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Floristic Woody Composition of Revegetated Mining Sites in the Brazilian Federal District

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Floristic Woody Composition of Revegetated Mining Sites in the Brazilian Federal District 908 Original Article FLORISTIC WOODY COMPOSITION OF REVEGETATED MINING SITES IN THE BRAZILIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT COMPOSIÇÃO FLORÍSTICA LENHOSA DE JAZIDAS REVEGETADAS NO DISTRITO FEDERAL Rodrigo Studart CORRÊA 1; Benício de MÉLO FILHO 2; Cristiane de Queiroz PINHEIRO 3; Perseu Fernando dos SANTOS 4 1. Docente da Universidade de Brasília - FUP, Brasília, DF, Brasil. [email protected]; 2. Engenheiro Florestal - D.Sc. da Rede Brasileira de Recuperação Ambiental, Brasília, DF, Brasil; 3. Engenheira Florestal - M.Sc. do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia Legal, Brasília, DF, Brasil; 4. Docente da Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB, Brasília, DF, Brasil. ABSTRACT: The extension degraded by mining in the Brazilian Federal District - BFD is proportionately five times larger than country’s average. The restoration of plant communities at these sites is ecologically necessary and legally compulsory. Native woody species are commonly used for ecosystem restoration and this study aimed to identify the floristic composition of woody species introduced in BDF mining sites and discuss its outcomes. The floristic survey was conducted by sampling groups of one hundred individuals until sampling sufficiency was achieved. In total 4,500 plants were sampled in ten sites, which housed 92 autochthonous and 21 allochthonous woody species. Plant communities in the sites assembled between 13 and 62 species, planted at low density - 467 ± 222 plants ha -1. The preferential use of autochthonous species in the revegetation projects resembles the standards recommended by successional restoration models, but the floristic diversity and plant density in initial communities fall below the values deemed as ideal. The 92 autochthonous species include representatives of various habitats, ecological groups and dispersal syndromes. These 92 species currently in use may be regrouped in initial plant communities denser and more diverse than those found in the revegetated sites. The surveyed plant communities were massively composed of arboreal species and such pattern may drive succession towards the formation of forest ecosystems where previously inhabited savanna formations. KEYWORDS: Ecological restoration. Revegetation. Mining areas. Brazilian savanna. INTRODUCTION than national average (CORRÊA et al., 2004; STARR et al., 2013). The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian The destruction of ecosystems by human biome, occurs in fourteen out 26 states, occupies activities has placed a number of species at risk of nearly 25% of the national territory and houses over extinction. Conservationist plans recommend habitat twelve thousand species of vascular plants restoration as a means of offsetting biodiversity (MENDONÇA et al., 2008a). This biome consists of losses (MARON; HOBBS, 2012), increasing a mosaic of grassland, savanna and forest carrying capacity, and lowering extinction risk formations, which confers upon it a high diversity of (ANAND; DESROCHERS, 2004). The use of habitats and the richest savanna in plant species in seedlings and seeds is the most viable alternative for the world (MENDONÇA et al., 1998). the restoration of ecosystems that have lost most of Studies report that agriculture, livestock resilience, like areas degraded by mining breeding, urbanization and mining are responsible (DURIGAN, 2003; SILVA; CORRÊA, 2008). This for the loss of more 50% of Cerrado native practice began in Brazil almost two centuries ago vegetation coverage (KLINK; MACHADO, 2005; (MARTINS, 1966), and the current use of native MENDONÇA et al., 2008a). High degree of species in successional models aims to shorten the endemism, high biodiversity and significant human stages of natural succession by establishing trees in impacts on natural ecosystems have ranked the degraded areas that would be spontaneously Cerrado biome amongst the 34 hotspots for global colonized by herbs in the early stages of ecological biodiversity conservation (IUCN, 2010). The succession (BARBOSA et al., 2003; REIS et. al., Brazilian Federal District - BFD is located on the 2003; MARTINS et al., 2012). central part of Cerrado, where conflicts between The revegetation of a degraded area is conservation measures and economic activities are currently considered the beginning of an ecosystem intense. In addition to the damage caused by restoration, since ecological succession is the main agriculture and urbanization, almost 1% of the course of restoration in tropical regions (CORLETT; BFD’s territory is taken by mines of clay, gravel, HAU, 2000). Restoration projects aim to recover sand and limestone, a percentage five times higher damaged ecosystems by creating conditions that will Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 908-922, May/June. 2015 Received: 20/06/13 Accepted: 10/10/14 909 Floristic woody… CORRÊA, R. S. et al prompt communities to follow