1 the FRENCH REVOLUTION R M O O N a V U R O E O R

MIND MAPS | 29 • Proposed division of within power the govt. the between the legislative, & the executive judiciary. Rousseau Montesquieu • Idea of government based on social contract people between & their representatives. Wages did not keep pace with increase in prices. did not keep Wages the richWidened gap between & the poor. • Increase in population. foodgrains. • Increased demand for • Price of bread rose. of workers. wages • Low • Bad harvest. • Increase in the price of bread. • • participated & workers in revolts • Peasants against increasing taxes. emerged. • Social groups manufacture trade, • Earnings through overseas & silk textiles. of woollen • Philosophers emerged.

John Locke • Criticised the divine & absolute right of the monarch.

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s le u r y • Laws to translate the to translate • Laws ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice. r A to Direc • Slavery was abolished was • Slavery colonies in in French 1848. • Women startedWomen their own • political clubs & news- their papers to voice interests. UNIT – I CHAPTER India and the Contemporary THE FRENCH World-I REVOLUTION Sub Unit 1.1 : Events and Processes 1 Syllabus ¾¾ The Ancient Regime and its crises. ¾¾ The social forces that led to the Revolution. ¾¾ The different revolutionary groups and ideas of the time.

TOPIC - 1 TOPIC-1 The Ancient Regime and its Crises P. 1 The Ancient Regime and TOPIC - 2 its Crises The Social Forces that led to the Revolution P. 4

TOPIC - 3 Revision Notes The Different Revolutionary Groups and Ideas of the Time P. 8  On the morning of 14th July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king had commanded the troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that the king would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens. Some 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a peoples’ militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.  Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress- prison, the Bastille, where they hoped to find hoarded ammunition. In the armed fight that followed, the commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released.  The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris and the countryside. Most people were protesting against the high price of bread. Actually, it was the beginning of a chain of events that ultimately led to the execution of the king in France, though most people at that time did not anticipate this outcome. French Society during the late 18th century  In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France.  Causes for an empty treasury of France under Louis XVI : (i) Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. (ii) High cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles. (iii) Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain. (iv) The war added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. (v) Lenders, who gave the state credit, now began to charge 10 per cent interest on loans.  The French Society in the eighteenth century was divided into three Estates, and only members of the Third Estate paid taxes. (i) The members of the First Estate, that is the clergy, enjoyed certain privileges by birth. The most important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state. (ii) The members of the Second Estate were the nobility. They enjoyed feudal privileges by birth. These included feudal dues, which they extracted from the peasants. They were also exempted from paying taxes. (iii) The Third Estate comprised of peasants, artisans, landless labour, servants, lawyers, doctors, administrative officials, traders, etc., they had to pay all taxes to the state.  Peasants made up about 90% of the population. However, only a small number of them owned the land they cultivated.  Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord, work in his house and fields, serve in the army or to participate in building roads. 2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

 All members of the Third Estate had to pay taxes to the state including a direct tax, called ‘taille’ and a number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. The Struggle to Survive  Increasing population of France led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains. But the production of grains could not keep pace with the demand. So the price of bread rose rapidly.  Wages of the workers did not keep pace with the rise in prices. So the gap between the poor and the rich widened.  Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest. This led to a subsistence crisis, something that occurred frequently in France during the Old Regime. A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges  The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of social groups, termed the middle class. They earned their wealth through an expanding overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as woollen and silk textiles that were either exported or bought by the richer members of society.  Members of the middle class were educated and believed that no group in the society should be privileged by birth. Rather, a person’s social position must depend on his merit.  These ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all were put forward by philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau.  In his Two Treatises of Government, Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.  In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. Know the Terms  Bastille : The Bastille was a fortress in Paris that was used as a state prison by the kings of France.  Bourbon family : It is the name of the royal family of French origin, members of which became rulers of several European countries.  Bourgeoisie class : The social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and was primarily concerned with property values.  Chateau : A large French country house or stately residence belonging to a king or a nobleman.  Constitutional monarchy : Form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State.  Clergy : Group of persons vested with special functions in the Church.  Convent : Building belonging to a community devoted to a religious life. Know the Dates  Between 1715 and 1771 : French commerce had increased eight fold; it was exporting sugar, coffee and indigo.  10th May, 1774 : Louis XVI ascended the throne and death of Louis XV.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)

Q. 1. What were the causes for the empty treasury of Q. 2. Why did King Louis XVI conclude to increase France under Louis XIV? Assess any three causes. taxes? Assess any three reasons. U U [Board 2010 Term-I, Set–C1] [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – B1] Ans. Refer to Long Answer Q. 2. (Any three)(1×3=3) Ans. Refer to Long Answer Q. 4. (Any three) 3

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. Evaluate the importance of the following years in believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kings, and concern with the French Revolution, 1774, 1789, had no respect for freedom of liberty. Because of 1791, 1804 and 1815. A his empty treasure, he began to impose heavy taxes [Board 2013 Term-I, Set-U9IN] which was disliked by his own people also. Ans. The importance of the following years in concern (ii) 1789 : On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an with the French Revolution : assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals (i) 1774 : Louis XVI ascended the throne of France. He for new taxes. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 3

(a) The French Revolution started. Ans. Economic condition of France : (b) On 14th July, the agitated crowd stormed and (i) Constant wars. destroyed the Bastille. (ii) Cost of maintaining extravagant court at the (c) Louis XVI accepted the principle that his immense palace of Versailles. powers would, from now on, be checked by (iii) Extension of help to American countries. the Constitution. (iv) Increase in debt by war. (d) On the night of 4th August 1789, the Assembly (v) Rise in rate of interest by 10%. passed a decree abolishing the feudal system (Or any other relevant point to be explained) of obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) too were forced to give up their privileges. (iii) 1791 : The French Legislative elections were held in Detailed Answer : September 1971 to elect the Legislative Assembly. Economic condition of France : (a) The first written French Constitution was (i) Extravagant and luxurious lives of the rulers of drafted by the National Assembly after the fall France was one of the causes. Louis XVI emptied the royal treasury. of the absolute monarchy. (ii) Unfair distribution of taxes was another economic (b) The rights of the privileged classes were factor that burdened a section of society, while abolished and Declaration of the Rights of exempting the other section. Man and the Citizen was passed by France’s (iii) Extension of financial support to thirteen American National Constituent Assembly. colonies. (iv) 1804 : Napoleon became the Emperor of France. (iv) Lenders who gave the State credit, now began to He set out to conquer neighbouring European charge 10% on loans. countries. He conquered Europe and saw his role (v) To meet the expenses, such as the cost of maintaining as a moderniser of Europe. an army, the court, running government offices or (v) 1815 : Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of universities, the State was forced to increase the tax. Waterloo. Many of his measures, that carried the (1×5=5) revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws to Q. 4. What compelled Louis XVI to raise taxes in France? other parts of Europe, had an impact on people, Explain any five reasons. U long after Napoleon had left. (1×5=5) [Board Term-I 2012, Set-SSI – 053] Q. 2. State any five causes for the empty treasury of Ans. Reasons : France under Louis XVI. U (i) Empty treasury [Board 2012 Term-I, Set-SSI–065] (ii) Long years of war Ans. Five causes for the empty treasury of France (iii) Cost of maintaining court under Louis XVI are : (iv) Help to American colonies (i) Long years of war had drained the financial (v) Higher interest on credit resources of France. (vi) Regular expenses (ii) The high cost of maintenance of the immense palace of Versailles and court. (Any five points to be explained) (iii) Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 × 5 = 5) American colonies to gain independence from Detailed Answer : Britain. Reasons : (iv) War added more than a billion livres to a debt that (i) Upon the accession of Louis XVI, he found an had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. empty treasury. (v) Lenders who gave the state credit, began to charge (ii) Long years of war had drained the financial high interest on loans. resources of France. The war added more than a [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. Commonly Made Error (iii) Added to this was the cost of maintaining an  The students mentioned the overall conditions extravagant court at the immense palace of which led to the French Revolution, instead of Versailles. mentioning the economic conditions. (iv) Under his reign, France helped thirteen American colonies to gain independence from Britain. Answering Tip (v) Lenders who gave the state credit, now began to  It is important to understand the difference charge 10 per cent interest on loans. So, the French between outcome and cause and write the answer Government was obliged to spend an increasing accordingly. percentage of its budget on interest payments alone. Q. 3. Explain any five economic conditions of France (vi) The regular expenses such as the cost of maintaining that led to the Revolution. U an army, the court, running government offices or [Board 2012 Term-I, Set-SSI–049] universities could not be avoided. 4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

