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Potential of Cotton Seed Oil and Rice Bran Oil As a Renewable Energy Source in India

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Potential of Cotton Seed Oil and Rice Bran Oil As a Renewable Energy Source in India International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 198-212, Article ID: IJMET_10_02_023 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=10&Issue=2 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed POTENTIAL OF COTTON SEED OIL AND RICE BRAN OIL AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN INDIA K.Sundar Department of Mechanical Engineering Birla Institute of Technology and Science, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus. R.Udayakumar Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Birla Institute of Technology and Science, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus. ABSTRACT The transportation, agricultural and power sector of India is largely dependent on fossil fuels that decrease day by day. The government has to import large volumes of fuel from foreign sources to meet the fuel demand for power production, causing a negative impact on the country’s economy. Biodiesel can thus be a destined source to future energy demands. Increasing the usage of biodiesel will also decrease the global problem of environmental pollution, as fossil fuels are considered to be the major source of harmful emissions. In a developing country like India this is not practically feasible to divert the edible oil for production of Biodiesel as the edible oil demand for human consumption is always higher than its domestic production. Under Indian climatic conditions only few plant sources can be considered for biodiesel production which produces non-edible oil in greater quantity and can be cultivated at large scale on non-cropped marginal and wastelands. In this study the available potential of cotton seed oil and rice bran oil biodiesel feed stocks, comparison of cost analysis are discussed. Producing biodiesel from cotton seed oil and rice bran oil feed stocks is greatly possible, cost-effectiveness and availability of biodiesel needs to be carried out to help ensure that biodiesel will be able to fully replace fossil fuel and can thus assist in future energy needs Keywords: Biodiesel, cottonseed oil, rice bran oil, transesterification. Cite this Article: K.Sundar and R.Udayakumar, Potential of Cotton Seed Oil And Rice Bran Oil as a Renewable Energy Source an India, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp. 198-212. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=10&Issue=2 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 198 [email protected] K.Sundar and R.Udayakumar 1. INTRODUCTION The developing natural burdens and decreasing of fossil fuels have made renewable energy as an important alternative energy source for the forthcoming generation [1]. For diesel engines biodiesel is considered to be the promising alternative resources. Biodiesel is also described as the mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids which are extracted from vegetable oils or animal fats and alcohol with or without a catalyst. It has its own features such as renewable, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, portable, and readily available eco- friendly fuel [2]. For the production of biodiesel there are various feed stocks. The transportation sector plays a vital role in the economic development, whereas the usage of energy has also increased by an average of 1.1 % per year [3]. For the transportation sector, energy demand in Association of South East Asian Nations increases at a rate of 2.7% per year [4]. The developing countries like India and China has led to an aggressive increase in the usage of global energy consumption. Increase in the energy prices and its insecurity will significantly led India to face energy shortages in the next few decades. In the world India is one of the fastest growing economies and energy will be the greatest threat for socio- economic development. The objectives of the economic growth mainly spotlight on the, equity and human well-being. India’s energy security would remain unsafe until a substitute for the petrol/diesel based fuels are developed based on the production of natural renewable feed stocks. India is going to be strong in the development of energy infrastructure, which leads a huge opportunity for lying ahead in the field of renewable energy. Green energy revolution will not only help in saving money and sustain global economic development, but also facilitate to deal with the disaster of climate change. By the year 2017 Ministry of new and renewable Energy have been targets a 20% blending of biofuels such as bio-ethanol and biodiesel with the fossil-derived mineral fuel [5, 13]. The major researchers drive attention and mainly focused on biodiesel as a renewable energy resource as it is well known for its immense potential that is considered to be a part of a sustainable energy mix in the near future. Biodiesel has various features to be utilized as a successful as an alternative to diesel fuel in compression ignition engines [6]. Resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils, waste cooking oils, and animal fats are used to produce biodiesel [7].Vegetable oil is the potential renewable resources that is available in India. Fuel from this oil reduces the pollution than the diesel fuel [8]. In current situation, the first generation technologies: the global bio fuel market utilizes this technology and it mainly depends on the agricultural food or feed crops for biodiesel feedstock. Vegetable oil is the main component in the process of biodiesel production. Vegetable oils are alternative, renewable and a potential source of energy content near to diesel fuel Soybean and rapeseed are common biodiesel feedstock in USA and Europe. Like other countries palm is being extensively used in South East Asia. The estimation on the usage of the edible oil proves that, edible oils are used for biodiesel production will not be sufficient for meeting fuel demand [9]. The usefulness of the conventional biodiesel depends on the feedstock, transportation, the price of crude oil and other factors [10]. The cost for the production of biodiesel depends on the 60%-75% of the raw material expenses. [11]. Depending the agricultural practices and geographical locations thee feed stock for biodiesel can be different from one country to another. [12]. Production cost of biodiesel relies on the selection of the best feedstock. Numerous non edible oils are used in production of biodiesel such as neem, pongamia, jatropha, karanja, Cotton seed oil and Rice bran oil as well as animal fats and waste cooking oil. In India the primary objective is to reduce the country’s dependency on the imported crude oil to meet the energy demand by increasing its productivity naturally. The rapid change in the climate condition has led India in promoting http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 199 [email protected] Potential of Cotton Seed Oil And Rice Bran Oil as a Renewable Energy Source an India the biofuels which leads to the environmental development and to generate employment opportunities. 1.1. Research objective During the past decade biodiesel has contributed the major alternative fuel that is to be attracted by the world. The main drawback to commercialize the biodiesel is the high cost of raw materials used for the production. Non edible seed and oil and its less cost, is the major source of vegetable oil. From this background, the aim of this paper is to present the potential of non-edible vegetable oils for biodiesel production that can replace the current dependence on the edible oil resources worldwide. These aspects includes overview of Cotton seed oil and Rice bran oils advantages, problems in exploitation, potential , cost analysis , annual production , properties and technologies of biodiesel production from non-edible oils. The price of the biodiesel is to be reduced by opting cotton seed oil and rice brain oil as the major source. 2. NON-EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS RESOURCES Globally it is estimated that 84% of biodiesel production depends on the rapeseed oil, which is considered to be the edible oil. Similarly other edible oils such as sun flower oil, palm oil and soybean oil also contribute essentially [14]. Yet, to avoid the overwhelming situation and to minimize food shortages, researches have driven their focus towards the production of biodiesel from non-edible feed stocks. Non edible oil that is produced from the evergreen trees can be cultivated in the land not suitable for the agriculture. Recently the demand of biodiesel has been increased. In order to meet the demands, edible oils alone are not suitable due to the reasons stated earlier. In this situation the only option is to consider the feed stocks which are non-edible and produce oil in appreciable quantity. There are various potential feed stocks available for production of biodiesel. The use of edible vegetable oils such as feed stocks has been decreased as they will result in food scarcity, especially in the developing countries and also leads to the other environmental problems by utilizing the agricultural land. This problem leads to create a serious ecological imbalance as countries around the world began cutting down forests for plantation purposes. Hence, use of these feed- stocks could cause deforestation and damages to the wildlife. This major issues leads, non-edible vegetable oils which are meant to be the second generation feed stocks have become more attractive for production. These feed stocks are very auspicious for the sustainable production of biodiesel. The low inputs on the marginal lands identifies a high biomass yielding perennial non-food feed stocks and it recommended by the Government of India. To rehabilitate the waste lands this feed stocks provides an excellent offer opportunity. The soil type and the oil yield are the key factor to decide the suitability of a feedstock for biodiesel production. In the biodiesel industry production cost reduces by yielding the crops higher oil.
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