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Las Especies Nativas Y Exóticas De Tabebuia Y Handroanthus (Tecomeae, Bignoniaceae) En Argentina

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Las Especies Nativas Y Exóticas De Tabebuia Y Handroanthus (Tecomeae, Bignoniaceae) En Argentina DARWINIANA 47(1): 185-220. 2009 ISSN 0011-6793 LAS ESPECIES NATIVAS Y EXÓTICAS DE TABEBUIA Y HANDROANTHUS (TECOMEAE, BIGNONIACEAE) EN ARGENTINA Maria A. Zapater, Laura M. Califano, Elvio M. Del Castillo, Mirta A. Quiroga & Evangelina C. Lozano Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Buenos Aires 177, 4400 Salta, Argentina; aliciaza- [email protected] (autor corresponsal). Abstract. Zapater M. A.; L. M. Califano, E. M. del Castillo, M. A. Quiroga & E. C. Lozano. 2009. Native and exo- tic species of Tabebuia and Handroanthus (Tecomeae, Bignoniaceae) in Argentina. Darwiniana 47(1): 185-220. The most recent studies about the genus Tabebuia and Handroanthus recognize two and six native species in Argentina, and one exotic cultivated species of Handroanthus in urban streets. Nevertheless, the genera are not completely understood, because some taxonomic conflicts are mentioned for the NW of Argentina (NWA). New collections made in Salta and Jujuy, and the revision of an important number of herbarium samples have confirmed a very high variability among the populations of the NWA region, and the subsistence of conflictive situations that prevented the correct identification of the species. Consequently, we considered it was necessary to make the revision of the genus analizing comprehensive material including all the phenological phases, in order to study most characters of every plant organ (young leaves, mature leaves, inflorescences, flowers, fruits and seeds). Our results indicate that the number of native taxa of Handroanthus is seven, including a new variety, and two of Tabebuia. Besides, another cultivated species of Tabebuia was identified, so there are two exotic taxa. All the entities are described, as well as the extant variability of native populations, and their distribu- tion ranges in Argentina are provided. Keywords.Argentina, Bignoniaceae, Handroanthus, Tabebuia, Taxonomy, Resumen. Zapater M. A.; L. M. Califano, E. M. del Castillo, M. A. Quiroga & E. C. Lozano. 2009. Las especies nati- vas y exóticas de Tabebuia y Handroanthus (Tecomeae, Bignoniaceae) en Argentina. Darwiniana. 47(1): 185-220. Los estudios más recientes en Argentina sobre el género Tabebuia y Handroanthus reconocen la existencia de dos y seis especies nativas respectivamente, además de una especie exótica de Handroan- thus cultivada en el arbolado urbano. Sin embargo no todo está resuelto en los géneros, por cuanto se citan conflictos taxonómicos para el noroeste argentino (NOA). Nuevas colecciones que se efectuaron en Salta y Jujuy, y la revisión de un importante número de ejemplares de herbarios, confirmaron la exis- tencia de una muy alta variabilidad en las poblaciones de la región NOA y de situaciones conflictivas y/o confusas que impedían la correcta identificación de las entidades. Debido a ello, se considera nece- sario efectuar la revisión de los géneros analizando materiales completos que incluyan todos los esta- dos fenológicos, de manera de estudiar el mayor número de caracteres en todos los órganos de la plan- ta (hojas jóvenes, hojas adultas, inflorescencias y flores, frutos y semillas). Como resultado se encontró que el número de taxones nativos es de siete en Handroanthus, con el agregado de un nuevo taxón varie- tal y de dos en Tabebuia; además se identificó otra especie cultivada de Tabebuia con lo que el número de taxones exóticos de ambos géneros asciende a dos. Se describen todas las entidades, detallando la variabilidad existente en las poblaciones nativas, y se ajustan los rangos de distribución en el país. Palabras clave. Argentina, Bignoniaceae, Handroanthus, Tabebuia, Taxonomía. Original recibido el 17 de julio de 2008; aceptado el 28 de octubre de 2008. 185 DARWINIANA 47(1) 185-220. 2009 INTRODUCCIÓN en la Argentina. Los dos restantes se diferencian principalmente por el indumento de las hojas y el Bignoniaceae es una gran familia botánica que cáliz, además de particularidades de la madera. La comprende lianas, arbustos y árboles reunidos en mayoría de las especies argentinas de flores ama- 120 géneros y 800 especies distribuidas en las rillas y rosadas, un total de seis, han sido transferi- regiones tropicales y subtropicales de todo el mun- das al género Handroanthus caracterizado princi- do. Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. es el mayor y más palmente por poseer tricomas simples, bi-penta importante de sus géneros, con aproximadamente ramificados, estrellados, dendroides y barbados en 100 especies (Gentry, 1992), y fue incluido en la hojas y cáliz. Ellas son: H. albus (Cham.) Mattos, tribu parafilética Tecomeae por poseer frutos con H. heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos, H. impetiginosus ( dehiscencia perpendicular al septo (Spangler & Mart. ex DC.) Mattos, H. lapacho (K. Schum.) Olmstead, 1999). Mattos, H. ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos y H. pulche- En Argentina, los primeros estudios del género rrimus (Sandw.) Grose; además de la especie exó- (Buchinger, 1960; Fabris, 1959, 1965) reconocían tica H. chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos. En el la existencia de siete especies nativas: T. nodosa género Tabebuia, cuya principal característica (Griseb.) Griseb., T. alba (Cham.) Sandw., T. ave- diferencial con Handroanthus es el indumento de llanedae Lor. ex Griseb., T. caraiba (Mart.) Bure- tricomas escamosos sésiles o peciolados en hojas au, T. ipe (Mart. ex Schum.) Standl., T. lapacho y cáliz, permanecen solamente dos de las especies (Schum.) Sandw., y T. pulcherrima Sandw., ade- nativas, T. aurea y T. nodosa. más de una especie exótica, raramente cultivada A pesar de estos adelantos, en algunas entidades en ese entonces, T. chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) del NOA del género Handroanthus aún persisten Standl. dudas y conflictos taxonómicos (Gentry, 1992), En estudios posteriores, Gentry (1973) reunió a debido a esto surgió la necesidad de efectuar una T. avellanedae y T. ipe bajo la denominación de T. revisión del género para la Argentina. Efectiva- impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl., con lo que el mente, como resultado de nuevas colecciones que numero de taxones nativos citados para la Argen- se realizaron en el NOA, se encontró una gran tina se redujo a seis. Más tarde, el mismo autor variabilidad poblacional en H. ochraceus, la cual (1992), las retornó como entidades diferentes bajo es descripta y utilizada para resolver conflictos la denominación de T. impetiginosa (= T. avellane- entre taxones afines. Por otra parte, se encontró dae) y T. heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo (= T. ipe). una población con una localización ambiental par- Además diferenció una nueva subespecie de flores ticular y con algunas características diferenciales amarillas para el país y el noroeste argentino de H. ochraceus, que se considera un nuevo taxón (NOA), T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. ssp. ochra- varietal que se describe e ilustra. A los fines de cla- cea, cuyos materiales se encontraban confundidos rificar las frecuentes confusiones entre H. ochra- con T. lapacho, otra entidad de flores amarillas. De ceus y H. lapacho, se ajustan los rangos de distri- esta manera, el número de taxones nativos citados bución de las poblaciones en el NOA. para el país ascendió a ocho: T. nodosa, T. impeti- Respecto al género Tabebuia, se realizan por ginosa, T. heptaphylla, T. aurea (Manso) Bentham primera vez comparaciones con Handroanthus en & Hooker (= T. caraiba), T. alba, T. lapacho, T. base a la flora argentina, y se establecen y amplian ochracea y T. pulcherrima (Gentry, 1992; Arbo, los rangos de distribución de sus especies. Ade- 1999). más, se documenta con colecciones y se describe Recientemente y como resutado de estudios de por primera vez una población disyunta de T. sistemática molecular (Grose & Olmestead, 2007), aurea del noroeste, que ya fuera mencionada pre- el género Tabebuia ha sido dividido en tres clados, viamente por Morales (1995), se señalan las carac- que se corresponden con grupos planteados pre- terísticas particulares de la comunidad en la que se viamente (Gentry, 1992), y que se reconocen como encuentra. géneros: Roseodendron Miranda, Handroanthus Como exóticas de ambos géneros se citan y des- Mattos y Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. El primero, criben dos especies cultivadas como ornamentales: caracterizado por un cáliz espatáceo con textura H. chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos y T. roseo- similar a la de la corola, no posee representantes alba (Ridl.) Sandwith. 186 M. A. ZAPATER et al. Las especies de Tabebuia y Handroanthus en Argentina MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS El variado indumento de órganos vegetativos y reproductivos que presentan las especies de ambos La metodología que se utilizó fue la tradicional géneros ha sido estudiado por diferentes investiga- para los estudios taxonómicos, sin el empleo de dores y los tipos de tricomas tienen relevante métodos estadísticos. Se consultaron ejemplares importancia para el diagnóstico taxonómico. En procedentes de los siguientes herbarios BA, BAB, las hojas y otros órganos vegetativos y reproducti- BAI, CTES, LIL, LP, MCNS, SI. Se realizaron vos, el tricoma predominante que caracteriza a la nuevas colecciones en Jujuy, Salta y Tucumán de Familia es la escama, denominada "lepidoto" por ejemplares en diferentes estadios tanto cultivados algunos autores (Gentry, 1992), tricoma peltado como nativos. Los ejemplares más representativos pluricelular con diferentes formas. En el género fueron descriptos e ilustrados. Se recolectaron Handroanthus, la escama más común en órganos semillas para su estudio morfológico. En el análi- vegetativos, más escasa en reproductivos, es la sis de tricomas florales se utilizó material
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