` Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis ANNA FREUD • Anna Freud (1895–1982)- Is the Daughter of Sigmund Freud. an Established

` Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis

 Anna Freud (1895–1982)- is the daughter of Sigmund Freud. An established psychoanalyst in her own right, Anna Freud defended the psychoanalytic stages of development against Melanie Klein who stated the existence of pre-oedipal development in children. She introduced the concept of developmental lines in child development. These developmental lines are a child’s universal attempts to adapt to life in every one of its psychological aspects.

CARL JUNG

 Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961)- heavily influenced by Freud, though he deviated from the hard sexuality of Freudian psychoanalysis, postulated a less sexual interpretation of the libido. He also introduced the concept of the collective unconscious as the single most influential aspect of human character. In addition to the collective unconscious Jung also introduced the concept of the archetype, as the basic elementary unit of the collective unconscious. He also introduced the concepts of intro- and extro- version.

ALFRED ADLER

 Alfred Adler another ex-disciple of Freud, expressed Freudian concepts of the infant sexuality, unconscious and repression non- existent while reducing the Oedipal complex to a desire to dominate a female. He also postulated that real or self-perceived human weaknesses to be the origin of inferiority complexes. Inferiority based feelings that are constructive spurns growth and development. Alfred Adler also considered life to be inherently meaningless except in context with human purpose.

KAREN HORNEY

 Karen Horney dissented from the Freudian canon by emphasizing the existence of other causes of mental illness outside of the disrupted and/or maladapted sexual development of individuals. She introduced the concept of uncaring and empathetic parenting as the basic evil in human development and the source of most neurosis and problematic world-views. Karen Horney also describes women’s’ problem with inferiority lies not in a biologically determined nature, but a cultural hegemony operated and created by men.