All the above mentioned reasons led Louis XVI to Answering Tip raise taxes in France so that he could meet all the above mentioned expenses. (Any five) (1×5=5)  All factors play equal importance when it comes to explaining the reasons which led to the emptying of Commonly Made Error the treasury.  The students only explain about empty treasury as a factor and do not mention about the other factors. TOPIC-2 The Social Forces that led to the Revolution

Revision Notes The Outbreak of the Revolution  Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of the State.  In France of the Old Regime, the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes according to his will alone. Rather he had to call a meeting of the Estates General to pass the proposals for new taxes.  On 5th May 1789, Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly and from participating in the meeting.  Voting in the Estates General in the past had been conducted according to the principle that each estate had one vote. But this time, members of the Third Estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. When the king rejected this proposal, members of the Third Estate walked out of the assembly in protest.  On 20th June 1789, the representatives of the Third Estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles under the leadership of Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyès. They declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.  Because of bad harvest, increase in demand for food grains and high price of bread, people of France were becoming angry day by day. At the same time, the king ordered the troops to move into Paris. Finally, on 14th July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille.  On the night of 4th August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated. As a result, the government acquired assets worth at least 2 billion livres. France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy  The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution in 1791. Its main objective was to limit the powers of the monarch.  These powers were now separated and assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive and judiciary. This made France a constitutional monarchy.  Not all citizens, however, had the right to vote. Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given the status of active citizens and were entitled to vote. The remaining men and all the women were classed as passive citizens.  The Constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before the law, were established as ‘natural and inalienable rights’. These rights belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away. France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic  Although Louis XVI had signed the Constitution, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Prussia.  The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria. Thousands of volunteers thronged from the provinces to join the army.  Political clubs became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 5 plan their own forms of action. The most successful of these clubs was that of the, Jacobins, which got its name from the former convent of St. Jacob in Paris.  The members of the Jacobin Club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily- wage workers. Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre.  These Jacobins came to be known as the sans-culottes, literally meaning, those without knee breeches. Sans- culottes men wore long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers, in addition to the red cap that symbolized liberty. Women, however, were not allowed to do so.  On the morning of August 10, 1792, they stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards and held the king himself as a hostage for several hours. Later, the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family. Elections were held.  The newly-elected assembly was called the Convention. On 21st September 1792, it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.  A republic is a form of government where the people elect the government including the head of the government. There is no hereditary monarchy.  Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21st January 1793, he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. Know the Terms  Deputy : A parliamentary representative in many countries.  Democracy : A form of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.  Livre : Currency of France from 781 to 1794.  Sceptre : Symbol of royal power.  Subsistence crisis : An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered.  Sans-culottes : Group of people in France.  Tithes : A tax levied by the Church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.  Treason : The action of betraying one’s country or a government. Know the Dates  5th May, 1789 : The Estates General met after a gap of almost two centuries.  17th June, 1789 : Representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of the people of France, not of the estates.  14th July, 1789 : Storming of the Bastille; beginning of the French Revolution.  4th August, 1789 : The National Assembly passed a decree abolishing feudal privileges and system of obligations and taxes.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)

Q. 1. Explain the events that led to the formation of Ans. Reasons : the National Assembly. U th [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-Y5CZSDM] (i) On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called an Assembly of OR the Estates General to pass proposal for new taxes. Why was the National Assembly formed by the (ii) The First and Second Estates sent 300 people of the Third Estate? Explain. representatives each to the assembly while 600 [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-N4TFMSK] members of the Third Estate were present there. OR (iii) Voting in the Estates General in the past had been Give reasons as to why was the National conducted according to the principle that each Assembly formed by the people of the Third Estate had one vote. Estate? [Board 2013 Term-I, Set-II JBO] 6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

(iv) But members of the Third Estate demanded that (iv) Peasants were obliged to render services to the voting now be conducted by the Assembly as a Lord. The Third Estate had to pay various taxes. whole, where each member would have one vote. This led to an unrest among the Third Estate. (v) As the King rejected the proposal, members of (Any three) (1×3=3) the Third Estate walked out of the Assembly in [CBSE marking Scheme, 2015] protest. Q. 4. Describe the status of the nobles in France before (vi) On 20th June, in the Tennis Court of Versailles, the Revolution. A they declared themselves a National Assembly [DDE-2014, Board Term-I, Set-E] and swore to draft the constitution and limit the Ans. (i) The clergy and the nobles led a life of luxury and powers of the Estate. (Any three points) (1×3=3) enjoyed numerous privileges. (ii) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016 The middle-class comprising of lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc., also suffered humiliation at the hands of the clergy and the nobles. Commonly Made Error (iii) The nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.  The students are unaware as to how the taxes (iv) Nobles were exempted from paying taxes. 1×3=3 affected the French Revolution. Q. 5. ”The inequality that existed in the French Society in the Old Regime became the cause of French Answering Tip Revolution.” Justify the statement by giving three suitable examples.  France's taxation regime became excessive, U [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – A1] inefficient and unfair. The nobility and clergy were exempted from some of the direct taxes. Ans. The examples are : (i) French Society was divided into three Estates. Q. 2. How was the taxation policy responsible for the The First Estate comprised of clergy, the Second French Revolution ? Explain. U Estate comprised of nobility and the Third Estate [Board 2016 Term-I, Set – EFX8051] comprised of businessmen, traders, merchants, artisans, peasants and servants. Ans. (i) About 60% of land was owned by nobles, (ii) The members of Church and nobility enjoyed Church and other richer members of the Third certain privileges by birth, the most important was Estate. Peasants made up about 90% of the being exempted from paying taxes to the State. population, and very few of them owned the (iii) Feudal dues were extracted by nobles from land they cultivated. peasants and one-tenth of the agricultural produce st (ii) The clergy and the nobility (1 two estates) were of peasants, in the form of ‘Tithes’ came to the exempted from paying taxes to the State. share of the clergy. All the members of the Third (iii) The Church too extracted its share of taxes called Estate, including peasants, the paid taxes, thus, the tithes from the peasants. burden of financing activities of the State through (iv) All members of the Third Estate had to pay taxes taxes was borne by the Third Estate alone, creating to the State including a direct tax called taille and heavy discontentment. (1×3=3) a number of indirect taxes. Commonly Made Error (v) These indirect taxes were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. The  The students are unaware of the goal of the French burden of financing activities of the State through Revolution. taxes was borne by the third estate alone. Answering Tip [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (Any three) (1×3=3)  The goal was to change the system and get food Answering Tip back into citizen's mouth. The goal was to get rid of  It is important to remember that taxation policy was the monarchy and found a system powered by the not because of the three divisions of the society but people. varied with three divisions of the society. Q. 6. How was the system of Estates in French Society organized ? U [Board Term-I 2010, Set – C1] Q. 3. Explain the composition of The French Society th Ans. The system of estates in the French Society was during the late 18 century. R organized as : [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-ZRU07VU] (i) The First Estate—comprised of clergy—enjoyed Ans. Composition of the French Society was : many privileges by birth. They were exempted (i) Peasants, artisans and landless made up about from paying taxes. 90% of the population. (ii) The Second Estate—comprised of the nobility— (ii) 60% of the land was owned by nobles and clergy. enjoyed feudal privileges by birth. They were also exempted from paying taxes. The clergy and nobility enjoyed certain privileges. (iii) The Third Estate (iii) The members of first two Estates enjoyed —comprised of peasants, doctors, lawyers, traders, etc.—They had to pay taxes to the privileges and paid no taxes. State. (1×3=3) THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 7

