As Criaturas Do Mal Na Hagiografia Dominicana – Uma Pedagogia Do Século Xiii

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As Criaturas Do Mal Na Hagiografia Dominicana – Uma Pedagogia Do Século Xiii UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA TEREZA RENATA SILVA ROCHA AS CRIATURAS DO MAL NA HAGIOGRAFIA DOMINICANA – UMA PEDAGOGIA DO SÉCULO XIII NITERÓI 2011 TEREZA RENATA SILVA ROCHA AS CRIATURAS DO MAL NA HAGIOGRAFIA DOMINICANA – UMA PEDAGOGIA DO SÉCULO XIII Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação Stricto Sensu em História Social da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Área de Concentração: História Social Orientador: Prof.ª Dra. VÂNIA LEITE FRÓES Niterói 2011 TEREZA RENATA SILVA ROCHA AS CRIATURAS DO MAL NA HAGIOGRAFIA DOMINICANA – UMA PEDAGOGIA DO SÉCULO XIII Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação Stricto Sensu em História Social da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Área de Concentração: História Social Aprovada em abril de 2011. BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Vânia Leite Fróes – Orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense ________________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da Silva Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro ________________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Edmar Checon de Freitas Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói 2011 À minha querida família que sempre esteve comigo, acompanhando todos os passos desta jornada. AGRADECIMENTOS À CAPES, à Universidade Federal Fluminense e o seu Programa de Pós- Graduação em História Social, por apoiarem e possibilitarem a realização deste trabalho. À Professora Doutora Vânia Leite Fróes por partilhar sua sabedoria, por sua orientação dedicada, paciência e amizade. Por guiar-me de forma carinhosa e, ao mesmo tempo, firme neste longo caminho de formação. Aos Professores Doutores Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da Silva e Edmar Checon de Freitas, que gentilmente aceitaram participar como avaliadores desta Dissertação, pela leitura atenta, pelas críticas e sugestões feitas no Exame de Qualificação. Ao Professor Wagner Neves Rocha pela ajuda com a bibliografia e pelos interessantes apontamentos que muito me auxiliaram nesta pesquisa. Ao Leonardo Fontes, pelos diálogos sempre produtivos, pela amizade e pela ajuda intelectual durante este período. Aos colegas do Scriptorium, pelas discussões engrandecedoras e troca de experiências. Aos amigos, que procuraram compreender a falta de tempo e ofereceram o seu apoio incondicional. EPÍGRAFE ―Ninguém será capaz de averiguar a origem dos males, sem ter entendido o que está relacionado àquele que se chama diabo e a seus anjos, quem ele era antes de se tornar um demônio, como ele tornou-se tal e qual foi a causa da apostasia simultânea daqueles que são denominados os seus anjos.‖ (Orígenes, Contra Celsus, Livro IV) RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é explorar as formas com que os hagiógrafos dominicanos percebiam o mal e suas criaturas e os mecanismos que utilizaram para formular tal concepção. Pretende-se também investigar se esta noção está inserida no discurso voltado para a cidade – no combate às heresias e a uma espiritualidade leiga. Para tanto serão analisadas duas compilações hagiográficas dominicanas produzidas no século XIII: a Legenda Áurea (c.1260) de Jacopo de Varazze e as Vitae Fratrum (1256- 1260), compiladas por Gerard de Frachet. Convém ressaltar que estes textos foram escolhidos por serem duas grandes compilações que testemunham as estratégias político-religiosas da Igreja e fazem parte do empreendimento eclesiástico de conservar a memória por escrito, como forma de manter o controle sobre as mudanças da sociedade e formas de pensamento vigentes. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a hagiografia foi um recurso utilizado pela instituição eclesiástica para atuar sobre a conduta dos fiéis. Nesse sentido, espera-se encontrar uma concepção que procura responder às inquietações dos citadinos do século XIII e, ao mesmo tempo, um discurso que pretende transmitir valores considerados aptos para a transformação do corpo social através, principalmente, da exemplaridade. Procurar-se-á investigar estas narrativas segundo os mecanismos próprios de sua composição, atentando para a forma de leitura proposta por estes mecanismos. Palavras-chave: 1. Hagiografia, 2. Ordem dos Pregadores, 3. Mal, 4. diabo e demônios RÉSUMÉE L'objectif de cette recherche est d'explorer les façons dont les hagiographes dominicains comprenaient le mal et ses créatures et les mécanismes utilisés pour formuler cette conception. Nous avons également l'intention d'examiner si ce concept est intégré dans le discours à la ville - dans la lutte contre l'hérésie et une spiritualité laïque. À cette fin, nous allons analyser