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Procedure to Estimate Maximum Ground Acceleration from Macroseismic Intensity Rating: Application to the Lima, Peru´ Data from the October-3-1974-8.1-Mw Earthquake

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Procedure to Estimate Maximum Ground Acceleration from Macroseismic Intensity Rating: Application to the Lima, Peru´ Data from the October-3-1974-8.1-Mw Earthquake Adv. Geosci., 14, 93–98, 2008 www.adv-geosci.net/14/93/2008/ Advances in © Author(s) 2008. This work is licensed Geosciences under a Creative Commons License. Procedure to estimate maximum ground acceleration from macroseismic intensity rating: application to the Lima, Peru´ data from the October-3-1974-8.1-Mw earthquake L. Ocola Instituto Geof´ısico del Peru,´ Sector Educacion,´ Calle Badajoz 169, Lima 3, Peru´ Received: 15 July 2007 – Revised: 18 October 2007 – Accepted: 18 October 2007 – Published: 2 January 2008 Abstract. Post-disaster reconstruction management of ur- to the severity of the ground acceleration, and it is important ban areas requires timely information on the ground response information for disaster-risk prevention and mitigation pro- microzonation to strong levels of ground shaking to mini- grams. mize the rebuilt-environment vulnerability to future earth- Knowledge of the spatial distribution of maximum seismic quakes. In this paper, a procedure is proposed to quantita- acceleration in an urban area, due to strong-earthquake shak- tively estimate the severity of ground response in terms of ing, is important for territorial planning and use, urban devel- peak ground acceleration, that is computed from macroseis- opment, risk management, implementation of disaster pre- mic rating data, soil properties (acoustic impedance) and pre- vention measures, community emergency preparedness and dominant frequency of shear waves at a site. The basic math- other applications. This knowledge is developed through ematical relationships are derived from properties of wave seismic microzoning of urban areas for reliable strong mo- propagation in a homogeneous and isotropic media. We de- tion estimation, either through comprehensive geophysical- fine a Macroseismic Intensity Scale IMS as the logarithm of geotechnical surveys and appropriate numerical modeling, the quantity of seismic energy that flows through a unit area or from having as many seismic strong-motion instruments normal to the direction of wave propagation in unit time. The as possible recording a strong and destructive earthquake. In derived constants that relate the IMS scale and peak accelera- both cases, significant financing and a long time waiting for tion agree well with coefficients derived from a linear regres- an event to occur are required. sion between MSK macroseismic rating and peak ground ac- However, if a destructive earthquake strikes an urban area, celeration for historical earthquakes recorded at a strong mo- an approximate ground response can be attained through sys- tion station, at IGP’s former headquarters, since 1954. The tematic observations of macroseismic effects and a careful procedure was applied to 3-October-1974 Lima macroseis- ground shaking severity rating, when no such strong motion mic intensity data at places where there was geotechnical seismic network exists. In this paper, we report this kind of data and predominant ground frequency information. The experiment and the use of macroseismic, geotechnical and observed and computed peak acceleration values, at nearby predominant frequency data to quantitatively estimate maxi- sites, agree well. mum ground acceleration. Peru’s´ seismicity comprises seismic activity associated with the collision and subduction of the Nazca plate against 1 Introduction and under the western border of South America plate, with the continental crustal readjustment due to the collision of Seismic ground acceleration (force per unit of mass) plays an these tectonic plates, and with volcanic activity. Large mag- important role in assessing effects of earthquakes on the built nitude earthquakes are associated with the collision of these environment, persons, and the natural environment. It is a ba- plates. However, the most severe ground shaking is pro- sic parameter of seismic wave motion on which earthquake- duced by the near surface continental earthquakes associated resistant building design and construction are based. The with geological faults in the upper plate. Figure 2 shows level of damage is, among other factors, directly proportional the most dangerous seismicity: Shallow seismicity (depth range: 0–32 km). The association of neotectonic faults, the Correspondence to: L. Ocola oceanic trench and seismicity is evident. The 3 October (geo [email protected]) 1974, magnitude magnitude 8.1 (Mw) earthquake occurred Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 94 L. Ocola: Estimate maximum ground acceleration from macroseismic intensity rating mirrors the damage pattern map of Husid et al. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of IGP macroseismic intensity, Fig. 3, does not follow the Espinosa et al. (1977) intensity rating pattern. Espinosa et al. (1977) would not had taken into account the vulnerability of the built environment in the assessment of the ground shaking severity. IGP network recorded this event in two strong-motion sta- tions: One record was obtained at IGP’s former headquar- ters, Lima District (Cod. 9, Figs. 3 and 4) (IGP station) with a Montana Strong Motion instrument, and the other one at Las Gardenias- Santiago-de-Surco District (Cod. 26) (Las- Gardenias station) with a SMA-1 instrument. According to Moran et al. (1975), the maximum peak ground acceleration at the IGP station was 0.24 g, on the longitudinal component, Photo 1: Rimac delta base stratigraphy along Barranco- and 0.18 g in the transverse component at the Las-Gardenias Figur2 1. Perú’s shallow seismicity. 2. The insert Fig. 1.ChorrillosRimac districts delta base cliff stratigraphy (Figures 2 & along 3, where Barranco-Chorrillos “28” is station. The main features of the strong ground motion were shows: Location of the 8.1-Mw earthquake districtssited): cliff Beds (Figs. and 3 andlenses 4, of where conglomerate, “28” is sited): sand Bedsand clay and lenses ∼ epicenter, main aftershock epicenter - November long duration of strong ground shaking ( 100 s with ground of conglomerate, sand and clay alluvial sediments. The buss at the 11, 1974, aftershocks located by the local seismic alluvial sediments. The buss at the bottom of the cliff acceleration >0.01 g) and high energy in the high frequency network, and local seimic stations (inverted bottomserves of the as a cliff scale. serves This asphoto a scale. is near This the photosite where is near the site band. At IGP’s office in the Magdalena district (Cod 20, whereEspinosa Espinosa et et al. al. [1977] (1977) estimated estimated 0.7g 0.7 gground ground acceleration acceleration at triangles) , Langer and Spence [1995] Figs. 3 and 4), people reported seeing waves on the ground the crown.at the crown. in a park in front of the office, where they were evacuated at the time of the earthquake. in the collision environment offshore from Lima, Peru.´ Data from this event is usedFigure in this2. paper.Color coded of October-3- 1974 earthquake macroseismic data 3 Relationship between macroseismic intensity and es- (circles) in MSK scale values. Black timated maximum seismic ground acceleration 2 The 3 Octobertriangles 1974 earthquake are boreholes and or data pits acquisitionused for geotechnical information. The thin-black Lima’s population density is increasing at a very high rate: The 3 October 1974,lines earthquake are district severely limits, and shook the Limasmall- and The population is more than eight million at present. The Callao (City of Lima)black in numbers the central are the coast district of Percodesu´ (Fig. used 2). number of high-rise buildings in the old and traditional dis- It was an 8.1-Mw magnitudein the upper subduction right table: earthquake Name of (Fig. the 2). tricts of Lima is multiplying very rapidly, and there is not districs. Open ◦circles (blue) represent◦ The event was locatedIGP at facilities Lat. 12.24 or strongS, Lon. motion 77.58 stations.W and at a clear idea on what the overall strong motion ground re- a depth of 27 km (International Seismological Center), at an sponse would be in metropolitan Lima if an earthquake like epicentral distance of 80–90 km from Lima. The earthquake the 1974 event were to strike again. The 1974 earthquake caused a small- to moderate-sized tsunami, generating waves is the closest earthquake greater than magnitude 8 Mw that of 1.52 m at the La Punta (Callao) tide gauge, and 1.22 m at Lima has had in recent times. A seismic hazard assessment the San Juan tide gauge (410 km SE of Lima). The earth- of Lima shows that there is a seismic gap between Canete˜ Figure 3. Maximum seismic quake produced extensive groundacceleration vertical computed cracks, andatlique- the and Nazca that might be activated in the near future. This faction in Quilmana-San´ Vicenteboreholes/pits de Canete,˜ with and the minor proposed land- gap corresponds to the 1687’s (8.4–8.8 Ms magnitude) earth- slides in the Lima city area’sfunctional coastal cliffsrelationship (Espinosa between et al., quake rupture area (Langer and Spence, 1995). The length 1977; Giesecke et al., 1980).macroseismic The relative intensity position and of ground Lima of the gap is similar to the 1974-earthquake-rupture length. city, the epicenter of the mainacceleration, earthquake in andunits aftershocks of “g” (Earth’s are Thus, it is proper to assume that the ground shaking in Lima shown in the inset of Fig. 2.gravity acceleration). The 0.7g might be similar to that produced by the 3 October, 1974 maximum acceleration at La Punta is Soon after the 1974 earthquake, the Instituto Geof´ısico earthquake, if this gap is activated by a similar large earth- a computed value, and the 0.7g at del Peru´ (IGP), with the assistanceBarranco is of Espinosa a scientific et al. mission [1977] quake. An estimate of strong motion response in the Lima of the United States Geologicalestimated Survey value. (USGS), Note the organized relative Valley (i.e., districts of old Lima) would help to implement a systematic survey of theagreement effects ofbetween this earthquakethe observed on mitigation and preventive measures and save many lives and the popular-built environment.values Personnelat IGP-Station from IGPand underLas- much property.
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