Commonly Made Error Answering Tip  The students tend to think that all the three Estates  The students should know that the Church played in the French society enjoyed equal perks and a dominant role in the French Society during the privileges. French Revolution. Q. 8. How did the peasants contribute to the outbreak of Answering Tip the French Revolution? Explain. U  The First Estate enjoyed the maximum perks in the [Board 2010 Term-I, Set–B1] society, the Second Estate enjoyed a few perks by Ans. Contribution of the peasants to the outbreak of the birth and the Third Estate enjoyed the least. French Revolution : Q. 7. How was the Church responsible for the French (i) The peasants had to pay various taxes to the government, to the nobles and to the Church. Revolution ? Mention three points. U [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – A1] (ii) They were subjected to forced labour, they had to work for free in the land of the nobles for three days Ans. The Church was responsible for the French Revolution in the following ways : in a week. (i) One-fifth of the land was the property of the (iii) Crops were trampled by hunting parties of the Church. nobles. About 81% of their income went to the State, (ii) It got large income from tillers, religious counts nobles and Church. They had only 19% of their and gifts. The higher clergy did not care for their income; Thousands of them died due to starvation. spiritual duties and led a luxurious life and was As a whole, the administration was corrupt. corrupt and immoral. (1×3=3) (iii) The lower clergy performed spiritual duties but Q. 9. Why did subsistence crisis frequently occur in they were poorly paid. Therefore, they were France during the Old Regime? R disappointed and joined the revolutionaries. [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – B1] (1×3=3) OR Commonly Made Error What gave rise to subsistence crises in France during the Old Regime in France?  The role of the Church in the French society during [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – C1] the French Revolution is usually ignored. Ans. Refer to Long Answer Q. 2. (3)

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. Who constituted the middle class in French (iii) Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu were its main Society ? How did they participate in the French thinkers. Revolution? Describe. R (Or any other relevant point) [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–057] (2+3=5) OR Commonly Made Error The eighteenth century France witnessed the  The students tend to confuse between middle class emergence of the middle class. Who were they and and the Third Estate. what were their ideas ? [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–025] Answering Tip Ans. Middle class :  The middle class was the new social group of rich (i) Social group belonging to the Third Estate who educated society, i.e., lawyers, doctors, judges earned wealth through an expanding overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as and rich businessman, whereas; The Third Estate woollen and silk textiles that were either exported included peasants, artisans, landless. or bought by the richer members of society. Q. 2. What does subsistence crisis mean? What led to (ii) The middle class also comprised of professionals, subsistence crisis in France ? and educated people—lawyers and administrative R officials. All of these were educated people. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–039] Contribution : Ans. Subsistence Crisis –An extreme situation where (i) They believed that no group should be privileged the basic means of livelihood are endangered. by birth. Rather, a person’s social position must Causes : depend on his merit. (ii) They were influenced by philosophers and wanted (i) Rise in population. to build a society having freedom, equal laws and (ii) Increase in demand of food grains. opportunities. (iii) Prices of bread rose rapidly. (iii) They discussed the ideas of philosophers and read (iv) Wages could not keep pace with rising prices. aloud for the uneducated. 8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

(v) Gap between rich and poor widened. (iii) Middle Class – New social group of rich educated (vi) Drought or hail reduced the harvest. (Any four) society, i.e., lawyers, doctors, judges and rich businessmen. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1+4=5)  They had no political rights. Q. 3. How was the system of Estates in French Society  They dreamt of a society based on merit. organized? Who constituted the middle ? What  They provided leadership. were their ideas about privileges in society ? U [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (2+1+2=5) [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–045] OR Q. 4. Who constituted the middle class in the French Society in the 18th century? Explain the conditions Describe the system of Estates in which the French that helped them in bringing change in social and Society was organized in the 18th century. What economic order in France. was the condition of peasants in this system? R [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–045] [Board 2010 Term-I, SSI – 036] Ans. The prosperous social groups within the Third Ans. The system and conditions are as follows : Estate like traders, merchants, manufacturers and (i) First and Second Estate – Clergy and nobility – professionals were termed as middle class. they owned 60% of land and enjoyed all privileges Circumstances : and paid no taxes. (i) Their prosperity and access to education and new (ii) Third Estate – 90% of population, including ideas. peasants, artisans, landless. They did all work and (ii) Having enough means and programmes to bring about a change. paid all taxes. (iii) The belief that no social group should be privileged by birth. (iv) Ideas of philosophers helped in envisaging a society based on freedom and equality. (Any three) (2+3=5) TOPIC-3 The Different Revolutionary Groups and Ideas of the Time

Revision Notes The Reign of Terror  Robespierre’s rule in France was known as the ‘Reign of Terror’: l The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. l Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being enemies of the republic for e.g. the ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, and even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods, were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. l Robespierre’s Government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. l Meat and bread were rationed. l Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. l The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the bread, a loaf made of whole wheat. l Equality was also sought to be practiced through forms of speech and address. l Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices.  Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested, and on the next day, sent to the guillotine. A Directory Rules France  The fall of the Jacobin Government allowed the wealthier middle classes to seize power.  A new constitution was introduced which denied the vote to non-propertied sections of society.  The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 9 Did Women Have a Revolution?  From the very beginning, women were active participants in the events which brought about so many important changes in the French Society.  Condition of women during the French Revolution : l The women hoped that their involvement would pressurize the revolutionary government to introduce measures to improve their lives. l Most women of the Third Estate had to work for a living. They worked as seamstresses or laundresses and sold flowers, fruits and vegetables in the market. l They were employed as domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people. l Most women did not have access to education or job training. Only daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the Third Estate could study at a convent. l Working women had also to care for their families, i.e., cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children. l Their wages were lower than those of men.  In order to discuss and voice their interests, women started their own political clubs and newspapers. The Society of Revolutionary and the Republican Women was the most famous club.  Women of France demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political offices.  Laws introduced by the revolutionary government to improve the lives of women in France : l Together with the creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all the girls. l Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their will. l Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law. l Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men. l Women could now train for jobs, become artists, or run small businesses.  Women’s struggle for equal political rights, however, continued. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. The Abolition of Slavery  One of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.  A triangular slave trade began in the seventeenth century between Europe, Africa and America.  The exploitation of slave labourers made it possible to meet the growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee and indigo. Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed their economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.  Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848. The Revolution and Everyday Life  The years following 1789 in France saw many changes in the daily lives of men, women and children.  The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice.  One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of the Bastille in the summer of 1789 was the abolition of censorship.  Effects of abolition of censorship : l Now the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right. l Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside. l They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. l Freedom of the press also meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. l Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.  In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself as the Emperor of France.  Napoleon saw his role as a modernizer of Europe. He introduced many laws, such as l the protection of private property, and l a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.  Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. 10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

