The Dicewaretm Word List
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The DicewareTM Word List Diceware lets you make highly secure passphrases that are relatively easy to remember. To use the Diceware list you will need one or more dice. Dice come with many board games and are sold separately at toy, hobby, and magic stores. Toys\R"Us in the US sells a package of five dice for about $0.99. You can purchase five \casino-grade" dice online from Casinocom.com for about $11. First, decide how many words you want in your passphrase. We recommend a five word passphrase for use with PGP, S/MIME and similar encryption programs. For the paranoid, a six word pass phrase will make attacks on your passphrase infeasible for the foreseeable future. If you want to understand why, see the Diceware FAQ at www.diceware.com. Now roll the dice and write down the results on a slip of scrap paper. Write the numbers in groups of five. Make as many of these five digit groups as you want words in you passphrase. You can roll one die five times or roll five dice once, or any combination in between. If you do roll several dice at a time, read the dice from left to right. Look up each five digit number in the Diceware list and find the word next to it. For example, 21124 means your next passphrase word would be \clip". When you are done, the words that you have found are your new passphrase. Memorize them and then either destroy the scrap of paper or keep it in a really safe place. That's all there is to it! Example Suppose you choose a five word passphrase, as we recommend for most users. You will need 5 times 5 or 25 dice rolls. Let's say they come out as: 1, 6, 6, 6, 5, 1, 5, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, 3, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 6, 6, 5, 2, 2, and 4 Write down the results on a scrap of paper in groups of five rolls: 16665 15653 56322 35616 65224 You then look up each group of five rolls in the Diceware word list by finding the number in the list and writing down the word next to the number. Your passphrase would then be: cleft cam synod lacy yr Copyright (c) 2004 by Matthieu Weber for the layout. Copyright (c) 1995, 2000 by Arnold Reinhold for the front page. The original document can be found at http://world.std. com/~reinhold/diceware.html. This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, v1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/) In their February 1996 report, \Minimal Key Lengths for Symmetric Ciphers to Provide Ade- quate Commercial Security" a group of cryptography and computer security experts | Matt Blaze, Whitfield Diffie, Ronald Rivest, Bruce Schneier, Tsutomo Shimomura, Eric Thompson, and Michael Weiner | stated: \To provide adequate protection against the most serious threats... keys used to protect data today should be at least 75 bits long. To protect information adequately for the next 20 years ... keys in newly-deployed systems should be at least 90 bits long." Each word in your Diceware passphrase yields 12.9 bits of entropy. A five-word Diceware passphrase has an entropy of at least 64.6 bits; six words have 77.5 bits, seven words 90.4 bits, eight words 103 bits, four words 51.6 bits. Inserting an extra letter at random adds about 9.5 bits of entropy to a 20 characters passphrase. Here is my best estimate of how much protection various lengths provide: • Four words are breakable with a hundred or so PCs. • Five words are only breakable by an organization with a large budget. • Six words appear unbreakable for the near future, thought they may be within the range of large governments. • Seven words and longer are unbreakable with any known technology. • Eight words should be completely secure for some time to come. Pick your passphrase size based on the level of security you want. For extra security without adding another word, insert one special character or digit chosen at random into your passphrase. Here is how to do this securely: Roll one die to choose a word in your passphrase, roll again to choose a letter in that word. Roll a third and fourth time to pick the added character from the following table: Third roll 1 2 3 4 5 6 F 1 ~ ! # $ % ^ o 2 & * ( ) - = u 3 + [ ] n f g r 4 :;"' < > t 5 ? / 0 1 2 3 h 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 11111 a 11433 agway 12155 amoco 12521 arty 13243 bale 13565 begin 14331 bled 14653 bowel 11112 a&p 11434 ah 12156 amok 12522 aruba 13244 bali 13566 begun 14332 bleed 14654 bowen 11113 a's 11435 ahead 12161 among 12523 arum 13245 balk 13611 behind 14333 blend 14655 bowie 11114 aa 11436 ahem 12162 amort 12524 aryl 13246 balkan 13612 beige 14334 bless 14656 bowl 11115 aaa 11441 ahoy 12163 amos 12525 as 13251 balky 13613 being 14335 blest 14661 box 11116 aaaa 11442 ai 12164 amp 12526 ascend 13252 ball 13614 beirut 14336 blew 14662 boxy 