Corrosion Basics
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Electrolyte Panel
Lab Dept: Chemistry Test Name: ELECTROLYTE PANEL General Information Lab Order Codes: LYTE Synonyms: Electrolytes; Lytes CPT Codes: 80051 – Electrolyte panel Test Includes: Carbon Dioxide, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium concentrations reported in mEq/L, and AGAP (Anion Gap). Logistics Test Indications: The maintenance of osmotic pressure and water distribution in the various body fluid compartments is primarily a function of the four major electrolytes, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-. In addition to water homeostasis, these electrolytes play an important part in the maintenance of pH, regulation of proper heart and muscle functions, involvement in electron transfer reactions, and participation in catalysis as cofactors for enzymes. Lab Testing Sections: Chemistry Phone Numbers: MIN Lab: 612-813-6280 STP Lab: 651-220-6550 Test Availability: Daily, 24 hours Turnaround Time: 30 minutes Special Instructions: N/A Specimen Specimen Type: Blood Container: Green top (Li Heparin) tube, preferred Alternate tube: Red, marble or gold top tube Draw Volume: 0.6 mL blood Processed Volume: 0.2 mL serum/plasma Collection: Routine blood collection. Mix tubes containing anticoagulant by gentle inversion. Note: Venipuncture samples are preferred, but capillary specimens will be accepted. Special Processing: Lab Staff: Sample must be run within one hour of collection for CO2 stability. Centrifuge specimen, remove serum/plasma aliquot into a plastic sample cup. Avoid prolonged contact with separated cells. Store at refrigerated temperatures. Patient Preparation: None Sample Rejection: Mislabeled or unlabeled specimens Interpretive Reference Range: See individual analyte procedures Critical Values: See individual analyte procedures Limitations: See individual analyte procedures Methodology: See individual analyte procedures References: See individual analyte procedures Updates: 2/8/2016: Update alt tube types . -
Acid-Base Concentration Cell for Electric Power Generation
Europaisches Patentamt J European Patent Office 0 Publication number: 0613199 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION 0 Application number: 94101725.3 0 int. CI A H01M 8/22, H01M 14/00, H01 M 6/24 0 Date of filing: 04.02.94 0 Priority: 22.02.93 US 21417 0 Applicant: Hughes Aircraft Company 7200 Hughes Terrace, 0 Date of publication of application: P.O. Box 80028 31.08.94 Bulletin 94/35 Los Angeles, California 90080-0028 (US) 0 Designated Contracting States: 0 Inventor: Ludwig, Frank A. DE FR GB 29443 Whitley Collins Rancho Palos Verdes, California (US) 0 Representative: KUHNEN, WACKER & PARTNER Alois-Steinecker-Strasse 22 D-85354 Freising (DE) 0 Acid-base concentration cell for electric power generation. 0 An electric power system particularly adapted for use in powering the electric motor or motors used in the drive train of an electric vehicle. The power system includes a power cell which is a continuous flow concentration cell which utilizes the electrochemical reaction between an acid electrolyte (11) and a base electrolyte (13) to produce electrical energy. Both the acid and base electrolyte utilized in the power cell are kept in external reservoirs (10,12). The use of external reservoirs for the electrolytes provides for increases in the energy of the system which is only limited by the size of the reservoirs. Recharging of the system is quickly and conveniently accomplished by recharging the reservoirs with fresh electrolyte, or by electrically recharging the system. Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.09/3.3.4) EP 0 613 199 A1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1_. -
Next Generation Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
NEXT GENE ATION ANODES Next Ge eratio A odes for Lithium-Io Batteries Seco d Quarter Progress Report 2018 De is Dees, Poi t-of-Co tact Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Phone: (630) 252-7349 E-mail: [email protected] Bria Cu i gham, DOE-EERE-VTO Tech ology Ma ager U.S. Department of Energy, Battery R&D Phone: (202) 287-5686 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Co te ts Overview (page 2) 1. Research Facilities Support (page 5) CAMP Facility Support Activities (ANL) (page 5) Characterization and Optimization of Si Slurry by Zeta Potential (ORNL) (page 7) Thermodynamic Understanding and Abuse Performance (SNL) (page 9) Hydro/Solvothermal Synthesis and Scale-up of Silicon and Silicon-containing Nanoparticles (ANL) (page 10) 2. Characterization, Diagnostics, and Analysis (page 12) Spectroscopic Characterization of Cycled Si Electrodes: Understanding the Role of Binder (ORNL) (page 12) EQCM Studies of Silicon Anodes (ANL) (page 13) Effect of silicate thickness on the electrochemical performance of silicate-coated silicon nanoparticles (ANL) (page 15) Calendar-life versus Cycle-life aging of Lithium-ion Cells with Silicon-Graphite Composite Electrodes – Electrolyte Analysis (ANL) (page 17) 3. Materials Advancements (page 18) Continued Study of Lithiation Effect of the Poly(Acrylic Acid) Binders on the Silicon Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries (ANL) (page 19) Probe the relationships between functional electrolytes structure and SEI property for Si materials (LBNL) (page 21) Silicon Surface Modification Using -
