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Jarmo Sunnari the CFSP LOCKED in THREE TRADITIONS

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Jarmo Sunnari the CFSP LOCKED in THREE TRADITIONS Jarmo Sunnari THE CFSP LOCKED IN THREE TRADITIONS A Case Study of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union on Iraq Disarmament Crisis in January – March 2003 University of Tampere Department of Political Science and International Relations International Relations Master’s Thesis April 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract in Finnish i List of tables and pictures ii PART 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AND METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 1.1. Introduction to the study 1 1.2. A method as a hybrid of methods 5 1.3. Building up a research design 7 1.4. Building up a method 11 1.5. Forming the hypothetical questions 14 1.6. A summary of method•building 15 PART 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: THREE TRADITIONS 2.1. An overview of the theory 16 2.2. Categories according to world views 21 2.3. Human Nature as factor of world view 27 2.4. International Community as factor of world view 30 2.5. Theory of War as factor of world view 33 PART 3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE IRAQ DISARMAMENT CRISIS 3.1. An overview of the Crisis: emphasis on the CFSP 37 3.2. List of events 44 PART 4. ANALYSIS PART I: PRIMARY MATERIAL 4.1. An overview of the Analysis part I 46 4.2. Bush: State of the Union 2003 48 4.3. The Letter of Eight 51 4.4. Vilnius Group Statement 54 4.5. Extraordinary European Council 55 4.6. Chirac: Interview to TF1 and France 2 58 4.7. Blair: Statement on Iraq 60 PART 5. ANALYSIS PART II: SECONDARY MATERIAL 5.1. An overview of the results of the Analysis part I 63 5.2. Academic articles on Iraq crisis 65 5.3. Media coverage – first search: 13 articles 70 5.4. Second search: 13 articles 74 5.5. Third search: 9 articles 78 5.6. A summary of the media coverage 80 PART 6. INTERPRETATIVE ANALYSIS: PARALYSIS 6.1. Back to the basics 82 6.2. From basics to the future 84 SOURCES Primary material for Analysis part I 87 Primary material for Analysis part II 88 Books and articles 90 Www•sources 93 Other sources 95 APPENDIX Chronology of the Iraq Disarmament Crisis 99 Abstract in Finnish i Tampereen yliopisto Politiikan tutkimuksen laitos SUNNARI, JARMO: THE CFSP LOCKED IN THREE TRADITIONS – A Case Study of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union on Iraq Disarmament Crisis in January – March 2003 Pro gradu •tutkielma, 98 s., 7 liites. Kansainvälisen politiikan tutkimus Huhtikuu 2007 Tutkielman aiheena on Euroopan unionin yhteinen ulko• ja turvallisuuspolitiikka (YUTP) Irakin aseistariisumiskriisin aikana. Tutkimuksen kohteena on YUTP:n lamaantuminen kriisin aiheuttaman poliittisen paineen vuoksi, ja se käsittelee ajanjaksoa tammikuusta maaliskuuhun vuonna 2003. Tutkimuskysymys kuuluu: miten Irakin aseistariisumiskriisi lamautti EU:n YUTP:aa tammi• maaliskuussa vuonna 2003? (How did the Iraq Disarmament Crisis paralyse the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union between January and March 2003?) Tutkielma pohjaa Martin Wightin kolmen tradition teoriaan, ja sen metodi on yhdistelmä laadullista sisältöanalyysiä ja tulkinta•analyysiä poststrukturalistisessa viitekehyksessä. Analyysin ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tarkastellaan kriisin amerikkalaisen ja eurooppalaisten toimijoiden julkilausumaluontoisia tekstejä ja toimijat jaotellaan Wightin teorian kategorioihin. Analyysin toisessa vaiheessa ensimmäisen vaiheen tuloksia verrataan akateemiseen tutkimukseen ja kansainvälisen median uutisointiin kriisistä. Analyysin ensimmäisen vaiheen tutkimusmateriaaliin kuuluvat Yhdysvaltojen presidentti George W. Bushin State of the Union •puhe 28.1.2003, niin kutsututThe Letter of Eight (30.1.2003) ja Vilnius Group Statement (5.2.2003) •julkilausumat eurooppalaisten valtioidenad hoc •ryhmittymiltä, puheenjohtajavaltio Kreikan yhteenveto Eurooppa•neuvoston ylimääräisestä kokouksesta 17.2.2003, Ison•Britannian pääministeri Tony Blairin puhe maan parlamentissa 25.2.2003 ja Ranskan presidentti Jacques Chiracin televisiohaastattelun (10.3.2003) katkelmat. Kriisin aikana EU:n jäsenmaiden näkökannat erkaantuivat kauas toisistaan ja maat sivuuttivat YUTP:n toimintatavat, mikä lamaannutti tämän. Tutkielma selvittää, millä tavoin ja miksi eri tahot suhtautuivat eri tavalla Irakin kriisiin. Analyysin ensimmäisessä vaiheessa toimijat jaotellaan Wightin teorian esittelemien kategorioiden mukaan: Yhdysvallat ja Iso•Britannia revolutionismin ja realismin välimaastoon, Ranska, Vilnius Group ja Eight Leaders realismin ja rationalismin välimaastoon ja EU rationalismiin. Tutkielma osoittaa, että toimijoiden näkemyserot johtuvat yhteisen ajattelutavan ja identiteetin puutteesta. Tämä puute on sisäsyntyinen ongelma EU:n YUTP:ssa, eikä se ole poistettavissa nopein ratkaisuin, vaan siihen