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Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada Edited by Jars Balan Identifications: Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada IDENTIFICATIONS: ETHNICITY and the WRITER in CANADA

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Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada Edited by Jars Balan Identifications: Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada IDENTIFICATIONS: ETHNICITY and the WRITER in CANADA IDENTIFICATIONS Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada edited by Jars Balan Identifications: Ethnicity And The Writer in Canada IDENTIFICATIONS: ETHNICITY AND THE WRITER IN CANADA Edited by Jars Balan The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies The University of Alberta Edmonton 1982 THE ALBERTA LIBRARY IN UKRAINIAN CANADIAN STUDIES A series of original works and reprints relating to Ukrainians in Canada, issued under the editorial supervision of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Editorial Board: Bohdan Bociurkiw, Carleton University (Social Sciences) George S. N. Luckyj, University of Toronto (Humanities) Manoly R. Lupul, University of Alberta (Ukrainians in Canada) Ivan L. Rudnytsky, University of Alberta (History) Copyright © 1982 The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies The University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Balan, Jars, 1952- Identifications: Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada (1978: Edmonton, Alta.) Identifications, Ethnicity and the Writer in Canada (The Alberta library in Ukrainian Canadian studies) ISBN 0-920862-15-2 pa. 1. Canadian literature— Minority authors—Congresses. 2. Canada— Population— Ethnic groups—Congresses. I. Balan, Jars, 1952- 11 . Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. III. Title. IV. Series. PS8027.I34 809’. 897 1 C8 1-091 283-X PR9185. 2.134 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Cover design: L. Sembaliuk Printed in Canada by Printing Services, University of Alberta Distributed by the University of Toronto Press 5201 Dufferin St. Downsview, Ontario Canada M3H 5T8 Contents Introduction ix The “Ethnic” Writer in Canada Henry Kreisel 1 Early Ukrainian Literature in Canada Yar Slavutych 14 Canadian Hungarian Literature George Bisz tray 22 Ukrainian Influences in George Ryga’s Work Jars Balan 36 Icelandic Canadian Literature David Arnason 53 Panel Discussion: “Ethnicity and Identity: The Question of One’s Literary Passport” 67 Ukrainian Emigre Literature in Canada Danylo Struk 88 The Unheard Voices Judy Young 104 Canadian Yiddish Writers Seymour Levitan 116 Panel Discussion: “Hyphenated Canadians: The Question of Consciousness” 135 List of Contributors 157 Introduction It is obvious that Canadian literature, whatever its inherent merits, is an indispensable aid to the knowledge of Canada. It records what the Canadian imagination has reacted to and tells us things about this environment that nothing else will tell us.* These observations by Northrop Frye sum up the importance of the literature of this country. But what in 1965 was so “obvious” to Frye was not so apparent to many of his colleagues, who determinedly resisted the introduction of Canadian literature courses at the University of Toronto. Fortunately, that battle was won, and “Canlit” is now studied at most post-secondary institutions in Canada. Moreover, the quantity of books written on Canadian literature since 1965 indicates the progress Canadians have made in the literary medium. Much work remains to be done, however. Undoubtedly the most signifi- cant gap in our knowledge is Canadian literature in languages other than English or French, whidh has been excluded from most discussions and assessments of Canadian letters. To examine this area, the Canadian *Northrop Frye, “Conclusion,” in The History of Canadian Literature: The Literature of English Canada , ed. G. Klinek et al. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), 822. x Identifications Institute of Ukrainian Studies and the Department of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Alberta decided to hold a conference in the fall of 1979. Our aim was to make a modest contribution toward broadening Canadian literature beyond the usual bilingual perimeters. Minority-language literature expresses only part of the ethnic experience in Canada. As the conference was a pioneering venture, the organizers wanted to include as many aspects as possible. We also wanted to stress that ethnicity has historically been and continues to be an important and dynamic element in the evolution of Canadian culture. But we were restricted by a lack of qualified speakers: many ethnic writers are known only within their particular ethnic communities and then only to those small circles with literary interests. We called this larger concern “the ethnic dimension in Canadian literature.” Three main areas of interest were identified. First, Canadian