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Cottonseed Oil As a Valuable Raw Material to Obtain Trans-Free Margarine

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Cottonseed Oil As a Valuable Raw Material to Obtain Trans-Free Margarine Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020 COTTONSEED OIL AS A VALUABLE RAW MATERIAL TO OBTAIN TRANS-FREE MARGARINE Ruzibayev Akbarali Tursunbayevich1 Salijanova Shakhnozakhon Dilmurodovna2, Rakhimov Dilshod Polatovich3 1Dosent, The head of department “Technology of food products”, Tashkent Chemical-Technological Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Email: [email protected] 2PhD student, Tashkent Chemical-Technological Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Email: [email protected] 3Independent researcher, Tashkent Chemical-Technological Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, email: [email protected] Received: 25.03.2020 Revised: 15.04.2020 Accepted: 23.05.2020 Abstract The article studies and investigates the production of trans‐free fats through fractionation of cottonseed oil (CSO), hydrogenation of cottonseed palmitin (CSP) and chemical interesterification of binary blends of fully hydrogenated cottonseed palmitin (FHCSP) and cottonseed oil and their physicochemical changes after the process. Furthermore, it analyzed responses which include fatty acid composition, iodine value, free fatty acid (FFA), slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC) of the fractionated, hydrogenated and interesterified fats. The 40:60 and 50:50 interesterified FHCSP:CSO blends displayed characteristics suited for production of soft tub margarine and stick margarine, respectively. Interesterified blends containing 10-30 % FHCSP could be used for production of puff pastry margarine, roll-in margarine and cake shortening.Trans-free fats obtained through a comprehensive modification of cottonseed oil can be used instead of palm oil. Keywords: cottonseed palmitin, cottonseed oil, chemical interesterification, trans‐free fats, solid fat content, hydrogenation, fractionation © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.114 these vegetable oils are imported from abroad, the cost of INTRODUCTION margarine derived from them is also relatively expensive. Most of Margarine, a food product that is made from a mixture of vegetable the margarine products produced in Uzbekistan are made on the oils and animal fats, milk, flavoring, aromatic and some other basis of hydrogenated fats which called Salomas. Salomas are substances. In physical properties, chemical composition, taste and obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils. As a nutritional value it is close to butter[1]. Depending on the purpose result of partial hydrogenation, trans acids are also formed in and recipe of use, the following groups of margarines are salomas. After the strict requirement for the amount of trans acid distinguished: for spreading, cooking or baking; for processing and was established, serious problems arose before the manufacturers catering industries; enriched with flavoring additives. In the USA, of margarine based on this oil. Therefore, a lot of research is being Europe and similar foreign countries, shortenings are used for done around the world to reduce the amount of trans acids in baking bread, flour confectionery, as well as for frying. In terms of salomas. fat mass, margarines can be as follows: high-fat - 82%, low-fat - 70% and low-calorie - 40 ... 60%[2,3]. Trans-free margarines are used to prepare a wide range of food products [4,5]. In foreign countries, such margarines are made on Demand for margarine products is growing day by day due to the basis of solid fats of plant origin, in particular, palm and palm population growth and limited access to natural butter. However, kernel oil [6-9]. The use of cottonseed oil and its processed as a result of using fats in margarine that do not meet safety products for the production of margarines is of scientific and requirements and excessive consumption of fatty foods, diabetes, practical interest. We have proposed [10-11] fats based on the obesity, and cardiovascular diseases are on the rise. This requires products of catalytic modification of cottonseed oil. in-depth research to improve the technology for producing modified oils for the margarine industry and to develop a Cocoa butter, palm and cottonseed oils by the content of certain margarine recipe based on them that meets safety requirements.As fatty acids belong to the palmitic group of the classification of the margarine industry developed, various recipes for margarine fatty oils. Oils of this group are characterized by a high content of were developed and patented. These developments are mainly palmitic acid[12]. Cottonseed oil is the most popular vegetable aimed at reducing the amount of trans acids in margarine, oil in Central