11121 aaron 11443 aid 12165 ampere 12531 ash 13253 balled 13615 bel 14341 blimp 14663 boy 11122 ab 11444 aida 12166 ampex 12532 ashen 13254 ballot 13616 bela 14342 blind 14664 boyar 11123 aba 11445 aide 12211 ample 12533 asher 13255 balm 13621 belch 14343 blink 14665 boyce 11124 ababa 11446 aides 12212 amply 12534 ashley 13256 balmy 13622 belfry 14344 blinn 14666 boyd 11125 aback 11451 aiken 12213 amra 12535 ashy 13261 balsa 13623 belie 14345 blip 15111 boyle 11126 abase 11452 ail 12214 amulet 12536 asia 13262 bam 13624 bell 14346 bliss 15112 bp 11131 abash 11453 aile 12215 amuse 12541 aside 13263 bambi 13625 bella 14351 blithe 15113 bq 11132 abate 11454 aim 12216 amy 12542 ask 13264 ban 13626 belle 14352 blitz 15114 br 11133 abbas 11455 ain't 12221 an 12543 askew 13265 banal 13631 belly 14353 bloat 15115 brace 11134 abbe 11456 ainu 12222 ana 12544 asleep 13266 band 13632 below 14354 blob 15116 bract 11135 abbey 11461 air 12223 and 12545 aspen 13311 bandit 13633 belt 14355 bloc 15121 brad 11136 abbot 11462 aires 12224 andes 12546 aspire 13312 bandy 13634 bema 14356 bloch 15122 brady 11141 abbott 11463 airman 12225 andre 12551 ass 13313 bane 13635 beman 14361 block 15123 brae 11142 abc 11464 airway 12226 andrew 12552 assai 13314 bang 13636 bemoan 14362 bloke 15124 brag 11143 abe 11465 airy 12231 andy 12553 assam 13315 banish 13641 ben 14363 blond 15125 bragg 11144 abed 11466 aisle 12232 anent 12554 assay 13316 banjo 13642 bench 14364 blonde 15126 braid 11145 abel 11511 aj 12233 anew 12555 asset 13321 bank 13643 bend 14365 blood 15131 brain 11146 abet 11512 ajar 12234 angel 12556 assort 13322 banks 13644 bender 14366 bloom 15132 brainy 11151 abide 11513 ajax 12235 angelo 12561 assure 13323 bantu 13645 benny 14411 bloop 15133 brake 11152 abject 11514 ak 12236 anger 12562 aster 13324 bar 13646 bent 14412 blot 15134 bran 11153 ablaze 11515 akers 12241 angie 12563 astm 13325 barb 13651 benz 14413 blotch 15135 brand 11154 able 11516 akin 12242 angle 12564 astor 13326 bard 13652 berea 14414 blow 15136 brandt 11155 abner 11521 akron 12243 anglo 12565 astral 13331 bare 13653 bereft 14415 blown 15141 brant 11156 abo 11522 al 12244 angola 12566 at 13332 barfly 13654 beret 14416 blue 15142 brash 11161 abode 11523 ala 12245 angry 12611 at&t 13333 barge 13655 berg 14421 bluet 15143 brass 11162 abort 11524 alai 12246 angst 12612 ate 13334 bark 13656 berlin 14422 bluff 15144 brassy 11163 about 11525 alamo 12251 angus 12613 athens 13335 barley 13661 bern 14423 blum 15145 braun 11164 above 11526 alan 12252 ani 12614 atlas 13336 barn 13662 berne 14424 blunt 15146 brave 11165 abrade 11531 alarm 12253 anion 12615 atom 13341 barnes 13663 bernet 14425 blur 15151 bravo 11166 abram 11532 alaska 12254 anise 12616 atomic 13342 baron 13664 berra 14426 blurt 15152 brawl 11211 absorb 11533 alb 12255 anita 12621 atone 13343 barony 13665 berry 14431 blush 15153 bray 11212 abuse 11534 alba 12256 ankle 12622 atop 13344 barr 13666 bert 14432 blvd 15154 bread 11213 abut 11535 album 12261 ann 12623 attic 13345 barre 14111 berth 14433 blythe 15155 break 11214 abyss 11536 alcoa 12262 anna 12624 attire 13346 barry 14112 beryl 14434 bm 15156 bream 11215 ac 11541 alden 12263 annal 12625 au 13351 barter 14113 beset 14435 bmw 15161 breath 11216 acadia 11542 alder 12264 anne 12626 aubrey 13352 barth 14114 bess 14436 bn 15162 bred 11221 accra 11543 ale 12265 annex 12631 audio 13353 barton 14115 bessel 14441 bo 15163 breed 11222 accrue 11544 alec 12266 annie 12632 audit 13354 basal 14116 best 14442 boa 15164 breeze 11223 ace 11545 aleck 12311 annoy 12633 aug 13355 base 14121 bestir 14443 boar 15165 bremen 11224 acetic 11546 aleph 12312 annul 12634 auger 13356 basel 14122 bet 14444 board 15166 brent 11225 ache 11551 alert 12313 annuli 12635 augur 13361 bash 14123 beta 14445 boast 15211 brest 11226 acid 11552 alex 12314 annum 12636 august 13362 basic 14124 betel 14446 boat 15212 brett 11231 acidic 11553 alexei 12315 anode 12641 auk 13363 basil 14125 beth 14451 bob 15213 breve 11232 acm 11554 alga 12316 ansi 12642 aunt 13364 basin 14126 bethel 14452 bobbin 15214 brew 11233 acme 11555 algae 12321 answer 12643 aura 13365 basis 14131 betsy 14453 bobby 15215 brian 11234 acorn 11556 algal 12322 ant 12644 aural 13366 bask 14132 bette 14454 bobcat 15216 briar 11235 acre 11561 alger 12323 ante 12645 auric 13411 bass 14133 betty 14455 boca 15221 bribe 11236 acrid 11562 algol 12324 anti 12646 austin 13412 bassi 14134 bevel 14456 bock 15222 brice 11241 act 11563 ali 12325 antic 12651 auto 13413 basso 14135 bevy 14461 bode 15223 brick 11242 acton 11564 alia 12326 anton 12652 autumn 13414 baste 14136 beware 14462 body 15224 bride 11243 actor 11565 alias 12331 anus 12653 av 13415 bat 14141 bey 14463 bog 15225 brief 11244 acts 11566 alibi 12332 anvil 12654 avail 13416 batch 14142 bezel 14464 bogey 15226 brig 11245 acuity 11611 alice