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Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão – Uema Centro De Educação Ciências Exatas E Naturais – Cecen Departamneto De História E Geografia Curso De História Licenciatura

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Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão – Uema Centro De Educação Ciências Exatas E Naturais – Cecen Departamneto De História E Geografia Curso De História Licenciatura UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO – UEMA CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E NATURAIS – CECEN DEPARTAMNETO DE HISTÓRIA E GEOGRAFIA CURSO DE HISTÓRIA LICENCIATURA JOSENA NASCIMENTO LIMA RIBEIRO MESSIANISMO E PODER NO REINADO DE D. JOÃO I, DE PORTUGAL. SÃO LUÍS 2014 JOSENA NASCIMENTO LIMA RIBEIRO MESSIANISMO E PODER NO REINADO DE D. JOÃO I, DE PORTUGAL. Monografia apresentada ao Curso de História Licenciatura da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, para obtenção de Grau em História Licenciatura. Orientadora: Prof.ª Drª. Adriana Maria de Souza Zierer. SÃO LUÍS 2014 Ribeiro, Josena Nascimento Lima. Messianismo e poder no Reinado de D. João I, de Portugal / Josena Nascimento Lima Ribeiro. – São Luís, 2014. 90 f Monografia (Graduação) – Curso de História, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, 2014 Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Adriana Maria de Souza Zierer 1.Messianismo. 2.Portugal. 3.Crônica de D. João I. I.Título CDU: 94(469) JOSENA NASCIMENTO LIMA RIBEIRO MESSIANISMO E PODER NO REINADO DE D. JOÃO I, DE PORTUGAL. Aprovado em ____ / ____ / ____ BANCA EXAMINADORA Profª Drª Adriana Maria de Souza Zierer 1º Examinador (a) 2º Examinador (a) AGRADECIMENTOS A realização deste trabalho se deve a diversas pessoas no caminhar da minha graduação no curso de História Licenciatura da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão. Espero poder expressar aqui todos os mestres, familiares e guias que sempre foram os maiores incentivadores e torcida. À minha família, que entre farmacêuticos, empresários, administradores e jornalistas viu desenvolver-se uma professora de História. Eles, durantes os períodos de dificuldades não deixaram de acreditar em todo meu potencial. À minha mãe, pela garra, pelos conselhos em dias difíceis e em situações de dúvidas sobre o futuro, tão incerto. À Lorena e Milena, minhas irmãs e melhores amigas, pelo companheirismo, pelas risadas e por serem antes de tudo, meus modelos com quem eu aprendo a cada dia. Ao meu pai, pela gestão de uma casa com quatro mulheres. Por toda a proteção e financiamento sem reclamar quando comprava mais livros do que conseguia ler. Aos meus mestres da graduação, por fazerem parte da minha formação e educação. Por terem me mostrado um mundo de conhecimentos, ideologias, teorias, opiniões e histórias as quais eu não conhecia antes de adentrar o curso de História. Em especial à Prof. Dra. Adriana Zierer, pelo incentivo com a bolsa de iniciação científica e o projeto que culminaram nesta monografia. Pela orientação, pelas adoráveis reuniões e anos de pesquisa juntas. Tudo que aprendi com ela não tenho como colocar aqui. Com certeza, levarei comigo todos os seus ensinamentos. Às amizades que a vida me deu e que espero nunca perder. Ricardo, que apesar da ausência, sempre se faz presente com palavras de incentivo e puxando minhas orelhas. Polyana, pelas pesquisas, leituras, viagens lado a lado. Por todos os debates, discussões e conversas que só me tornaram uma pessoa melhor. A Ingrid, minha irmã de outra família, pelas gargalhadas brincadeiras e amizade. Neste último ano nos aproximamos mais ainda e a graduação seria mais triste sem você. Tenho todos com muito carinho. RESUMO A sociedade feudal europeia construiu durante séculos, imagens messiânicas e escatológicas relacionadas a figuras de destaque. Durante boa parte das tentativas de encontrar aquele que seria o “salvador” em uma estrutura social repleta de contrastes, os reis foram os escolhidos para carregarem os títulos de guardiões das máximas e preceitos cristãos. Assim, inferimos a “Revolução de Avis”, momento crucial da história portuguesa e que dá início a uma nova dinastia no reino. Esta, fundada pelo monarca D. João I, elaborou um forte discurso legitimador a partir da literatura, festas públicas, teatro e especialmente com a contratação de cronistas oficiais para escreverem a memória do reino português. Diante de tais aspectos, nota-se em especial a Crônica de D. João I, – escrita pelo cronista Fernão Lopes – onde expectativas messiânicas e escatológicas imbricam-se para o início dos chamados “novos tempos”. O monarca D. João I torna-se, segundo o cronista, o “Mexias de Lisboa” e o inaugurador da Sétima Idade no reino português. Eleito pela vontade divina e aclamação popular, o novo rei teve como primeira tarefa a defesa de Portugal contra D. Juan de Castela, representado na crônica como o “Anticristo”. Esta pesquisa intenciona construir o percurso