Asia. This is due to the national mentality and a expanding the range of fatty raw materials, reducing fat content, large amount of raw materials in the regions. The chemical improving quality and organoleptic characteristics, and much composition of cottonseed oil includes B, E and PP vitamins, more. monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids, which are the main supplier of omega-3 and 6 to the body. Cotton oil, which contains Today, palm and coconut oils as well as hydrogenated oils the maximum amount of vitamin E, protects against heart disease (salomas) are used as solid fats for the margarine industry all over and cancer, boosts immunity, maintains potency, helps with the world. Margarine producers in Uzbekistan mainly use palm oil, diabetes and strengthens muscles. The composition of hydrogenated fat and partly coconut oil. The lack of clear scientific triglycerides of cottonseed oil consists mainly of unsaturated conclusions on the positive or negative effects of the use of palm oil fatty acids: linoleic, oleic, saturated acids: palmitic, arachidic, in the margarine industry on human health makes it a problem to stearin, myristic. use this oil in this industry. Coconut oil is partly used in the margarine industry due to the fact that it is a rare oil, widely used Modification of fats is a change in the initial properties of fats by in other fields and relatively low melting point. Because both of changing the glyceride and fatty acid content, which is achieved by Journal of critical reviews 572 COTTONSEED OIL AS A VALUABLE RAW MATERIAL TO OBTAIN TRANS-FREE MARGARINE interesterification, hydrogenation, fractionation and blending of By partially hydrogenating cottonseed palmitin, a solid oil close fats [3]. to the palm oil performance can be obtained. However, the content of trans acids in salomas obtained during partial MATERIALS AND METHODS hydrogenation is much higher than normal [19]. This limits the Fatty acid analysis & Label Assessment inclusion of salomas in the margarine recipe. It is therefore The fatty acid composition of the samples was measured by advisable to fully hydrogenate the cottonseed palmitin and AGRO-KIMYO STANDART LLC (Tashkent, Uzbekistan) and by the obtain salomas with low trans acid content. In turn, fully Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances (Tashkent, hydrogenation of cottonseed palmitin is a more complex process, Uzbekistan). The determination was conducted using the AOAC with high catalyst consumption and long process time. This leads 996.06 method (AOAC International). Fatty acids were to an increase in the cost of salomas. Therefore, in subsequent saponified, methylated and methyl esters were extracted. Then, experiments, work was done to improve the process of fully the methyl esters of the fatty acids were analyzed by capillary gas hydrogenation of cottonseed palmitin and reduce the cost of the chromatography (Agilent Technologies 6890 N) using external product. standards for quantitation. Trans fatty acid was determined by the method of Farag and etc. [14]. Acid and iodine values were We studied the technology of obtaining fully hydrogenated determined according to the AOAC [15] methods. Solid fat cottonseed palmitin in the presence of regenerated and new contents (SFC) were determined using a nuclear magnetic catalyst. The essence of the work is based on the use of new and resonance (NMR) spectrometer according to the AOCS Official regenerated catalysts, as well as the gradual transfer of catalysts Method Cd 16-81. [16]. [22]. Hydrogenation was performed on a cottonseed palmitin with an Raw materials and samples acid value of 0.21 mg KOH/g and a moisture and volatile content Cottonseed (CSO) and sunflower (SFO) oils were used as the of 0.04%. The experiments were carried out at 180 °C by main raw materials for the production of trans-free margarine. stepwise transfer of a new catalyst (N-820) with powdered Refined, bleached, and deodorized SFO and CSO were obtained nickel in the amount of 0.1-0.2% relative to the oil mass and from “Tashkent fat and oil industrial complex” JSC. Regenerated regenerated catalysts in the amount of 0.1-0.4%. In this case, the hydrogenation catalyst and Nysosel-820 catalyst were used to hydrogen consumption is 2 l / min. Initially, the cottonseed obtain hydrogenated cottonseed palmitin. Sodium methoxide, palmitin was hydrogenated in the presence of a regenerated ainteresterification catalyst, was used to obtain the catalyst. After an hour, the process was continued in the interesterified fat.The dry powder of sodium methoxide was presence of a new catalyst. purchased from Fahad Thnayan& Partners for Chemical Products Co (Saudi Arabia). An emulsifier, phospholipid concentrate was Interesterification is the exchange of radicals in an ether complex used to prepare the margarine emulsion.
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