selected based on larger fold-change differences and lower variance among replicates, including proteins for biosynthesis of lipids and phenols, defense-related proteins and desiccation stress-related proteins.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Walnuts Matt Ernst1 Introduction the Two Major Varieties of Walnuts Grown for Food in the U.S
    Center for Crop Diversification Crop Profile CCD-CP-128 Black Walnuts Matt Ernst1 Introduction The two major varieties of walnuts grown for food in the U.S. are black walnut (Eastern black walnut, Juglans nigra; and California black walnut, Juglans hindsii); and Persian walnut (Juglans regia), also called Carpathian walnut or English walnut. Eastern black walnut is native to North America and is a valuable timber tree, long harvested for veneer lumber. Black walnuts also have a long history as a food ingredient, and Eastern black walnuts are one of the few wild- harvested commercial food crops in the U.S. Persian walnut trees were introduced in California by Spanish missionaries in the 1700s, and California dominates U.S. commercial Persian walnut production. This profile focuses on Eastern black walnut for nut production. Persian walnuts are not recommended for surrounding states for wholesaling to hulling stations. commercial production in Kentucky, where Persian Black walnut nutmeats are used in baking, ice cream, walnut is limited by cold temperatures, winter injury candies and other food preparations. State and federal and late spring frost damage; walnut blight; and food safety, labeling and other food manufacturing squirrels, which eat the nuts when they are immature. regulations, including allergen concerns, may Detailed production information for both Eastern apply when shelling nuts and making food products black walnut and Persian walnut is available in the containing tree nuts. Hulled and cleaned in-shell black University of Kentucky Extension publication ID- walnuts have also been used in some arts and crafts 77, Nut Tree Growing in Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 73, No. 42/Monday, March 3, 2008/Rules
    11328 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 42 / Monday, March 3, 2008 / Rules and Regulations 70240). Copies of the rule were mailed Dated: February 27, 2008. §§ 984.7, 984.13, 984.14, 984.15, 984.21, or sent via facsimile to all Board Lloyd C. Day, 984.22, 984.42, 984.46, 984.48, 984.50, members and tart cherry handlers. Administrator, Agricultural Marketing 984.51, 984.52, 984.59, 984.67, 984.69, Finally, the rule was made available Service. 984.70, 984.71, 984.73 and 984.89, through the Internet by USDA and the [FR Doc. E8–4008 Filed 2–29–08; 8:45 am] which are effective September 1, 2008. Office of the Federal Register. A 30-day BILLING CODE 3410–02–P FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: comment period ending on January 10, Melissa Schmaedick, Marketing Order 2008, was provided to allow interested Administration Branch, Fruit and persons to respond to the proposal. No DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Vegetable Programs, Agricultural comments were received. Marketing Service, USDA, Northwest Agricultural Marketing Service Marketing Field Office, 1220 S.W. Third After consideration of all relevant Avenue, Room 385, Portland, Oregon matter presented, including the 7 CFR Part 984 97204; telephone: (503) 326–2724, Fax: information and recommendation [Docket No. AO–192–A7; AMS–FV–07–0004; (503) 326–7440, or e-mail: submitted by the Board and other FV06–984–1] [email protected]. available information, it is hereby found Small businesses may request that this rule, as hereinafter set forth, Walnuts Grown in California; Order information on this proceeding by will tend to effectuate the declared Amending Marketing Order and contacting Jay Guerber, Marketing Order policy of the Act.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2016 Walnut Report
