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Estratégias De Legitimação Do Reinado De D. João I (1385-1433) Nas Narrativas De Fernão Lopes E Gomes Zurara*

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Estratégias De Legitimação Do Reinado De D. João I (1385-1433) Nas Narrativas De Fernão Lopes E Gomes Zurara* ESTRATÉGIAS DE LEGITIMAÇÃO DO REINADO DE D. JOÃO I (1385-1433) NAS NARRATIVAS DE FERNÃO LOPES E GOMES ZURARA* Dossiê Hugo Rincon Azevedo** Resumo: o reinado de D. João I (1385-1433) foi marcado por diversos aspectos utilizados em seu governo como estratégias de legitimação política, e outros que seriam reforçados mais tarde nas narrativas cronísticas com a mesma intenção de dar legitimidade à dinastia recém-entronizada. Dentre essas estratégias, selecionamos quatro que acreditamos terem sido fundamentais nesse processo: a aliança com a Inglaterra por meio do Tratado de Windsor (1386); o casamento do monarca português com a filha do Duque de Lencastre, Dona Filipa; a conquista de Ceuta em 1415 e o início da expansão territorial além-mar; e a evocação do poder régio por meio de cerimônias simbólicas de exaltação a autoridade régia, como as chamadas “entradas régias”. Como aporte teórico, partimos de estudos sobre história e memória, os usos do passado na construção e legitimação do poder político, utilizando como referência as obras de Le Goff (2013), Pierre Nora (1993), P. Ricoeur (2007), P. Bourdieu (2010), Marcella L. Guimarães (2012) e Maria Helena Coelho (2008). Partindo dessas referências, propomos analisar como as memórias dos eventos históricos selecionados estão presentes nas narrativas, especialmente na Crônica de D. João I, de Fernão Lopes e na Crônica da Tomada de Ceuta de Gomes Zurara, e como esses elementos foram evocados como estratégias de legitimação da Casa de Avis no século XV. Palavras-chave: D. João I. Memória. Legitimação. Poder Régio. Narrativas LEGITIMATION STRATEGIES OF THE REIGN OF KING JOHN I OF PORTUGAL (1385 - 1433) IN THE NARRATIVES OF FERNÃO LOPES AND GOMES ZURARA Abstract: the reign of King John I of Portugal (1385-1433) was marked by several aspects used in his government as strategies of political legitimation, and others that would later be reinforced in the chronological narratives with the same intention to give legitimacy to the newly enthroned dynasty. Among these strategies, we selected four that we believe were * Recebido em: 28.03.2018. Aprovado em: 26.07.2018. ** Doutorando no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Mestre em História pela Universidade Federal de Goiás. Graduado em História pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás. E-mail: [email protected]. Revista Mosaico, v. 11, p. 168-178, 2018. e-ISSN 1983-7801 DOI 10.18224/mos.v11i2.6320 168 central to this process: the alliance with England through the Treaty of Windsor (1386); the marriage of the Portuguese monarch to the daughter of the Duke of Lencastre, Dona Filipa; the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and the beginning of territorial expansion overseas; and the evocation of royal power through symbolic ceremonies of exaltation to royal authority, as the so-called “royal entrances”. As a theoretical contribution, we start from studies on history and memory, the uses of the past in the construction and legitimation of political power, using as reference the works of Le Goff (2013), Pierre Nora (1993), P. Ricoeur (2007), P. Bourdieu (2010), Marcella L. Guimarães (2012) and Maria Helena Coelho (2008). From these references, we propose to analyze how the memories of the selected historical events are present in the narratives, especially in the Crónica de D. João I, by Fernão Lopes and in the Crónica da Tomada de Ceuta by Gomes Zurara, and how these elements were evoked as strategies to legitimize the House of Avis in the fifteen century. Keywords: King John I of Portugal. Memory. Legitimation. Royal Power. Narratives. s quarenta e oito anos de reinado de D. João I, entre 1385 e 1433, foram marcados por um processo de construção da estabilidade política, seja interna, frente às camadas sociais do reino, especialmente a aristocracia nobiliárquica, seja em relação à política externa, principalmente, Oconsiderando as guerras com Castela. Conflitos iniciados no período da Crise Dinástica de 1383 - 1385, que após a morte do Rei D. Fernando (+ 1383) deixou o trono português “vazio”, e, posteriormente, cul- minou na entronização do irmão bastardo desse monarca. D. João, então Mestre de Avis, foi aclamado rei por eleição realizada nas Cortes de Coimbra em 1385 e garantiu “pela espada” o trono em agosto do mesmo ano, após a vitória na Batalha de Aljubarrota.1 A origem ilegítima de D. João I exigiu uma série de medidas para dar maior legitimidade ao monarca, por consequente aos seus descendentes, assim consolidando a nova dinastia. Dentre esses mecanismos, a idealização do poder régio por meio da evocação de memórias e discursos idealizadores do Mestre de Avis foi de suma importância na construção simbólica da dinastia, seja em seus registros escritos nas crônicas régias ou na edificação de monumentos físicos. Partindo da construção de memórias por meio de registros escritos, selecionamos quatro estratégias