 The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. These ideas spread from France to the rest of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished.  Tipu Sultan and Raja Ram Mohan Roy are the two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. Know the Terms  Dictator : A ruler who wields absolute authority.  Negroes : A term used for the indigenous people of Africa South of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term, not in common use any longer.  Feudalism : A social system, in which the king would give a piece of land to the nobles who fought for him. While the peasants were obliged to live on their landlord’s land and serve him.  Guillotine : A device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded.  Jacobin Club : A political club that existed during the French Revolution. Know the Dates  1791 : The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution.  August 1791 : Prussia and Austria issued the Declaration of Pillnitz.  April 1792 : National Assembly declared war Austria and Prussia.  10th August 1792 : Anti-monarchy Jacobins rallied together with Sans-cullotes.  21st January, 1793 : King Louis XVI was executed at the Guillotine.  Between September 1793 and July 1794 : Some 25,000 victims were dragged to Public Square to be guillotined.  1815 : Napoleon was finally defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.  1848 : Abolition of slavery in French colonies.  1946 : Women in France won the right to vote.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)

Q. 1. How did the political system work in France under Q. 2. How was the French Revolution responsible for the Constitution of 1791 ? Explain. U the societal changes ? A [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-72LNINO [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-N4TFMSK] Ans. The political system in France worked in the Ans. The French Revolution opened up the possibility following manner : of creating a dramatic change in the way society th (i) It limited the powers of the Monarch. Powers was structured. Before the 18 century, the French society was broadly divided into Estates were distributed between legislature, executive and Orders. and judiciary. Aristocracy of the Church ended. Economic and (ii) Constitutional Monarchy was established. The social power was controlled New ideas about National Assembly was supposed to make laws individual rights and who controlled social and it was to be indirectly elected i.e., (citizens powers were discussed. 3 voted for a group of electors who in turn chose [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] the Assembly). (iii) All the citizens did not enjoy the Right to Vote, Commonly Made Error only men above 25 years who paid taxes equal to  The students mention the political/economic at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given the changes that occurred due to the French Revolution. status of active citizens i.e., Right to Vote. Q. 3. Describe the triangular slave trade between Remaining men and all the women were passive Europe, Africa and America. citizens. (1×3=3) A [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-UMWISVV] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Ans. An acute shortage of labour in the French Caribbean colonies, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Answering Tip San Domingo, led to the triangular slave trade th  The students should give a brief explanation about between Europe, Africa and America in the 17 the political set up in France under the Constitution century. French merchants sailed from the ports of 1791. of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought slaves from local chieftains. Branded THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 11

and shackled, the slaves were packed tightly into Commonly Made Error ships for the three-month long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean. There they were sold to  The students do not know whether the French plantation owners. The exploitation of slave labour Revolution was a successful or not. made it possible to meet the growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee and indigo. 3 Answering Tip Commonly Made Error  The French Revolution's main characteristics were violence and chaos. It failed to establish  The students are not aware of the term 'triangular a constitutional monarchy or a representative slave trade'. government. Answering Tip Q. 7. Describe how abolition of slavery became possible in France. U [DDE-2014 Term-I, Set-E]  The 'triangular slave trade' refers to the three legs Ans. Abolition of slavery became possible in France in of the trade system . The first leg was that of trade the following ways : from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged (i) The slave trade began in the 18th century. The for slaves- the second or middle leg of the trade was National Assembly held long debates about the transportation of slaves to America. whether the rights of man should be extended to all Q. 4. Highlight the three laws enforced by Napoleon to French subjects including those in the colonies. (ii) The 1794 Convention legislated to free all slaves in modernize France. R [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-OMMJM7F] the French overseas possessions. (iii) However, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Finally Ans. Laws enforced by Napoleon to modernize France slavery was abolished in 1848. (1×3=3) were : Q. 8. What was the condition of women in France in the (i) He codified French laws known as Napoleon 18th century? R [Board 2014 Term-I, Set 6TK] Code. OR (ii) He established uniform systems of weights and Describe the condition of women in France before measures provided by the decimal system. the Revolution? (iii) He passed laws for protection of private property. [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – C1] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1×3=3) OR Q. 5. Describe the events of 14th July, 1789 in the city of Evaluate the status of women in France before the Paris. U [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-HVFF995] revolutions. Ans. Refer to Long Ans. Q. 2. Ans. Most of the women of the Third Estate had to work Q. 6. How was a revolution brought about in for the living. (i) They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold everyday life of French people? Explain. R [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-4TDV83T] flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market or were employed as domestic servants. OR (ii) They did not have access to education or job Explain how did the freedom of speech and training. Only daughters of Nobles or wealthier expression under the revolutionary government in members of the Third Estate could study at a France promote the ideas of liberty and equality convent. into every day practice ? (iii) Working women had also to care of their families. Ans. A revolution was brought about in everyday life Their wages were lower than those of men. of the French people in the following ways : (1×3=3) (i) One important law—the abolition of censorship- Commonly Made Error came into effect soon after the storming of the  The status of women was considered to tbe the Bastille in 1789. same as that of men before the French Revolution. (ii) Freedom of speech and expression of man were considered as the natural rights. Answering Tip (iii) Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where  The women were considered inferior to men before it reached to the countryside. the French Revolution. (iv) They all described and discussed the events and Q. 9. Describe the laws introduced in France by changes taking place in France. Revolutionary Government to improve the lives (v) Freedom of press also meant that opposing views of women. A [DDE-2014 Term-I, Set-E] could be expressed. [Board Term-I 2012, SSI–041] (vi) Plays, songs and festive processions attracted Ans. The Revolutionary Government introduced the common people through which they could following laws that helped improve the lives of identify with ideas such as liberty and justice. women : (Any three) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1×3=3) (i) With the creation of the state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls. 12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