Elements of Electrochemistry
Page 1 of 8 Chem 201 Winter 2006 ELEM ENTS OF ELEC TROCHEMIS TRY I. Introduction A. A number of analytical techniques are based upon oxidation-reduction reactions. B. Examples of these techniques would include: 1. Determinations of Keq and oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials. 2. Determination of analytes by oxidation-reductions titrations. 3. Ion-specific electrodes (e.g., pH electrodes, etc.) 4. Gas-sensing probes. 5. Electrogravimetric analysis: oxidizing or reducing analytes to a known product and weighing the amount produced 6. Coulometric analysis: measuring the quantity of electrons required to reduce/oxidize an analyte II. Terminology A. Reduction: the gaining of electrons B. Oxidation: the loss of electrons C. Reducing agent (reductant): species that donates electrons to reduce another reagent. (The reducing agent get oxidized.) D. Oxidizing agent (oxidant): species that accepts electrons to oxidize another species. (The oxidizing agent gets reduced.) E. Oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction): a reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another. 1. For example, the reduction of cerium(IV) by iron(II): Ce4+ + Fe2+ ! Ce3+ + Fe3+ a. The reduction half-reaction is given by: Ce4+ + e- ! Ce3+ b. The oxidation half-reaction is given by: Fe2+ ! e- + Fe3+ 2. The half-reactions are the overall reaction broken down into oxidation and reduction steps. 3. Half-reactions cannot occur independently, but are used conceptually to simplify understanding and balancing the equations. III. Rules for Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions A. Write out half-reaction "skeletons." Page 2 of 8 Chem 201 Winter 2006 + - B. Balance the half-reactions by adding H , OH or H2O as needed, maintaining electrical neutrality. -
All-Carbon Electrodes for Flexible Solar Cells
applied sciences Article All-Carbon Electrodes for Flexible Solar Cells Zexia Zhang 1,2,3 ID , Ruitao Lv 1,2,*, Yi Jia 4, Xin Gan 1,5 ID , Hongwei Zhu 1,2 and Feiyu Kang 1,5,* 1 State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (H.Z.) 2 Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3 School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang Province, China 4 Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; [email protected] 5 Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China * Correspondences: [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (F.K.) Received: 16 December 2017; Accepted: 20 January 2018; Published: 23 January 2018 Abstract: Transparent electrodes based on carbon nanomaterials have recently emerged as new alternatives to indium tin oxide (ITO) or noble metal in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to their attractive advantages, such as long-term stability, environmental friendliness, high conductivity, and low cost. However, it is still a challenge to apply all-carbon electrodes in OPVs. Here, we report our efforts to develop all-carbon electrodes in organic solar cells fabricated with different carbon-based materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene films synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Flexible and semitransparent solar cells with all-carbon electrodes are successfully fabricated. -
A Review of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
A Review of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Yemeserach Mekonnen Aditya Sundararajan Arif I. Sarwat IEEE Student Member IEEE Student Member IEEE Member Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Florida International University Florida International University Florida International University Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract—Lithium ion batteries are one of the most technologies such as plug-in HEVs. For greater application use, commercially sought after energy storages today. Their batteries are usually expensive and heavy. Li-ion and Li- based application widely spans from Electric Vehicle (EV) to portable batteries show promising advantages in creating smaller, devices. Their lightness and high energy density makes them lighter and cheaper battery storage for such high-end commercially viable. More research is being conducted to better applications [18]. As a result, these batteries are widely used in select the materials for the anode and cathode parts of Lithium (Li) ion cell. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the common consumer electronics and account for higher sale existing and potential developments in the materials used for the worldwide [2]. Lithium, as the most electropositive element making of the best cathodes, anodes and electrolytes for the Li- and the lightest metal, is a unique element for the design of ion batteries such that maximum efficiency can be tapped. higher density energy storage systems. The discovery of Observed challenges in selecting the right set of materials is also different inorganic compounds that react with alkali metals in a described in detail. -
GALVANIC/DISSIMILAR METAL CORROSION What It Is and How to Avoid It ASSDA Technical FAQ No 1 1 Edition 2, May 2009
AUSTRALIAN STAINLESS STEEL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION GALVANIC/DISSIMILAR METAL CORROSION What it is and how to avoid it ASSDA Technical FAQ No 1 1 Edition 2, May 2009 Contact between dissimilar metals Metal to metal contact The graph shows that stainless steels have occurs frequently but is often not two ranges of potential. The usual, passive Galvanic corrosion can only occur if the a problem. The aluminium head behaviour is shown by the light hatching. dissimilar metals are in electrical contact. However, if the passive film breaks down, on a cast iron block, the solder on The contact may be direct or by an the stainless steel corrodes and its a copper pipe, galvanising on a external pipe or wire or bolt. If the potential is in the dark bar range. steel purlin and the steel fastener dissimilar metals are insulated from each in an aluminium sheet are common other by suitable plastic strips, washers or As a rule of thumb, if the potential examples. sleeves then galvanic corrosion cannot difference is less than 0.1 volt, then it is occur. Paint is not a reliable electrical unlikely that galvanic corrosion will be significant. WHAT CAUSES GALVANIC insulator especially under bolt heads or CORROSION? nuts or washers or near edges of sheets of If all three conditions are met then metal. The paint is usually damaged on galvanic corrosion is probable and the rate For galvanic or dissimilar or installation or by subsequent movement. of corrosion will be influenced by the electrolytic corrosion to occur, Note that the chromium oxide film layer relative area and the current density three conditions must be met: on the stainless steel is very thin and not delivered by the noble metal. -
A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization
energies Article A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization Robert Bock 1 , Björn Kleinsteinberg 2,3, Bjørn Selnes-Volseth 1 and Odne Stokke Burheim 1,* 1 Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (B.S.-V.) 2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems Group, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] 3 Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Corrensstrasse 46, 48149 Münster, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: For renewable energies to succeed in replacing fossil fuels, large-scale and affordable solutions are needed for short and long-term energy storage. A potentially inexpensive approach of storing large amounts of energy is through the use of a concentration flow cell that is based on cheap and abundant materials. Here, we propose to use aqueous iron chloride as a reacting solvent on carbon electrodes. We suggest to use it in a red-ox concentration flow cell with two compartments separated by a hydrocarbon-based membrane. In both compartments the red-ox couple of iron II and III reacts, oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. When charging, a concentration difference between the two species grows. When discharging, this concentration difference between iron II and iron III is used to drive the reaction. In this respect it is a concentration driven flow cell Citation: Bock, R.; Kleinsteinberg, B.; redox battery using iron chloride in both solutions. -
Introduction to Corrosion Your Friendly TSC Corrosion Staff