vaaditaan yhteisen eurooppalaisen identiteetin kehittymistä. Ongelman ymmärtäminen helpottaa kuitenkin sen kontrolloimista: kun tiedetään, millaisessa tilanteessa YUTP lamaantuu, ilmiöön voidaan varautua. Niin ikään YUTP:n toiminnan ja vaikutuksien tunteminen auttaa järjestelmän kehittämisessä. Näistä syistä toimenpidesuosituksiin kuuluvat julkisen keskustelun käyminen YUTP:n hyvistä ja huonoista puolista sekä sen tulevaisuuden hahmottelu, joita käsitellään tutkielman päätösosassa. Suositeltavia jatkotutkimuskohteita tämän työn pohjalta ovat EU:n kansalaisten näkemykset YUTP:n kehittämisestä Irakin aseistariisumiskriisin jälkeen ja EU:n ulkoministerien sekä YUTP:n korkean edustajan haastattelututkimus YUTP:n kehittämismahdollisuuksista. List of tables and pictures ii TABLE 1. Textual selection matrix by Hansen. 10 TABLE 2. Textual selection matrix for this study. 10 TABLE 3. Differences in quantitative and qualitative content analysis. 11 TABLE 4. Matrix for hypothetical questions. 14 TABLE 5. Source: Knutsen: “Table 1 The three paradigms of 18 International Relations”. TABLE 6. Table 5. with author's additions. 19 PICTURE 1. Elaborated research design for discourse analysis. 7 PICTURE 2. The research design for Western Debate on the 8 Bosnian war. PICTURE 3. The research design for the CFSP in Iraq Disarmament Crisis. 9 PICTURE 4. Three traditions merge into one another. 20 1 PART 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AND METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND “That’s the whole story of Europe. Europe’s history is punctuated by crises from which, in every case, it has emerged stronger.” President Jacques Chirac 10 March, 2003 1.1. Introduction to the study The research question of the study is: How did the Iraq Disarmament Crisis1 paralyse the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union between January and March 2003? Iraq Disarmament Crisis is a widely used term of the developments in international relations that led to the invasion of the so called Coalition of the Willing (or Coalition led by the United States) to Iraq. The timeline of the crisis is held to have been from the beginning of 2002 to late March 2003 when the actual war fighting began. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the subsequent invasion to Afghanistan by the UN mandated and U.S. led forces in October, 2001 were on the background and the Crisis developed on a deepening scale throughout the year 2002. The period from January to March 2003 the crisis evolved remarkably rapidly. The culmination point was on 21 Dec, 2002 when President Bush sent U.S. troops to the Gulf region. To many observers this signalled a turning point from which there would be no easy return. Sending an army in is both politically and economically such a large•scale undertaking that it would have demanded a lot of political courage to bring the army back home without doing anything under the judging eyes of international diplomatic corps and domestic tax payers. Because of the rapid deterioration of the situation during those months that period of time was chosen to be under examination in this study. Before being able to assess the paralysis of the CFSP one has to have an understanding of the concept as such. Since it was founded by Maastricht Treaty in 1992, there has been a lot of research on it and it is to some extent a contested concept. In a nutshell it is both an aim and a mechanism to pool together foreign and security policies of the EU Member States in order to gain benefits of integration also in these political sectors. After Maastricht, the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997 1 For general overview of the Crisis, see for example Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis An overview that emphasises the CFSP is included into this study (APPENDIX). 2 established five fundamental objectives and identified several ways to pursue these objectives. The chapters below might be exhausting but they are necessary in order to understand what the EU as an institution thinks of the CFSP. Obtained from the Internet site of the European Union these are: The Amsterdam Treaty spells out five fundamental objectives of CFSP: · to safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the Union in conformity with the principle of the United Nations Charter; · to strengthen the security of the Union in all ways; · to preserve peace and strengthen international security, in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, as well as the principle of the Helsinki Final Act and the objectives of the Paris Charter, including those on external borders · to promote international co•operation; · to develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The treaty also identifies several ways in which these objectives are to be pursued: · defining the principles and general guidelines for the common foreign and security policy, which is done
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