(ii) Their fathers could no longer force them into (ii) They criticised the divine and absolute rights of the marriage against their will. Marriage was made rulers. into a contract entered freely and registered (iii) They propounded the idea of formation of under the Civil Law. government based on social contract between (iii) Divorce was made legal, and could be applied people and their representatives. for by both women and men. (iv) They believed that all the powers should not be (iv) Women could now train for jobs, could become concentrated at one level. (Any three) (1×3=3) artists or run small businesses. (Any three) Women’s struggle for equal political rights, Q.13. Give the reason for the walk out from the Assembly however, continues. (1×3=3) of Estate General by the members of Third Estate Q.10. What measures were taken by Robespierre to on 5th May 1789. What two steps were taken by the bring equality in the French Society? R members of Third Estate after the walk out ? A [Board 2014 Term-I, Set-HIZN] [Board 2013 Term-I, Set-U9YN] Ans. (Any three) Refer to Long Ans. Q. 12. (1×3=3) Q.11. Analyse the three main social causes leading to Ans. In the Assembly of the Estate General, the outbreak of the revolutionary protest in France. U members of the Third Estate demanded that [Board 2014 Term-I, Set-HUV135E/15AK] voting be conducted by the Assembly where each [NCERT] member will have one vote, and this demand was rejected by the king. Representatives of the Third Ans. Causes are : Estate walked out in protest, as they considered (i) Division of the society into Three Estates. themselves to be spokesmen for all the people. (ii) Special privileges for the First two Estates. They assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis (iii) All burden of taxes on the Third Estate. court in the grounds of Versailles. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (a) They declared themselves a National Assembly. Detailed Answer : (b) They took an oath not to disperse till they had drafted a Constitution for France limiting the Causes are : powers of the Monarch. They were led by Abbe (i) Controversy over the issue of voting system : Sieyes and Mirabeau. (1+2=3) Voting in the Estates General had been conducted [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] to the principle that each Estate had one vote. The members of the Third Estate demanded that voting Q.14. Why were the representatives of the Third Estate now be conducted by the Assembly as a whole, disappointed with the pattern of voting in the where each member would have one vote. ‘Estate General’? U (ii) Drafting of the Constitution by National Assembly, [Board 2010 Term-I, Set –A1, A2] while rest of the France was seething with turmoil, Ans. The representatives of the third Estate were worsened the situation. disappointed with the pattern of voting in ‘Estate (iii) Storming of the agitated crowd destroyed the General’ because : Bastille. (i) Voting was conducted according to the principle (iv) Due to the rumours that the bands of lords of manor that each Estate had one vote. would destroy the ripe crops, peasants attacked Chateaux. (ii) Louis XVI was determined to continue the same practice. (v) Faced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI accorded recognition to the National (iii) The Third Estate demanded that each member Assembly. (Any three) (1×3=3) should have one vote. The King rejected this proposal. (1×3=3) Commonly Made Error Q.15. What was the significance of ‘The Tennis Court  The students tend to study individual social Oath’ in the French Revolution? R problems as causes of French Revolution. [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – C2] Ans. Significance is : Answering Tip (i) The representatives of the Third Estate viewed  All the social causes that led to the outbreak of the themselves as spokesmen for the whole French French Revolution should be studied as collective nation. and interrelated factors. (ii) They declared themselves a National Assembly. Q.12. How did philosophers influence the thinking (iii) They took the oath to limit the powers of the of the people of France ? U Monarch by creating Constitution for France that [DDE 2014, Term-I, Set – M] would limit the powers of the Monarch. (1×3=3) Ans. Philosophers influenced the thinking of the Q.16. Name any two philosophers who inspired the people of France as : educated people of the Third Estate. Also mention (i) They believed that man’s destiny was in his own the ideas put forth by them. R hands. [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – B1] THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 13 Ans. Two philosophers and their ideas are : (iii) Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the (i) John Locke : In his ‘Two Treaties of Government’, richer section of the society. (1 × 3 = 3) Locke sought to refute the Doctrine of the Divine Commonly Made Error and absolute right of the Monarch. (ii) Jean Jacques Rousseau : He carried the idea  The term 'Jacobin' is not clear to the students. forward, proposing a form of government based on social contract between people and their Answering Tip representatives. (1½+1½=3)  'Jacobin' was a member of the Jacobin Club, a Q.17. Explain the conditions which led to the rise of revolutionary political club established in Paris in Jacobins. [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – A1] A 1789. Ans. Conditions which led to the rise of Jacobins were : (i) The revolutionary wars brought losses and Q.18. Why was the period from 1793 to 1794 referred to economic difficulties to the people. as the ‘Reign of Terror’? R (ii) When the men were away, fighting at the front, [Board 2010 Term-I, Set – B1] women were left to cope with the tasks of earning a Ans. Refer to Long Ans. Q. 9. (Any three) (1×3=3) living and looking after their families.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. Describe the social conditions that led to the rumours spread that the ripe corns would be outbreak of the French Revolution. R destroyed by hired bands of brigands who were [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-Y5CZSDM] on their way to destroy the ripe crops, peasants in several districts seized hoes and attacked the Ans. The following social conditions led to the residences of their manors. They looted, hoarded outbreak of French Revolution : grain and burnt down documents containing (i) The French Society was divided into three Estates. records of manorial dues. (ii) The Clergy and Nobility enjoyed special (v) Fall of Bastille Prison : The severe winters privileges such as exemption from paying taxes. increased the price of bread which was hoarded in (iii) The Church too extracted its share of taxes called the market. Angry women attacked the shops. At ‘tithes’ from all members of the Third Estate. the same time, the king ordered troops to move into th They had to pay taxes to the State as well. These Paris. On 14 July 1789, the agitated crowd stormed included a direct tax, called ‘taille’, and a number and destroyed the Bastille. 1×5=5 of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of Q. 3. ‘One of the most revolutionary social reforms of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. the Jacobins regime was the abolition of slavery in (iv) The Nobility enjoyed feudal privileges like feudal the French Colonies.’ Justify the statement. A dues and services by peasants. [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-N4TFMSK] (v) All tax burden was on the Third Estate. So Ans. Indeed, one of the most revolutionary social common people were very unhappy. (1×5=5) reforms of the Jacobins regime was the abolition [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] of slavery in the French Colonies; this is how it Q. 2. Describe any five major events that led to the happened : (i) Colonies in the Caribbean - Martinique, Guadeloupe outbreak of French Revolution. and San-Domingo were important suppliers of [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-UMWISUV] tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. Ans. Five major events that triggered the French (ii) Reluctance of Europeans to go to and work in Revolution were : distant lands meant shortage of labour on the (i) Meeting of the Estates General : Members of the plantations. Third Estate comprising of peasants, artisans and (iii) Triangular slave trade started between Europe, women were denied entry to the Assembly which th th Africa and America in 17 century. was called by Louis XVI on 5 May 1789 to propose (iv) French merchants sailed from the ports of new taxes. Bordeaux or Nantes to African coast - slaves were (ii) Demand for Universal Adult Franchise : Members brought, branded and shackled and packed into of the Third Estate demanded the power for each ships. After a 3 month long voyage across the member to vote. When the King rejected the Atlantic to the Caribbean - slaves were sold to demand, members of the Third Estate walked out plantation owners. of the Assembly in protest. (v) Exploitation of slave labour made it possible to (iii) Meeting of the newly-formed National Assembly: meet the growing demand in European markets The third estate assembled in an indoor tennis for sugar, coffee and indigo. court of Versailles and declared themselves as the (vi) The National Assembly held long debates about ‘National Assembly’. They believed in ending the rights of man to be extended to all subjects feudal privileges of the nobles and clergy. including those in the colonies. (iv) Revolt by the Peasants : When the country side 14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