literature in languages other than English and French. Here, we made a distinction between “emigre” and “landed immigrant” writing. The former consists of the work of writers exiled in Canada, who have no interest in becoming integrated into the Canadian literary community. The latter encompasses writers who live in Canada (are possibly even born here) and aspire to reach a Canadian audience even though they write in a minority language. The second area was mainstream Canadian prose and poetry; writing within majority-language Canadian literature that draws extensively on the ethnic experience. Jewish Canadian writers have provided the best-known examples of this particular genre, but numerous writers from other ethnic backgrounds have also contributed significantly. To be included in this category, a work must have some ethnic content and be produced by a writer front within an ethnic culture and community. Thus, not every Canadian writer with an ethnic background merits discussion in the Identifications theme. Nonetheless, the area should provide material for consideration and comparative analysis. Finally, studies of ethnic minorities also seemed to fall within the boundaries of the ethnic dimension in Canadian literature. We wondered how ethnic minorities are perceived by such different writers as Ralph Connor, Margaret Laurence and Marie Clair Blais, to name but three authors who have created ethnic characters in their fiction. We felt that such an examination would complement the discussion of how ethnic writers perceive English and French Canadian society, in addition to illuminating the outlooks of many well-known Canadian authors. Although this is a sensitive topic, we were confident that the research would prove to be valuable, particularly in assessing whether the writers have created Introduction xi believable ethnic characters. We also debated the inclusion of native Canadian literature under the ethnic designation and concluded that although native people were not really “ethnics” in political terms (because of their unique aboriginal status), culturally they shared much with ethnic minorities. We therefore asked the Indian and Metis communities to participate. We also thought it consistent with the conference theme to accept papers on Scottish and Irish elements in English Canadian literature, since both groups have made quite distinct contributions toward the literature of “English” Canada. We wanted to challenge the perception of anglophone Canada (especially by members of ethnic minorities) as a cultural monolith. Having determined the framework for the discussions, we had to deal with the practical considerations. As the undertaking was organized by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies in commemoration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of Ukrainian publishing in Canada, we focused somewhat on Ukrainian Canadian literature. Although this limited the time we could devote to other literatures, it did provide us with an important secondary focus for the conference. Moreover, this area has been the subject of extensive research. We also tried to reach beyond the narrow academic arena to involve students and members of the general public. A lunch-hour film series and a book display were well received and a series of readings (two on campus and one in Vegreville, Alberta) and panel discussions involving writers from across Canada drew enthusiastic responses. The organizers wanted to deal with the question of ethnicity in some of its contemporary aspects. All too often discussions of ethnic identities look to the past, afraid of confronting the issue squarely in its present form. Our guest authors and poets did not disappoint us. Among those who participated in the weekend’s activities were Maria Campbell, Pier Giorgio di Cicco, Maara Haas, Joy Kogawa (for part of the conference), Myrna Kostash, George Ryga, Andrew Suknaski, Yar Slavutych and Rudy Wiebe. Other writers in attendance included Douglas Barbour, Stephen Scobie and Tom Wayman, who chaired various sessions. Most of the proceedings took place in September 1979 at the University of Alberta campus in Edmonton. The conference was opened by Dr. Henry Kreisel, professor of comparative literature at the University of Alberta, and was closed by the director of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Dr. Manoly Lupul. Although it is impossible to convey the entire conference, the papers and the discussion reproduced here tell part of the story. This is appropriate. The endeavour marked only the beginning of a long process of academic enquiry and self-discovery and this collection is necessarily tentative and incomplete. xii Identifications There remain some regrets: in particular, the failure of the conference to involve more participants of non-European origin. Perhaps future gatherings will correct this imbalance. I hope that others will take up and improve on
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