    ® 2670 West Shaw Lane, Fresno, California 93711 U.S.A. Telephone (559) 435-2664 Fax (559) 435-8520 www.dercofoods.com e-mail: [email protected] February 2016 Walnut Report February 2016 shipments were 100.7 million inshell equivalent pounds. This is 19.8 million pounds (+25%) more than February 2015. This is the second consecutive record monthly shipment from California. 2015 Walnut Supply (1,000 pounds) Carry-in from prior season: 167,022 2015 Crop Receipts: 1,202,706 Total available for shipment: 1,369,728 Less: shipments to date thru Feb 29: 736,206 Remaining supply: 633,522 • Inshell shipments were 20.5 million pounds for the month of February, an increase of 1.3 million pounds (+7%) compared to February of 2015. • Season to date inshell shipments are 267.9 million pounds through February, an increase of 38.7 million pounds (+17%) compared to the same period last season. • Shelled shipments were 39.4 million pounds for the month of February, an increase of 8.0 million pounds (+29%) compared to February of 2015. • Season to date shelled shipments are 206.5 million pounds through February, an increase of 24.7 million pounds (+14%) compared to the same period last season. Below are some of the major walnut markets and the relative statistics (in pounds): Sep 2015 - Jan 2016 Sep 2014 - Jan 2015 % Change % Change Country Shelled Inshell Shelled Inshell Shelled Inshell USA 82,027,219 11,711,743 83,379,892 12,610,924 -2% -7% Canada 9,591,368 2,106,731 8,444,050 1,641,466 14% 28% Germany 27,745,279 12,340,856 22,919,133 9,243,076 21% 34% Italy 2,215,129 35,102,336 1,542,417 32,834,440 44% 7% Netherlands 4,350,190 1,708,179 2,013,711 2,731,809 116% -37% Spain 10,681,960 17,733,810 7,822,945 17,675,689 37% 0% U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Vegetation for Agronomic and Ecological Benefits in California Nut Orchards
    Managing Vegetation for Agronomic and Ecological Benefits in California Nut Orchards February 2021 MANAGING VEGETATION FOR AGRONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS – CALIFORNIA NUT ORCHARDS PAGE 1 Acknowledgements This report was developed by Environmental Defense Fund with support from Environmental Incentives. We thank Amélie Gaudin, Vivian Wauters and Neal Williams (University of California, Davis); Rex Dufour (National Center for Appropriate Technology) and Lauren Hale (USDA Agricultural Research Service) for their valuable contributions. MANAGING VEGETATION FOR AGRONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS – CALIFORNIA NUT ORCHARDS PAGE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................. 4 State of Research: Managed Vegetation in Nut Orchards .............. 5 Ecosystem Services and Business Value of Managed Vegetation .......................................... 5 Climate Change Impacts .................................................................................................11 Grower Decision-Making ........................................................... 13 Grower Perceptions ........................................................................................................13 Communication Networks ...............................................................................................16 Key Considerations ................................................................... 17 Selecting Plant Species ...................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and Blooming Habits of the Persian Walnut in California
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 387 January 1934 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C. POLLINATION AND BLOOMING HABITS OF THE PERSIAN WALNUT IN CALIFORNIA By MiLO N. WOOD Pomologistf Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Dichogamy—Continued. Blooming habits 2 Relation of long and short periods of Fertility and sterility 4 bloom to pollination and dichogamy... 37 Artificial pollination as a means of ascer- Interplanting of varieties for pollination taining whether varieties are self- purposes 38 sterile or intersterile 4 Miscellaneous pollination factors affecting the Self-fertility and interfertility of varieties. 7 setting of nuts 42 Dichogamy 24 Viability of walnut pollen 42 Blooming habit with relation to dichog- Amount of pollen produced 43 amy Pollen distribution 44 Dichogamous tendencies as exhibited in Period of pollen shedding. 46 varieties Quantity of pistils produced 46 Relation of age of tree to dichogamy Size of stigma most suitable for polh- Comparative blooming dates of varieties- nation 47 Influence of season on blooming dates Parthenogenesis 49 Influence of climate on blooming dates. __ Abnormal nuts... 49 Effect of climate, season, and weather on List of varieties 50 dichogamy Summary 54 Relation of blooming habit to dichogamy. Literature cited 56 Effect of temperature on blooming and dichogamy INTRODUCTION Most of the Persian (''English'') walnuts produced commercially in the United States are grown on the Pacific coast. California produces about 95 percent of the total crop, while Oregon and Wash- ington have a small but increasing walnut industry. The total area in walnuts in California in 1929 was 127,485 acres, of which 87,564 acres were bearing trees and 39,921 not yet in bearing; the acreage in Washington and Oregon was approximately 18,000, slightly over half of it being young trees not yet in bearing.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History Center University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Copyright © 2020 by the Regents Of