do rei a partir da análise das obras de Fernão Lopes e distinguir de que maneira o discurso messiânico foi colocado em prática para a consolidação de uma “nova era” e para a produção do passado português. Palavras-chave: Crônica de D. João I. Messianismo. Portugal. ABSTRACT The medieval European society constructed during centuries messianic and eschatological images related to distinguish figures. During most part of these attempts of finding the “savior” in a structure full of contrast, the kings were chosen to carry the titles of guardians of Christians precepts and maxims. Thus, we infer the Avis Revolution, crucial moment of the Portuguese history and that initiates a new dynasty on the realm. Founded by the monarch John I, of Portugal, the dynasty elaborated a strong legitimizing discourse from literature, public feast, theater and specially the hiring of official chroniclers to write the memory of the Portuguese kingdom. It is specially noted the Chronicle of King John I, of Portugal, – written by the chronicler Fernão Lopes – where messianic and eschatological expectations come together for the beginning of a “new era”. The monarch John I becomes, according to the chronicler, the “Lisbon’s Messiah” and inaugurator of the Seven Age on the Portuguese realm. Elected by the divine will e popular acclamation, the new king had as his first task the defense of Portugal against John I of Castile, represented in the chronicle as the “Antichrist”. This research intends to build the route of the king from the analyses Fernão Lopes‟ work e to distinguish how the messianic discourse was put to practice for the consolidation of a “new era” and for the production of the Portuguese past. Keywords: Chronicle of King John I, of Portugal. Messianism. Portugal. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES E QUADROS 1 Imagem - D. João I (1385 - 1415). Autor desconhecido. Museu de Arte Antiga. 26 Lisboa .............................................................................................................................. 2 Imagem - Fernão Lopes no "Painel do Arcebispo", pertencente aos “Painéis de São 31 Vicente de Fora” de Nuno Gonçalves (séc. XV). Museu de Arte Antiga. Lisboa .......... 3 Imagem - Batalha de Aljubarrota segundo iluminura da Chronique de France et 60 d'Anglaterre, de Jean Wavrin (séc. XV). Museu Britânico. Londres .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Quadro - Bons x Maus Portugueses na Crónica de D. João I de Fernão Lopes ........... 73 SUMÁRIO Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................ 5 Resumo ......................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 7 Lista de ilustrações e quadros ....................................................................................... 8 Introdução ..................................................................................................................... 10 1 CAPÍTULO 1 - PORTUGAL NO CONTEXTO DOS SÉCULOS XIV E XV ...... 17 1. A Europa em meio à Baixa Idade Média .......................................................... 17 2. O reino português nos séculos XIV e XV ........................................................ 19 3. D. João I e a Revolução de Avis 23 4. Cronista régio, Guarda-mor da Torre do Tombo e Escrivão da Puridade: 29 Fernão Lopes .................................................................................................... 5. A Crónica de D. João I de Fernão Lopes e a historiografia ............................. 31 2 CAPÍTULO 2 – A IMAGEM DE D. JOÃO I SEGUNDO FERNÃO LOPES ...... 37 1. A imagem do Rei na Europa e em Portugal durante a Idade Média ................. 37 2. Messianismo e milenarismo: vias de interpretação .......................................... 41 2.1.A construção da imagem messiânica de D. João ............................................. 43 2.2.A dicotomia e a luta entre o Mexias de Lisboa e o Anticristo ........................ 47 3 CAPÍTULO 3 - PODER, MEMÓRIA E CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE 61 PORTUGUESA NA CRÓNICA DE D. JOÃO I ....................................................... 1. Portugal como destino: A Sétima Idade e o Evangelho Português .................. 61 2. Naturalidades em oposição: o azambujeiro bravo e a mansa oliveira 70 portuguesa ......................................................................................................... 3. História e memória na Crónica de D. João I de Fernão Lopes ........................ 79 Conclusão ..................................................................................................................... 83 Referências ................................................................................................................... 87 INTRODUÇÃO O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a figura do rei D. João I, de Portugal, compreender o seu percurso e discutir como foi colocada em prática toda
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