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The Japanese Empire in East Asia and Its Postwar Legacy

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The Japanese Empire in East Asia and Its Postwar Legacy Monographien Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung Band 22, 1998 Harald Fuess (ed.) The Japanese Empire in East Asia and Its Postwar Legacy Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung Band 22 1998 Monographien Band 22 Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung Direktorin: Prof. Dr. Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit Anschrift: Nissei Kôjimachi Bldg. Kudan-Minami 3-3-6 Chiyoda-ku 102–0074 Tôkyô, Japan Tel.: (03) 3222-5077 Fax: (03) 3222-5420 e-mail: [email protected] Title: Shanghai Landing of the Naval Forces Explanation: When the Japanese naval forces landed in Shanghai, they selected the Japanese elementary school as their headquarter. The sign at the gate warns, “Beware of stonethrowing by the Chinese.“ Shanghai, June 1925 (Courtesy of Asahi Shinbun) Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP Einheitsaufnahme The Japanese empire in East Asia and its postwar legacy / Harald Fuess (ed.). – München : Iudicium-Verl., 1998 (Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung ; Bd. 22) ISBN 3-89129-502-2 © iudicium verlag GmbH München 1998 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: Offsetdruck Schoder, Gersthofen Printed in Germany ISBN 3-89129-502-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION Preface Irmela HIJIYA-KIRSCHNEREIT . 9 Overview Harald FUESS . 11 Opening Remarks: Empire in the Age of Nationalism Prasenjit DUARA. 15 II. ASIA IN JAPAN: THE DOMESTIC FOUNDATIONS OF JAPANESE IMPERIALISM Japan’s Asia in the Politics of a New World Order, 1914–19 Fred DICKINSON . 27 The Dream of One Asia: Ôkawa Shûmei and Japanese Pan-Asianism Christopher W. A. SZPILMAN. 49 A Comparative Study of the Tôyô Kyôkai and the Nan’yô Kyôkai Hyung Gu LYNN . 65 Technocratic Visions of Empire: Technology Bureaucrats and the “New Order for Science-Technology” Janis MIMURA . 97 III. IMPERIALISM AT WORK: THE JAPANESE EMPIRE IN ASIA Consumption as Resistance: The National Products Movement and Anti-Japanese Boycotts in Modern China Karl G. GERTH . 119 5 Inhalt Economic Expansionism and the Military: With Special Reference to the Japanese Community in Shanghai in 1931 Harumi GOTO-SHIBATA. .143 The Taiwan Government-General and Prewar Japanese Economic Expansion in South China and Southeast Asia, 1900–1936 Adam SCHNEIDER . .161 IV. THE POSTWAR LEGACY OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE Resurrecting the Empire? Japanese Technicians in Postwar China, 1945–49 Daqing YANG . .185 In the Shadow of the Monolith: Yoshida Shigeru and Japan’s China Policy During the Early Cold War Years, 1949–54 C.W. BRADDICK. .207 Japanese Relations in Northeast Asia: China and Soviet Interference Joachim GLAUBITZ . .233 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME . .251 6 I. INTRODUCTION 7 Irmela HIJIYA-KIRSCHNEREIT 8 PREFACE “Japan in Asia“ is the title of a new research project launched by the Ger- man Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) in 1997. Even though questions of Japan’s relationship to the rest of Asia may at first glance appear to be timeless, they have taken on particular relevance since at least the begin- ning of the 1990s, where we observe in many spheres, in politics and eco- nomics as well as in culture and society in general, a new orientation in Ja- pan towards Asia. Japanese attempts at redefining its relationship to what it perceives to be Asia, that is, East and Southeast Asia, are part and parcel of a global re-mapping since the end of the Cold War, and this process, which is still in the making and which also implies a re-definition of Ja- pan’s relationship with “the West“ will definitely affect the rest of the world as well. At the DIJ with its multi-disciplinary set-up and its agenda of conducting research on modern Japan in the fields of the humanities, the social scienc- es, and economics, we try to tackle some of the numerous possible ques- tions within this framework which we find are of particular relevance from our European perspective. The majority of our twelve research associates is presently involved in one way or another in this project. Needless to say, though, this research profits greatly from cooperation with other research institutions and specialists in the field. “Japan in Asia“ is undoubtedly a much-studied topic already, and what is more, at the DIJ with its Japan-di- rected research, there is a constant need of tapping research on other Asian areas in order to place our findings in an adequate perspective. In its tenth year since its foundation in 1988, the anniversary edition of the DIJ year- book Japanstudien is devoted to “Japan’s New Role in Asia.