(vii) Finally, the 1794 convention passed a law to free Commonly Made Error all slaves in the French overseas possessions.  The students mention only the social factors, (viii) Napoleon reintroduced slavery. ignoring the political factors for the outbreak of (ix) Finally, in 1848, slavery was completed abolished. revolution. (Any 5 Points) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (1×5=5) Answering Tip  Take into consideration the social, economic and Q. 4. Analyse the impact of the French Revolution political factors that played an important role in the over Europe and other parts of the world. R outbreak of the revolution. [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-CXMUVER] Q. 6. How did the laws introduced by the Revolutionary Ans. Impact of the French Revolution : Government helped to improve the lives of women (i) Spread of ideas of liberty and democratic rights. in France? Explain. (ii) The people in colonies were inspired during their R movement for independence. [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-OMMJM7F] (iii) Individuals and leaders responded to the ideas Ans. Laws introduced for women in France were : coming from France, e.g., Tipu Sultan and Raja (i) Schooling was made compulsory for girls. Ram Mohan Roy in India. (ii) No forced marriages. Their fathers could no longer (iv) Women’s movement for voting rights and equal force them to marriage against their will. wages continued through the next two hundred (ii) Divorce was made legal and it applied to both. years. (iv) Training for jobs and therefore women could (v) Their fight for right to vote was carried out become artists or run small businesses. through international suffrage movement. (v) Marriage was made into a contract entered into [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1×5=5 and registered freely under civil law. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1×5=5) Commonly Made Error Q. 7. Describe the incident which took place in the  The long term impact of the French Revolution on morning of 14th July, 1789 in France. France is not taken into consideration. R [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-4TDV83T] Answering Tip Ans. The incident that took place on the morning of th  The long term impact on France was profound, 14 July, 1789 in France was : shaping politics, society, religion and idea and (i) Some 700 men and women gathered in front of the polarized politics for more than a century. town hall and decided to form a people’s militia. (ii) They broke into a number of government buildings Q. 5. Describe any five social and political factors that in search of arms. led to the outbreak of the revolutionary protest in (iii) Finally, a group of several hundred people France. U marched towards the eastern part of the city and [Board 2016 Term-I, Set–72LNINO, 2012, SSI-060] stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille. OR (iv) The commander of the Bastille was killed and the Describe the circumstances that led to the prisoners released, though there were only seven outbreak of revolutionary protest in France. of them. [NCT-2014, Board Term-I, Set-E] [NCERT] (v) The fortress was demolished and its stone- fragments sold in the markets to all those who Ans. Social factors : wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction. (i) Division of French Society into three Estates. (1 × 5 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (ii) 60% of land was owned by nobles, Church and rich members of the First and Second Estate. Q. 8. Explain the role played by women in France during the revolutionary years? (iii) All taxes were paid by the members of the Third R [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-CXMUVER; Estate and the first two Estates, and clergy and 2012, SSI – 063] nobility were exempted from paying taxes. OR Political factors : Evaluate the role of women in France before the (i) Louis XVI was an autocratic ruler. Revolution. U (ii) He depleted treasury by extravagant living and [Board 2015 Term-I, Set–ZRU07VU; 2012, by extending financial help to thirteen American SSI–042] colonies. Ans. The role of women in France before the Revolution (iii) To meet the regular expenses of administration, he was : started taxing the Third Estate and even increased (i) Women started their own political clubs and the taxes. newspapers. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (2½+2½=5) (ii) They demanded the right to vote. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 15

(iii) They demanded to be elected in the Assembly and wealthier section of the society. to hold political office. (ii) Robespierre was an autocrat. His act led to ‘Reign of (iv) The revolutionary government did introduce Terrors’ for many years. some laws for women. (iii) After his rule came to an end, a directory was (v) During the ‘Reign of Terror’, new Government formed so as to avoid concentration of power in one ordered to close women’s clubs and ban political individual’s hand. But the members of the directory activities. fought among themselves, which led to political (vi) Women’s movement for voting right continued instability. through the next two hundred years. (iv) In this period, Napoleon Bonaparte gained the (vii) Women’s struggle for equal political rights control of the reign as a dictator. continued during the ‘Reign of Terror’. The (v) In 1804, he crowned himself as the emperor of France. government banned their clubs and political (vi) He set out to conquer the neighbouring European activities. Many women got arrested. It was in 1946 countries. that women got right to vote. (Any five) (vii) Soon, the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015, 2012] (1×5=5) everywhere as an invading force. (Any five) (1×5=5) Q. 9. “Robespierre’s rule in France was known as the Q.11. Describe the main features of the Jacobin Club in Reign of terror.” Justify the statement. A France during the French Revolution. R [DDE-2014, Term, Set-N] [Board 2014 Term-I, Set–HUV135E] Ans. This statement in justified by the points given OR below : What was Jacobin Club? Who were its members? (i) The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the How did Jacobins contribute to carrying the ‘Reign of Terror’. Robespierre followed a policy of French Revolution further? severe control and punishment. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–037] (ii) All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the Ans. Jacobin Club : republic—ex-nobles and clergy, members of other It was a political club formed to discuss government political parties, and even the members of his policies and plan their own forms of action. ½ own party who did not agree with his methods, were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a Its members mainly belonged to the less revolutionary tribunal. prosperous section of society. ½ (iii) If the court found them ‘guilty’, they were Their contribution : guillotined. (i) In 1792, they planned an insurrection of people of (iv) Robespierre’s government issued laws, placing Paris. a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat (ii) They stormed the palace of the Tuileries, and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to massacred the king’s guards and held the king transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices hostage for several hours. fixed by the government. (iii) Elections were held, men of 21 years or above, (v) Churches were shut down and their buildings regardless of wealth, got the right to vote. converted into barracks or offices. 5 (iv) Convention was formed. (½+½+4=5) Commonly Made Error [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]  The students are not aware of the purpose of the Q.12. Which section of society did belong to the Reign of Terror. Jacobin Club? What measures had been taken by Robespierre to remove discrimination in French Answering Tip Society? R [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–066]  The purpose of the Reign of Terror was to protect Ans. Jacobin Clubs belonged mainly to the less the country from foreign invaders. prosperous section of society. Measures taken by Robespierre were : Q.10. Who was Napoleon? Describe the rise of Napoleon (i) Maximum ceilings on wages and prices. in France. U [NCT-2014, Term 1, Set E] (ii) Meat and bread were rationed. OR (iii) Peasant were forced to transport grains to the Describe the rise of Napoleon. cities and sell at a fixed price. [Board 2013 Term-I, Set-2JBO] (iv) Expensive white flour was forbidden. OR (v) Equality was sought. How would you explain the rise of Napoleon ? (vi) Churches were shut down and their buildings [NCERT] converted into barracks or offices. (Any four) Ans. Napoleon was the Emperor of France from 1804 to [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) 1815. Rise of Napoleon : Q.13. Who in France were given the status of 'active citizen' by the Constitution of 1791? State any (i) After the formation of France as Republic in 1792, the ruler, Robespierre, gave more privileges to the three rights given by this Constitution. R [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–072] 16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

