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Antiwar Protest in Post-9.11 Japan, 2001-2004 a Thesis

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ANTIWAR PROTEST IN POST-9.11 JAPAN, 2001-2004 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DMSION OF THE UNNERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY MAY 2008 By Yuki Hamajima Thesis Committee: Patricia G Steinho~ Chairperson HagenKoo Yean-JuLee We certifY that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology. THESIS COMMITTEE ii © 2008 by Yuki Hamajima All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is completed because of the generous support of many people. I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to all of them. First of all, I am especially grateful of Dr. Patricia Steinhoff for her special encouragement and guidance throughout my graduate studies. Choosing a topic and methodology, constructing the database, and writing up the thesis, nothing could have been even started without her enthusiastic support. I am also very thankful to my committee members, Dr. Hagen Koo and Dr. Yean-Ju Lee for their encouragement, understanding, and valuable advice, which helped to develop my piece more academic. At the beginning of this project, I gained a great insight from two Japanese scholars, Dr. Makoto Nishikido and Hidehiro Yamamoto. I sincerely thank them for their valuable suggestions about protest event analysis in Japan. Throughout the process of writing my thesis. I have been encouraged by my colleagues in the department. I am certainly delighted to have Kozue Uehara as my dear friend and a fellow graduate student who continued to inspire and motivate me. In addition, I would like to thank all the members of Asia group in the Department of Sociology. They provided various support and insights, which gave me confidence to pursue this thesis. I specially wish to thank Dr. Seio Nakajima, Shioji Kojima, Ryoko Yamamoto, and Hiroki Igarashi for their extra support and mentoring of my work. Finally, I would like to dedicate special thanks to my parents, Shoji and Rieko Hamajima, for their patient support throughout my student life. iv ABSTRACf This thesis used Asahi newspaper data for a protest event analysis of antiwar protest in post-9.11 Japan. Although the post-9.11 conflicts were wars by other COWltries in faraway places, the global anti-Iraq War campaign triggered substantial protest activity in Japan. By collecting protest event data from September 2001 to August 2004 using two keywords, "antiww:" and ''Iraq War," the study was able to examine the broader context ofprotest activity and the interplay between protest issues. Post-9.l1 antiwar protests in Japan were framed and mobilized through a combination of domestic and international issues. Preexisting antiwar and anti-nuclear movements influenced anti-Iraq War protest by providing frames, resources, and opportunities for mobilization. At the same time, the anti-Iraq War campaign stimulated domestic political concerns relate to Japan's participation in the Iraq War. The protesters created some new cultur8I forms of protest in addition to conventional forms. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Summary of the War and the Protest Movement... ................................................ 2 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 4 Review of Literature .............................................................................................. 5 The Iraq War from the International Perspective and Protests in the U.S .... 5 Antiwar Protests in Japan in 1991 and 2003 ................................................. 8 Social Movement Research in Japan with Event History Analysis .............. 9 My Own Preliminary Research .................................................................... 11 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 12 Social Movement Theories ......................................................................... 12 Protest Cycle and Tactical Change .............................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2: Methodology: Protest Event Analysis ....................................................... 18 Event Analysis of Collective Action ................................................................... 18 Constructing Protest Event Database .................................................................. 19 Newspaper as Event Data Source ............................................................... 19 Asahi as a Data Source ............................................................................... 24 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 25 Logistics and Method of Coding ......................................................................... 27 Qualitative Content Analysis for Event History Analysis ........................... 27 Collect and Organize the Newspaper Data ................................................. 28 Process and the Results of Coding .............................................................. 30 Statistical Measures for Analysis ......................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3: Descriptive Measures ofAntiwar Protest .................................................. 32 Overview of the Spatial Distribution. .................................................................. 32 Summary of Event Data by Prefecture ....................................................... 32 Global Coordinated Antiwar Protests ......................................................... 36 Organizations and Participants ............................................................................ 38 Organi:u!tional Structure ............................................................................. 38 Social Actor Status of Participants .............................................................. 41 CHAPTER 4: Cycle ofAntiwar Protests in Japan ............................................................ 43 The Cycle ofAntiwar Protest .............................................................................. 43 The Rise of anti-Iraq War Protest ................................................................ 44 Multiple Issues in Events ............................................................................ 46 vi Longstanding Antiwar Movements and Anniversary Events in Japan ................ 51 Anniversary Events ..................................................................................... 51 Preexisting Movements ............................................................................... 55 Domestic Political Concerns ............................................................................... 58 Self-Defense Forces, Emergency Legislation, and the Constitution .......... 59 Domestic Political Issues and Antiwar Protest ........................................... 60 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 5: The Repertoire of Contention .................................................................... 67 Quantitative Data and Analysis ........................................................................... 68 Qualitative Analysis of Event Formations ........................................................... 72 Human Shield .............................................................................................. 72 Demonstration, Parade, or Peace Walle ...................................................... 73 Human Letter Events .................................................................................. 76 Cultural Symbols for Contention ................................................................ 78 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion ................................................................................................. 83 APPENDIX A: Coding Manual ........................................................................................ 86 List of Codes ....................................................................................................... 86 Coding Rules ....................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX B: Tables & Figures ...................................................................................... 97 NOTES ............................................................................................................................ 101 REFERENCES ............ ............. ............ ................................ ....... ...... ........ ............. ........ 104 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Comparison of Data Coverage .......................................................................
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