deux compilations hagiographiques dominicains produites dans le XIIIe siècle: la Légende dorée (c.1260) de Jacques de Voragine et les Vitae Fratrum (1256-1260), compilées par Gérard de Frachet. Il convient de noter que ces textes ont été choisis parce qu'ils sont deux grands recueils qui témoignent les stratégies politiques et religieux de l'Église et font partie de le projet ecclésiastique de conserver la mémoire par écrit, comme un moyen de contrôler les changements dans la société et des modes de pensée en vogue. Nous partons de l'hypothèse de que l'hagiographie est une ressource utilisée par l'institution ecclésiastique pour influencer le comportement des fidèles. En conséquence, nous attendons trouver une conception qui vise à répondre aux préoccupations des habitants de la ville du XIIIe siècle et dans le même temps, un discours qui vise à transmettre des valeurs que l‘Église croyait appropriés pour la transformation de la société, principalement à travers de l'exemplarité. Nous examinerons ces récits selon les mécanismes de leur propre composition, en notant la forme de la lecture proposée par ces mécanismes. Mots-clés: 1. Hagiographie, 2. Ordre des Prêcheurs, 3. Mal, 4. Diable et démons SUMÁRIO LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES ......................................................................................................................11 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ...................................................................................................................12 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................................13 1. A NOVA SOCIEDADE E A TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA IGREJA ............................................................22 1.1. A SOCIEDADE URBANA: A CIDADE MEDIEVAL COMO ESPAÇO DE NOVIDADES ..............22 1.2. A REFORMA GREGORIANA ......................................................................................................26 1.3. AS NOVAS ORDENS MONÁSTICAS .........................................................................................28 1.4. A ESPIRITUALIDADE LEIGA ......................................................................................................31 1.5. A ―AMEAÇA HERÉTICA‖ .............................................................................................................33 1.6. O IV CONCÍLIO DE LATRÃO (1215)...........................................................................................36 2. NOVAS FORMULAÇÕES DOUTRINAIS E PRÁTICAS RELIGIOSAS ...............................................43 2.1. O ―ANTIGO INIMIGO‖ TOMA FORMA ........................................................................................43 2.2. UMA DOUTRINA VOLUNTARISTA DO PECADO ......................................................................75 2.3. O EXEMPLO DE CRISTO ...........................................................................................................79 2.4. O CULTO DOS SANTOS ............................................................................................................80 3. A GÊNESE E O PAPEL DOS DOMINICANOS NA ―CIDADE DOS HOMENS‖ ..................................86 3.1. A CIDADE MEDIEVAL NO SÉCULO XIII ....................................................................................86 3.2. O APARECIMENTO DAS ORDENS MENDICANTES .................................................................92 3.3. A ORIGEM DA ORDEM DOMINICANA .......................................................................................94 3.4. O ENFOQUE NA POBREZA, NO ESTUDO E NA PREGAÇÃO .................................................96 3.5. A INSERÇÃO DOMINICANA E SUA ATUAÇÃO NO ESPAÇO URBANO ................................108 3.6. A PRODUÇÃO ESCRITA DOS PREGADORES .......................................................................115 3.6.1. A Hagiografia Como Meio De Propagação Do Discurso Dominicano ................................119 3.6.2. A Comunidade Por Escrito: A Produção De Memória Através Da Hagiografia ..................124 4. CONTROLANDO O DIABO: OS DEMÔNIOS NA LEGENDA ÁUREA E NAS VITAE FRATRUM ....142 4.1. A ATUAÇÃO DOS SERES DO MAL .........................................................................................142 4.1.1. Nomenclatura do diabo e dos demônios ............................................................................142 4.1.2. Os Disfarces Demoníacos ..................................................................................................145 4.1.3. A inteligência diabólica .......................................................................................................154 4.1.4. A Violência: Casos De Possessão .....................................................................................159
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