Ans. (i) Only men above 25 years of age who paid Ans. Maximilien Robespierre was the leader of Jacobin taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage Club. were given the status of ‘Active Citizen’ and were (i) The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the entitled to vote. Reign of Terror. (ii) Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, (ii) Robespierre followed a policy of severe control freedom of opinion, equality before law were and punishment. established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights, that (iii) All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the is, they belonged to each human being by birth republic–ex-nobles and clergy, members of other and could not be taken away. It was the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural rights. political parties, and even the members of his own party who did not agree with his methods, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (2+3=5) –were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a Q.14. Analyse the role of philosophers in the French revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them Revolution in 1789. A ‘guilty’ they were guillotined. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–037] (iv) Robespierre’s Government issued laws, placing a Ans. The role of philosophers in French Revolution : maximum ceiling on wages and prices. (i) They put forward the idea of a society based on (v) Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were freedom and equality. forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. (1+4=5) (ii) John Locke criticized the existing doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the king. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (iii) Montesquieu proposed a division of power within Q.17. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? What reforms did the executive, judiciary and the legislature. he introduced in France? U (iv) Rousseau proposed the idea of a representative [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–066] government. (v) Their ideas were discussed intensively and spread Ans. Napoleon was a military dictator of France. among people.  Reforms : (i) He passed laws for the protection of private (Any other relevant point can be given) property. (Any five points) (ii) He established uniform system of weights and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) measures. Q.15. Describe the condition of women during the (iii) He codified French laws. (iv) Many saw him as a liberator. (1+4=5) period of the French Revolution. R [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–077] Ans. Condition of women during the period of the Detailed (iv) point : French Revolution : (iv) Many saw him as a liberator who would bring (i) Women were active participants in the events. freedom for the people. But the armies were soon (ii) Most women of the Third Estate had to work viewed as invading force. His measures that carried for a living. They worked as seamstresses or the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at had an impact on people. the market. Q.18. Explain any five features of the Constitution of (iii) Employed as domestic servants in the house of 1791 framed by the National Assembly in France. prosperous people. R [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–042] (iv) In order to voice their interests, women started OR their own political clubs and newspaper. Highlight any five features of the Constitution of (v) They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to 1791 in France. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–052] the Assembly and hold political office. Ans. Features of the Constitution of 1791 framed by (Any other relevant points) National Assembly : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) (i) It limited the power of the Monarch. Q.16. Describe any five efforts made by Maximilien (ii) Powers were separated to different institutions – Robespierre to bring equality in French Society. U the legislature, executive and Judiciary. [Board 2011 Term-I, SSI–049] (iii) Constitutional monarchy was introduced. OR (iv) Power to make laws was given to the National Who was Robespierre? Describe any four steps Assembly. taken by him to bring equality. (v) Citizens were grouped into active and passive [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–072] citizens i.e., Active citizens had the right to vote. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 17

Commonly Made Error (iii) The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation; no group or individual may exercise authority that  The students are not aware as to why the French does not come from the people. Constitution of 1791 failed? (iv) Liberty consists of power to do whatever is not Answering Tip injurious to others. (v) The law has the right to forbid only actions that are  The Constitution of 1791 failed because it established injurious to society. (1×5=5) a constitutional monarchy. Q.21. What was the impact of the French Revolution Q.19. Why were women disappointed by the Constitution on the world? Name two Indians who were very of 1791 in France? What laws did the Revolutionary much influenced by the revolutionary France. U Government introduce to improve the lives of [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–025] women? U [Board 2012 Term-I, Term I, SSI–045] Ans. Impact of the French Revolution on the world : OR (i) The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy. Describe any five laws introduced in France by the Revolutionary Government to improve the lives of (ii) The ideas spread from France to Europe. Here women. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–041] feudal systems were abolished. (iii) Colonized people started movements to create a Ans. Laws to improve the lives of women : sovereign nation state. (i) Creation of state schools. Tipu Sultan and Raja Ram Mohan Roy were the (ii) Schooling was made compulsory for all girls. Indians who were influenced by the ideas of the (iii) Their father could not force them to marriage French Revolution. against their will. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (3+2=5) (iv) Divorce was made legal. (v) Women could now be trained for jobs. (1×5=5) Q.22. Who were entitled to vote in France as per [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Constitution of 1791, framed by the National Detailed Answer : Assembly? State any three rights given to the Women were disappointed by the Constitution people by this Constitution. U of 1791 in France because they were reduced to [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–043] passive citizens and denied the right to vote. Ans. Only men above 25 years of age, who paid taxes Laws introduced by the Revolutionary equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were Government to improve the lives of women : entitled to vote in France. (i) Several state schools were created and schooling Other rights given to people : was made compulsory for all girls. (ii) Their fathers could no longer force them to marriage (i) Right to life against their will. (ii) Freedom of speech (iii) Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by (iii) Freedom of opinion both women and men. (iv) Equality before law (Any three) (iv) Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses. (1+4=5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (2+3=5) Q.20. What was the ‘Declaration of Rights of Man and Detailed Answer : Citizen, according to the French Constitution of Only men above 25 years of age, who paid taxes 1791 ? A [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–081] equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage, were Ans. The Constitution of 1791 began with a declaration entitled to vote in France. of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Other rights given to people : Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, (i) The Constitution began with Declaration of Rights freedom of opinion, equality before law were of Man and Citizen. established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights, that (ii) Right to life, freedom of speech and freedom of is, they belonged to each human being by birth opinion. and could not be taken away. It was the duty of (iii) Equality before law and other rights were the State to protect each citizen’s natural rights. established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights, i.e., [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 5 they belonged to human being by birth and could Detailed Answer : not be taken away. (2+3=5) The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen : Q.23. Name the most important and famous society (i) Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. founded by women in France. What was their (ii) The aim of every political association is the main demand and how did the revolutionary preservation of the natural and inalienable rights government help them to improve their lives? R of man. These are liberty, property, security and [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–034] resistance to oppression. 18 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

[Board 2012 Term-I, SSI – 051] Ans. The society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous society founded by Ans. The Abolition of Censorship. women is France. Effects : They mainly demanded for political rights/right to (i) Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed vote. pictures flooded the towns of France from where The Revolutionary Government introduced the it reached to countryside. following laws : (ii) They discussed events and changes taking place (i) Schooling was made compulsory. across the country. (ii) Fathers of the girls could no longer force them to get married against their will. (iii) Freedom of press also meant that opposing views (iii) Marriage was made into contract entered into could be expressed. freely and registered under civil law. Divorce was (iv) Plays, songs and festive processions attracted made legal. common people through which they could (iv) Women could be trained for jobs could become identify with ideas such as liberty or justice. artists or run small businesses. (Any three points) (Any other relevant point) (1+4=5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1+1+3=5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Q.24. Explain the policy of severe control and Q. 27. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution punishment followed by Robespierre in for the people of the world during the 19th and France. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–055] th A 20 centuries. A [NCERT] Ans. His policies were : [Board 2015 Term-I, Set-HVFF995] (i) Resistance could be declared as treason and OR punished by guillotine. What is the legacy of the French Revolution? Name (ii) All those who did not agree with his methods two Indian leaders, who responded to the ideas of were arrested, imprisoned and tried by tribunal. this revolution. (iii) Terror was directed not only against privileged [Board 2014 Term-I, Set-HIZN & 15AK] classes or the rich middle class, but also against the OR innocent. Explain the legacy of the ‘French Revolution’ to the (iv) The enemies of the nation were viewed as world society. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI–054] the enemies of the republic. Atmosphere of restlessness, insecurity and anxiety prevailed. Ans. The legacy of the French Revolution for the (v) He followed his policies so adamantly that his people of the world : supporters in the end left him. He himself was (i) French Revolution is the milestone in the history finally convicted and guillotined. (1×5=5) of mankind. It inspired Revolutionary Movement [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] in almost every country of Europe and South America. Q.25. Explain the significance of the French Revolution (ii) It inspired social and economic changes in Europe. in the history of France. U It inspired the Germans, Italians and Austrians to [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI – 046] overthrow their oppressive regimes. Ans. Significance of the French Revolution : (iii) It spread new ideas among the people. The (i) Ideas of liberty and democratic rights were Revolution inspired struggling nations of Asia and established. Africa. (ii) Abolition of censorship. (iv) It initiated mass movements and instilled the spirit (iii) End of feudalism. of nationalism among the people. (iv) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen became (v) The idea of liberty and democratic rights were the guiding star of future revolutions. most important legacy of the French Revolution. (v) The term ‘Nation’ got a modern meaning. (vi) The French Revolution gave the term ‘nation’ its (vi) Ruling monarch took measures to ensure people’s modern meaning. welfare. (Any five) (vii) The ideas of sovereignty were also given by [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1×5=5) the French Revolution. It means that a nation Q.26. Which was the important law that came into recognizes no law or authority above its own. effect soon after the storming of the Bastille in the (viii) The French Revolution motivated and inspired summer of 1789 ? How did it change the lives of the revolutionary movement of the former French the common people? Explain. U colony of Haiti. [Board 2012 Term-I, SSI – 034] Tipu Sultan and Raja Ram Mohan Roy were the OR two Indian leaders, who responded to the ideas of Describe any five effects of abolition of the the Revolution. (Any five) censorship in France. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015, 12] (1×5=5) THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 19

