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Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

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Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles ORNL/TM-2020/1729 Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Ilias Belharouak Jagjit Nanda Ethan Self W. Blake Hawley David Wood Zhijia Du Jianlin Li Approved for public release. Ronald L. Graves Distribution is unlimited. August 2020 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website www.osti.gov Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://classic.ntis.gov/ Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. About Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a US Department of Energy science and energy laboratory, conducting basic and applied research to deliver transformative solutions to compelling problems in energy and security. The laboratory is located at 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830. For more information about ORNL and its Science and Technology programs, see www.ornl.gov Disclaimer The purpose of this review document is to support DOE’s Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Program to give technology background and information which can be used to develop the basis for loan topics and evaluate applications. Other favorable/constructive outcomes are expected as well. This report has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan) ORNL/TM-2020/1729 Energy and Transportation Science Division Chemical Science Division OPERATION, MANUFACTURING, AND SUPPLY CHAIN OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES Ilias Belharouak1 Jagjit Nanda2 Ethan Self2 W. Blake Hawley1 David Wood1 Zhijia Du1 Jianlin Li1 Ronald L. Graves1 1 Energy and Transportation Science Division, ORNL 2 Chemical Science Division, ORNL August 2020 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................vi ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................ix WHY THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ACT NOW .................................................................................1 1. LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES: FUNDAMENTALS AND KEY PERFORMANCE ATTRIBUTES .......................................................................................................................................2 2. BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBS ..................................................................................................................3 3. INNER WORKINGS AND COMPONENTS OF LIBS .......................................................................4 3.1 SUMMARY OF BATTERY FORMATS/CONFIGURATIONS ...............................................4 3.2 KEY CELL COMPONENTS (CATHODE, ANODE, COLLECTORS, SEPARATORS, ELECTROLYTE) ........................................................................................................................5 4. LIB MATERIALS AND ELECTROLYTES ........................................................................................6 4.1 CATHODE CHEMISTRIES .......................................................................................................7 4.2 ANODE CHEMISTRIES ............................................................................................................8 4.3 ELECTROLYTES .......................................................................................................................9 5. FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF EV BATTERIES (VEHICLE-LEVEL SUMMARY) ..................9 6. BRIEF HISTORY OF BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES USED IN EVS..............................................10 7. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION TO AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS ............................................13 7.1 SAFETY.....................................................................................................................................13 7.2 THERMAL MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................14 8. GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN FOR LIB RAW MATERIALS .............................................................16 8.1 RAW MATERIALS TO SUBCOMPONENTS ........................................................................16 8.2 ANODES ...................................................................................................................................17 8.3 CATHODES ..............................................................................................................................18 8.4 LITHIUM...................................................................................................................................19 8.5 ELECTROLYTE AND INACTIVE COMPONENTS..............................................................20 9. GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC LIB PRODUCTION CAPACITY.......................................................21 10. INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS DESCRIPTION........................22 11. NEXT-GENERATION BATTERIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS.............................................26 11.1 SOLID-STATE BATTERIES....................................................................................................26 11.2 WOULD THE MANUFACTURING BASE CHANGE FOR BEYOND LIBS? .....................28 12. LIB RECYCLING ...............................................................................................................................29 12.1 PRESENT STATUS, CONTRAST TO MATURE RECYCLING OF 12 V LEAD- ACID BATTERIES ...................................................................................................................30 12.2 CURRENT LIB RECYCLING METHODS .............................................................................30 12.3 GROWTH AND EXPECTATION OF LIB RECYCLING ......................................................32 13. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES...........................................................................................33 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................34 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory streamlined battery R&D focused on electric vehicle and grid batteries......................................................................................................1 Figure 1.1. (left) Working principle of a LIB and (right) expected capacity as a function of cell voltage. .............................................................................................................2 Figure 2.1. Significant events related to the development of LIB materials. ................................................3 Figure 3.1. Three representative commercial cell structures: (a) cylindrical-type cell, (b) prismatic-type cell, and (c) pouch-type cell.[8] ................................................................................4 Figure 4.1. Specific capacity and operating potentials for (a) intercalation-type cathodes, (b) conversion-type cathodes, (c) conversion-type anodes, and (d) an overview of various anodes and cathodes..........................................................................................................................6
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