que consideramos fundamentais no processo de construção simbólica da Casa de Avis no período joanino. A primeira estratégia consistiu na aliança com a Inglaterra por meio do Tratado de Windsor (1386). Essa aliança política levaria à segunda, o casamento do monarca português com a filha do Duque de Lencastre, Dona Filipa, que auxiliaria na causa portuguesa junto ao papado romano, trazendo um maior prestígio internacional à D. João ao se casar com uma dama da mais poderosa casa senhorial inglesa. Uma terceira estratégia foi a conquista de Ceuta em 1415, evento que viria a ser intensamente exaltado na evocação de poder da Casa de Avis perante a Cristandade, e no discurso cronístico, especialmente nos registros de Gomes Zurara, como uma estratégia de legitimação dos Infantes de Avis, dentro do imaginário coletivo da época. Por último, os mecanismos que reforçavam a autoridade do poder régio, todo um cerimonial que evocava a legitimidade do novo rei, como nas chamadas “entradas régias”. Portanto, neste artigo pretendemos analisar como as memórias desses eventos estão presentes nas narrativas, especialmente na Crônica de D. João I, de Fernão Lopes, e na Crônica da Tomada de Ceuta, de Gomes Zurara, e como esses elementos foram evocados como estratégias de legitimação da Casa de Avis no século XV. AS NARRATIVAS DE FERNÃO LOPES E GOMES ZURARA: A CONSTRUÇÃO DE MEMÓRIAS LEGITIMADORAS As crônicas régias, inspiradas pelo modelo de narrativa bíblica, transformaram-se durante os séculos finais da Idade Média em uma importante ferramenta de propagação do poder dos reis. Nesse aspecto, as crônicas régias tornaram-se mais do que uma biografia ou narrativa dos grandes feitos desses monarcas, elas se tornaram seu legado registrado. Revista Mosaico, v. 11, p. 168-178, 2018. e-ISSN 1983-7801 169 O processo de laicização das narrativas refletiu diretamente na produção das crônicas. Sobre as transformações das crônicas no período tardo-medieval, Marcella Guimarães afirma que as crônicas continham tudo aquilo que se considerava memorável para o público ao qual eram dedicadas, tanto no mosteiro como fora dele, e foi nas cortes que “passaram a se interessar e a viabilizar a escrita do que era digno de sobreviver à memória frágil do homem” (GUIMARÃES, 2012, p. 86). Os cronistas baseavam-se em escritos e testemunhos orais, e construíram assim as suas narrativas. Nas cortes, as crônicas começaram a ser escritas por clérigos, mas depois, dentro de um movimento crescente de laicização da cultura, “homens ligados ao serviço régio e nobres começaram a escrever crônicas que passaram a ser lidas como exemplos para o caminho reto de monarcas e outros nobres” (GUIMA- RÃES, 2012, p. 86). É importante ressaltar que as crônicas são narrativas e vestígios materiais do “lembrar do pas- sado”, são também um artefato, um registro, lugar de evocação da memória que liga o presente (da época em que foi escrito) a determinado passado (LE GOFF, 2013). São fontes da história, mas também são vestígios da memória. As crônicas são fontes de memória em dois sentidos: elas possibilitam ao historiador acessar os mecanismos e as imagens-lembrança (registros) dos autores que evocaram o passado para determinados fins, em épocas diferentes, e permitem acompanhar o uso destas produções como objetos de rememoração. Elas são instrumentos - meios de elaboração de imagens-lembrança, exercício de memória e, como registro, verdadeiros lugares de memória que fazem parte do processo de legitimação (NORA, 1993, p. 13). Desse modo, propomos que as narrativas construídas por Fernão Lopes e Gomes Zurara sobre o reinado de D. João I, tornaram-se memórias cristalizadas e evocadoras de um passado glorioso, atuando na disciplinarização do povo português quatrocentista, no sentido mais amplo de dar legitimidade ao monarca biografado por esses cronistas. Consideremos que toda narrativa parte de um sentido e uma intenção (RICOEUR, 2007), a narrativa de Fernão Lopes2 na sua Crônica de D. João I pretende dar legitimação ao reinado do Mestre de Avis. O cronista “tinha uma intenção ao escrever: historiar a monarquia portuguesa de forma a esclarecer uma ruptura dinástica representada pelo alçamento de D. João I” (GUIMARÃES, 2012, p. 97). Enquanto “cronista oficial” da Corte, o papel de Fernão Lopes foi importante na consolidação da Casa de Avis. Sabe-se que D. Duarte, filho e sucessor de D. João, contratou e ordenou Fernão Lopes como responsável por narrar a história dos reis de Portugal, mais especificamente, o legado da nova dinastia e os grandes feitos de seu pai. A narrativa de Fernão Lopes, produzida por volta de 1430 e 1440, aproximadamente 40 anos após os eventos, insere-se no contexto tardo-medieval em que a crô- nica encaminhou-se a passos largos em direção à “particularização, que resumiu ou suprimiu todo o caminho que fundamentava o universalismo, em prol de uma realidade mais próxima ao cronista ou mais próxima à dinastia à qual ele servia” (GUIMARÃES, 2012, p. 90). A narrativa de Gomes Eannes Zurara3 também foi essencial na construção de memórias idealizadoras do projeto político da Dinastia de Avis, como notamos na análise da sua Crónica da Tomada de Ceuta por El Rey D.
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