Commonly Made Error Ans. ‘A growing middle class in France during the 18th  The students do not pay much focus on the century envisages an end to privileges.’ significance of the French Revolution. (i) The 18th century witnessed emergence of middle class. Answering Tip (ii) It earned wealth from manufacturing and trade.  The significance of the French Revolution can (iii) It included professionals like lawyers and be seen in the unity the French experienced administrative officers. subsequent to the Revolution and Napoleon. (iv) People were educated and believed that no group of society should be privileged. Q. 28. “A growing middle class in France during the 18th (v) All these ideas were put forward by philosophers century envisages an end to Privileges.” Analyse like John Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu. the statement. A [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (1×5=5) [Board 2016 Term-I, Set-EFX8051; 2012, SSI-039]

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

(I) Multiple Choice Questions: Q. 7. In France, the eighteenth century witnessed the Q. 1. Who was the ruler of France in 1789 ? emergence of a social group, termed as the (a) Louis XIV (b) Louis XV (a) working class (b) middle class (c) Louis XVI (d) Louis XVII R (c) aristocratic class (d) noble class R Ans. (c) Louis XVI 1 Ans. (b) middle class 1 Q. 2. Name the philosopher who proposed a division Q. 8. On which date the agitated crowd of France of power between the legislature, the executive stormed and destroyed the Bastille ? and the judiciary. (a) 14th March 1789 (b) 14th April 1789 th th (a) Rousseau (c) 14 June 1789 (d) 14 July 1789 R (b) Montesquieu Ans. (d) 14th July 1789 1 (c) Voltaire Q. 9. France became a constitutional monarchy in : (a) 1774 (b) 1792 (d) None of the above R Ans. (b) Montesquieu 1 (c) 1804 (d) 1791 R Q. 3. The tax devised by the Church comprising one- Ans. (d) 1791 1 tenth of agricultural produce. Q. 10. In this book, Montesquieu proposed a division (a) Taille (b) Livne of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. (c) Chauth (d) Tithe R Identify the book. Ans. (d) Tithe 1 (a) The Social Contract Q. 4. Which of the following led to a chain of events leading to the French Revolution in 1789 ? (b) The Spirit of the Laws (a) People’s protest against rising price of houses (c) Two Treatises of Government (b) People’s protest against Church politics (d) Das Capital R (c) People’s protest against high price of bread. Ans. (b) The Spirit of the Laws 1 (d) People’s protest against lack of employment. Q. 11. National Assembly was led by : (a) Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes R Ans. (c) People’s protest against high price of bread. 1 (b) Louis XVI and Mirabeau Q. 5. In France, during the Old Regime the Church too (c) Mirabeau and Rousseau extracted its share of taxes from (d) Rousseau and Louis XVI R (a) the peasants Ans. (a) Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes 1 (b) the traders Q. 12. Which one of the following is not true about (c) the craftsmen France ? (a) The National Assembly completed the draft of (d) the common men An , R the Constitution in 1791. Ans. (a) the peasants 1 (b) France became a constitutional monarchy in Q. 6. The burden of financial activities of state during 1791. the Old Regime was borne by the (c) All the citizens got the right to vote in 1791. (a) Church alone (b) nobles only (d) The National Assembly was led by Mirabeau (c) third estate alone (d) the King alone E and Abbe Sieyes. C Ans. (c) third estate alone 1 Ans. (c) All the citizens got the right to vote in 1791. 1 20 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – IX

Q. 13. Which period is referred to as the Reign of Terror? (b) The main objective of the National assembly was (a) 1791-1792 (b) 1793-1794 to increase the powers a monarch could possess. (c) 1800-1802 (d) 1814-1815 R (c) Robespierre’s rule in France was known as the Ans. (b) 1793-1794 1 ‘Reign of Terror. Q. 14. Who was defeated in the battle of Waterloo ? (d) The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were (a) Rousseau (b) Napoleon the most significant during the French Revolution. (c) Robespierre (d) Louis XVI (e) The women in France were given the right to vote R in 1946. Ans. (b) Napoleon 1 Ans. (a) False, (b) False, (c) True, (d) True, (e) Tr ue Q. 15. What does a ‘Sceptre’ stand for ? (III) Fill in the blanks: (a) A symbol of royal power (b) A symbol of eternity (a) The slave trade began in the______. (c) Knowledge (b) The major burden of taxes was on the ______. (d) Unity of strength (c) ______proposed the idea of a government based on social contract between Ans. (a) A symbol of royal power 1 people and their representatives. Q. 16. In which year French women got the right to vote? (d) On the morning of ______the city of (a) In 1947 (b) In 1948 Paris was in a state of distress. (c) In 1958 (d) In 1946 R (e) Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on Ans. (d) In 1946 1 the charge of ______. Q. 17. One of the biggest revolutionary social reforms of Ans. (a) 18th century, (b) Third estate, (c) Jean Jacques the Jacobin regime was Rousseau, (d) 14th July 1789, (e) Treason (a) Right to vote for all (IV) Match the following: (b) Political stability (c) Abolition of slavery Column-I Column-II (d) Social and economic equality An , E (a) Jacobin Club (i) executed at the Ans. (c) Abolition of slavery 1 Guillotine Q. 18. The national anthem of France was written by (b) John Locke (ii) defeated in the Battle (a) John Locke (b) Jacques Rousseau of Waterloo (c) Voltaire (d) Roget de L’Isle R (c) King Louis XVI (iii) A political club Ans. (d) Roget de L’Isle 1 (d) 1791 (iv) Refuted the Doctrine Q. 19. What was Jacobins ? of the Divine (a) A group of revolutionaries of France (e) Napoleon (v) The National (b) A political club of France Assembly completed (c) A drinking club of France the draft of the (d) An entertainment club R, U constitution Ans. (b) A political club of France 1 Ans. (a)-(iii); (b)-(iv); (c)-(i); (d)-(v); (e)-(ii) Q. 20. Louis XVI was executed publicly at the (V) Answer the following: (a) Versailles (a) Which significant building was attacked by the (b) Palace of the Tuileries people of Franc in July? (c) Place de la Concorde Ans. Bastille (d) Bordeaux R (b) When did Louis XVI called together an assembly Ans. (c) Place da la Concorde 1 of the Estates General to pass proposals for new Q. 21. ‘Declaration of the Rights of woman and citizen’ taxes? was written by Ans. On 5 May 1789 (a) Narine Vallain (c) Whom did the First Estate comprise of? (b) Mirabeau Ans. The clergy (c) Olympe de Gouges (d) How were working women discriminated in France? (d) Marie Antoinette R Ans. (c) Olympe de Gouges 1 Ans. They were paid lower wages (e) What term was given to the right/freedom of (II) State whether True or False: expression? (a) Weak educational structure was a cause of Ans. Natural right discontentment among the French citizens. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION [ 21

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