their natural originally covered by savannic formations on either pathways where ecological processes were Oxisol or Inceptisol soils. destroyed (ANAND; DESROCHERS, 2004; SER, Sampling works in each site began soon 2004). In this sense the recovery of biomass and after revegetation works, which occurred from 2005 biodiversity is considered necessary to restore and to 2010. Based on Equations 1 and 2 (SNEDECOR; maintain ecosystem functioning (LYONS et al., COCHRAN, 1989), four hundred plants were 2005; MOKANY et al., 2008). Techniques initially sampled in each site and then checked for involving facilitation, nucleation, keystone and sampling sufficiency through species rarefaction umbrella species, and others have more recently curves (GOTELLI; COLWELL, 2001). Sampling been incorporated into successional restoration works were extended wherever necessary until models (REIS et al., 2003; LYONS et al., 2005). sampling sufficiency was achieved in each Tree plantation is the oldest and most revegetated site, which required the sampling of 400 common practice used for rehabilitation of lands to 900 individuals in each of the ten studied degraded by human activities because trees provide locations (Table 1). a pronounced visual effect on the landscape (SINGH et al., 2002; RUIZ-JAEN; AIDE, 2005; 1 1 n0 = ⇒ = 400 individuals (Equation 1) SILVA; CORRÊA, 2008). Trees and shrubs also E 2 0.05 2 play a fundamental role in plant recruitment and ecological succession by increasing ecological N x no structure and providing perches and food for fauna n = (Equation 2) (CORLETT; HAU, 2000; KAGEYAMA et al., N + no 2003; RUIZ-JAEN; AIDE, 2005; BARBOSA; where, PIZO, 2006). The appropriate assembly of plant n0 = sample size for an infinite size species that will compose initial communities in population, at 5% confidential level degraded areas is essential for the success of n = sample size for a known size population restoration projects (MELO et al., 2004; STARR et N = population size al., 2013). In such view, this study aimed to identify the woody species assembled as initial plant The floristic survey was done through communities in sites previously degraded by mining traversal shaped scanning (PINHEIRO et al., 2009), activities in the Brazilian Federal District - BFD and using at least four sample groups of one hundred discuss outcomes of the floristic composition planted woody individuals each one (Equation 1). adopted. The starting point of each sample group was selected at random, and covered up a rectangle area MATERIAL AND METHODS from that point on until one hundred plants were sampled. The area occupied by every group of one Study Area hundred planted individuals was used for the The study was conducted in the Federal estimation of planting density in each revegetated 2 District of Brazil - BFD, which occupies 5,814 km site. Part of plants from species not identified in situ of the Brazilian Central Plateau. The region's were collected and pressed for subsequent topography varies from flat to gently slope, with identification through literature and comparison average altitude of 1,100 m. Climate is Tropical of with exsiccates deposited in the University of Savanna (Aw - Köppen-Geiger) with well-defined Brasilia’s herbarium. Taxonomic classification was wet and dry seasons (PEEL et al., 2007), annual based on The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system mean temperature of 21 - 24 ◦C, and annual rainfall (APG III, 2009), and taxa names were updated as ranges from 1,200 to 1,600 mm, 84% of which per the nomenclature of the Missouri Botanical precipitate in summer (INMET, 2012). Garden (MOBOT, 2012). Ten revegetated mining sites were sampled Floristic survey to achieve sampling sufficiency for the overall Planted woody species were sampled in floristic woody composition introduced in these revegetated mining sites that were subject to sites. Original soil type and vegetation formation of restoration projects, namely the recovery of revegetated sites were determined based on degraded ecosystems as close as possible to their surrounding areas, satellite images, and soil profiles. original condition (Brazilian Federal Law Nr. Geographic coordinates were recorded on the center 9.985/2000). All study sites were located in areas of each study site, with a Garmin GPS 40 device, datum SAD 69 (Table 1). Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 908-922, May/June. 2015 910 Floristic woody… CORRÊA, R. S. et al Table 1. Some characteristics of study sites. Location Geographic Revegetated Number of Number of Number of coordinates extension planted species sampled (SAD 69) (ha) individuals individuals 1 - SHIS QI 29 15º 48’ 44” S 5.4 1,514 32 400 47º 47’28” W 2 - Aeroporto JK 15º 52’ 22” S 72.1 29,000 62 900 47º 53’ 11” W 3 - REFESA 15º 47’ 14” S 6.7 4,200 34 400 47º 57’ 07” W 4 - Parna de Bsb 15º 44’ 06” S 1.1 690 32 400 47º 55’ 46” W 5 - Granja do Torto 15º 42’ 43” S 16.4 5,410 21 400 47º 54’ 36” W 6 - BR 060, Km 15º 56’ 27” S 21.4 5,940 14 400 14,5 48º 09’ 31” W 7 - DF 130, Km 8,5 15º 45’26” S 4.5 2,530 20 400 47º 39’ 22” W 8- Arboreto UnB 15º 44’ 20” S 4.9 1,350 16 400 47º 53’ 02” W 9 - SMPW Q.
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