“ By organizing workshops and conferences, as well as inviting specialists to contribute to our publications, we not only hope to create an environment conducive to better insight into our topic, but also to contribute to networking in the scholarly community beyond the borders of academic tradition and episte- mological domains. The theme of “Japan in Asia“ seems particularly suited to such an approach. In the sphere of cultural studies, our research presently focuses on ten- dencies among Japanese intellectuals toward claiming a particular “Asian spirituality.“ Analyses of literary texts, essays, and writings by scholars with a wide readership reveal that claim, attached to such keywords as animism, shamanism, and reisei (spirituality), to be rooted in an attempt to formulate a counter-culture against what has been experienced as a he- 9 Irmela HIJIYA-KIRSCHNEREIT gemony of “Western“ thinking throughout much of Japan’s modern his- tory. Another focus of concern within the framework of “Japan in Asia“ is Ja- pan’s role in the process of integration in Asia. Political and economic as- pects are so closely interwoven that an interdisciplinary approach appears to be the only feasible option, and is the one chosen by the DIJ. Whether it is the analysis of the domestic debate concerning Japan’s future role in Asia, or the influence of business and interest groups on Japanese foreign-policy decision making, or the economic relations between Japan and Asia in gen- eral and current changes regarding Japanese production networks within the Asian region in particular—all these findings have to be scrutinized un- der a grid of interrelated paradigms, one of these being the history of Japa- nese-Asian relations in the twentieth century. And this is where the present volume’s topic comes to the fore, because it provides an indispensable backdrop to our current study of “Japan in Asia.“ “The Japanese Empire in East Asia and its Postwar Legacy“ is the title of a conference that was funded and organized by the DIJ in Tôkyô on 17 October 1997. Its purpose was to provide a historical background to the “Japan in Asia“ project, especially in regard to the political, economic, so- cial, and cultural dimensions of the interactions of Japan and the Japanese with Asia and Asians. The present volume includes most of the papers presented on this occasion. The conference participants and authors come from different countries of Asia and Europe, and also the United States, the majority of them being in an early stage of their academic career, having recently completed or just finishing their doctoral dissertations. The present book could thus also be read as an indicator of what themes and subjects attract the imag- ination of today’s young historians of Asia. Our thanks go to Prasenjit Duara, Professor of History at Chicago Uni- versity, who gave the keynote speech at the conference and in the discus- sions provided invaluable feedback to the presenters. Without the keen eye of Nina Raj, the copy editor, numerous errors would have been over- looked. Special credit, moreover, is due to Harald Fuess, research associ- ate at the DIJ, who, with relentless energy and enthusiasm, planned and organized the conference, and saw to the speedy publication of its results. It is hoped that this volume will contribute to a better understanding of the domestic foundations of Japanese imperialism, its workings in Asia, and the empire’s postwar legacy as it manifests itself especially in Sino- Japanese relations. Tôkyô, August 1998 Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit Director, DIJ 10 OVERVIEW Harald FUESS When war broke out between Japan and China on 1 August 1894, most Western observers assumed that China would prevail because of its size, but the war turned out like the biblical fight between David and Goliath; the smaller combatant won with better weapons and tactics. What was a surprise to many had been the fruit of Japan’s effort to modernize in the late nineteenth century, driven by a quest to maintain national independ- ence and to attain equal status with Western nations. With the acquisition of its first colony, Taiwan, as the prize of its victory over China in 1895, Ja- pan embarked on building an empire, just as Western powers had done before. The Japanese empire lasted for only half a century, and it vanished in the same way it had begun—in a war with China. The Second Sino-Jap- anese War, started in 1937, eventually lead to the Second World War, which resulted in Japan’s surrender and the dismemberment of its empire in 1945. More than half a century has elapsed since the demise of Japan’s em- pire, but because of its centrality in early twentieth century East Asian his- tory, it still continues to attract the attention of numerous scholars. They, just as generations of scholars before them, reinterpret the past in light of the present, especially now that Japan’s role in Asia is growing again in the fields of economics, politics, and culture. They usually place the crea- tion, dynamics, and termination of the Japanese empire within world- wide trends of imperialism, nationalism, totalitarianism, and modernity with reference to particular circumstances and developments in East 1 Asia.
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