Introduction to Corrosion Your Friendly TSC Corrosion Staff: Daryl Little Ph.D. Materials Science & Engineering [email protected] 303-445-2384 Lee Sears Ph.D. Materials Science & Engineering [email protected] 303-445-2392 Jessica Torrey Ph.D. Materials Science & Engineering [email protected] 303-445-2376 Roger Turcotte, PE, CPS Materials Engineer [email protected] 303-445-2383 What is Corrosion? CORROSION IS DEFINED AS THE DETERIORATION OF A MATERIAL AND/OR ITS PROPERTIES CAUSED BY A REACTION WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT. Why is Corrosion a Major Concern? First and Most Important- Public Safety! • June 28, 1983: Mianus River Bridge, Greenwich, CT (TIME photo archive) • Northbound 3-lane section of I-95 bridge collapsed, killing 3 people • “Pin and Hanger” design was compromised when pin was displaced due to extensive corrosion of load-bearing components, amplified by salt from road maintenance. • Inadequate maintenance procedures were also cited as a contributing factor. • Subsequent to this failure, extensive inspections were conducted on this type of bridge across the country, and design modification were made to prevent catastrophic failures of this kind. First and Most Important- Public Safety! • April 28,1988, Aloha Airlines 737 Accident • 18 feet of cabin skin ripped off, resulting in the death of a flight attendant and many injuries • Attributed to corrosion fatigue Reclamation Case Study- Folsom Dam • Spillway gate No. 3 was damaged beyond repair, but no flooding occurred. • Replacement of No. 3 and repair of other gates cost ~$20 million and required 40% drainage of reservoir • Cause of failure: Increasing corrosion at the trunnion pin-hub interface raised the coefficient of friction and, therefore, the bending stress in the strut and the axial force in the brace exceeded limits. -
Of the Periodic Table
of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use. -
The Corrosion of Iron and Its Alloys
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Class Book Volume ^ M rlO-20M -r - 4 'f . # f- f f > # 4 Tjh- |fe ^ lINlN^ ' ^ ^ ^* 4 if i i if i^M^'M^i^ H II I li H : : \ ; . tNP* i rHt . ; ^ * 41 W 4s T »f 4 ^ -f 4. f -4- * i 4 4 : * 1- 1 4 % 3**:- ->^> A 4- - 4- + * ,,4 * 4" T '* * 4 -f- ± f * * 4- 4 -i * 4 ^ 4* -f + > * * + 1 f * 4 # * .-j* * + * ^ £ - jjR ^^MKlF^ f ^ f- + f v * IT :/^rV :,HH':,* ^ 4 * ^ 4 -f- «f f 4- 4 4 ,,rSK|M| ; * 4 # ; || II I II II f || .- -fr 4* , «g* 4 I. ^ vmiM 4- THE CORROSION OF IRON AND ITS ALLOYS BY RUSSELL SAMUEL HOWARD THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY IN THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Presented June, 1910 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS June 1 1910 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Russel Samuel Howard ENTITLED The Corrosion of Iron and It s Alloys IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Scienc e In Chemistry Instructor in Charge Approved: HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF 167529 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 ^ttp://archive.org/details/corrosionofironiOOhowa CORROSION OF IRON AND ITS ALLOYS. In nature everything is subject to deterioration, varying from those substances decomposed by light to those only decomposed by the strong- est agents. The deterioration of metals as effected by alloying is the sub- ject of this paper and perhaps .no subject is of more vital importance to the builder and interest to the chemist than this one of corrosion. -
Solid Electrolyte Batteries
SOLID ELECTROLYTE BATTERIES John B. Goodenough and Yuhao Lu Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin Project ID: ES060 DOE Vehicle Technologies Annual Merit Review Meeting May 9-13, 2011 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information. 1 The University of Texas at Austin Overview Timeline Barriers • Project Start Date-Oct. 2009 • Lithium-ion solid electrolyte. • Project End Date- Sept. 2010 • Choice of redox couples. • Percent complete: 100% complete • Flow-through- cathode cell design Budget Partners • Funding received in FY09-FY10 – $315K • Karim Zaghib of Hydro Quebec • Funding received in FY10-FY11 – $315K 2 The University of Texas at Austin Milestones Develop and test a suitable test cell. (Jan. 10) Completed Optimize components of the cell. (Apr. 10) Completed Develop a lithium/Fe(NO3)3 cell. (July. 10) Completed Design of a new cell (Sept. 10) Completed Test flow-through cell (Jan. 11) Completed 3 The University of Texas at Austin Typical Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Cell e- e- - Separator + Li+ Anode Li+ Cathode (Reducing Agent) (Oxidizing Agent) Li+ SEI layer Electrolyte Capacity limited by Li solid solution in cathode and loss in SEI layer Voltage limited by Eg of carbonate electrolyte. 4 The University of Texas at Austin Why Oxides? E E Co: 4s0 Co: 4s0 Co(II): t4e2 µLi 4.0 eV Co(IV): t5e0 EFC EFC (pinned) Co(III): t6e0 Co(III): t6e0 O: 2p6 O: 2p6 N(E) N(E) Li CoO (0<x<0.55) LiCoO2 1-x 2 2- + Holes form peroxide (O2) for x> 0.55 or H inserted from electrolyte.