    Oral History Center University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Lawrence Sambado Lawrence Sambado: A Life and Business in California Agriculture Interviews conducted by Todd Holmes in 2017, 2018, 2019 Copyright © 2020 by The Regents of the University of California Oral History Center, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley ii Since 1953 the Oral History Center of The Bancroft Library, formerly the Regional Oral History Office, has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Lawrence Sambado dated May 16, 2017. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Walnut Timeline
    Walnut Timeline Written by Nicole Mosz, HIB/BEAD Last updated May 30, 2002 Introduction This timeline has been created to give a general overview of crop production, worker activities, pesticide use, and key pests in walnuts. The timeline is intended to describe the activities and their relationships to pesticide applications, which take place in the orchard throughout the year. This information will be used in worker risk assessments and in the assessment of pesticide benefits. The timing of events described may vary due to such factors as geography, climate, and weather. Pesticide use information is current as of the last update. Table 2 is a timeline of crop events, which have been divided into three sections to show the duration of crop stages, the timing of worker activities, and pest activity periods with typical pesticide application timings. Please refer to Table 2 to view the relationship between the various crop events that take place in the orchard. Crop Production The United States produces 38% of the world’s walnuts, production second only to China. Ninety-nine percent of the United States walnut production occurs in California. In 1999, California produced 283,000 tons of walnuts on 191,000 bearing acres with a value of about $251 million (Crop Profile for Walnuts in CA, 1998; USDA-NASS, 2001). The majority of U.S. walnuts, Juglans regia, are grown in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of California. The Central Coast and other areas of California also produce walnuts. Typical orchard sizes range from 20 to 40 acres. In a mature orchard, trees are spaced from 40 x 40 feet, with 27 trees per acre, to 28 x 28 feet, with 56 trees per acre.
    [Show full text]
  • The California Walnut Industry
    The California Walnut Industry History, the Land Grant System and Production Research David Ramos Cooperative Extension Specialist, Emeritus Acknowledgements Farm Advisors: Bob Beede (Emeritus, Kings Co.) Janine Hasey (Sutter-Yuba Co.) Rick Buckner (Emeritus, Tehama Co.) Diamond Walnut Growers, Inc.: Eighty Years of Excellence, A History of Diamond Walnut Growers (1912-1992) by Ann Foley Scheuring Earliest Introduction of English Walnuts Historical accounts of English (J.regia) walnuts in California mention the hard-shelled walnuts brought in from South America by the Mission Fathers in the 1770’s. Origin of the California Walnut Industry Joseph Sexton Felix Gillet Goleta, CA (1842-1917) Nevada City, CA (1835-1908) Originator of the Santa Introducer of the French Barbara soft-shelled varieties into Northern CA walnut in Southern CA Origin of the Southern CA Walnut Industry In 1867, Joseph Sexton purchased a sack of walnuts (perhaps from Chile or China) at the dock in San Francisco and planted a thousand trees at his ranch in Goleta, California. The selections from these trees gave rise to the so-called Santa Barbara soft-shells, such as Placentia Origin of the Northern CA Walnut Industry In 1871, Felix Gillet, a nurseryman in Nevada City, California, began importing scion wood and nursery stock from France. He is credited with introducing the French cultivars Franquette, Mayette, and others to California. Early California Varieties As a result of the introductions by Sexton and Gillet, California walnut growers found superior open-pollinated seedlings that led to the cultivars Eureka, Placentia, Concord, Payne, Hartley and others. Legacy of the Payne Walnut UC Davis Walnut Breeding Program 1948-1978 George C.
    [Show full text]