Visual Impact Provision (East) Project, Environmental Assessment Report Volume 1

8 ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

Summary

This chapter assesses the potential impact of the Proposed Project on archaeological and cultural heritage features of the area. The Proposed Project is located within a multi period archaeological landscape. The assessment has been informed by information on the history and development of the area gathered from a wide range of sources, including databases of known heritage assets, an archaeological watching brief undertaken during ground investigation works, a walk-over survey, historic mapping, published documentary sources, archive material and topographic data from a flown LiDAR survey.

The assessment has concluded that there would be no significant adverse effects on the historic environment arising from the Proposed Project. Construction phase impacts on the setting of listed buildings near to the project would be temporary and would cease on completion of the works. Permanent visual change within the setting of listed buildings associated with the construction of the new Sealing End Compound at Wogden Foot would be minor and adverse but would be offset by the removal of overhead lines within the same view, resulting in net beneficial effects.

Permanent direct impacts associated with temporary and permanent construction works would result in negligible effects upon the historic environment for which mitigation measures (watching brief, earthwork survey and condition survey) are specified.

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8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 This chapter of the Environmental Assessment Report assesses the potential impact of the proposed Visual Impact Provision (VIP) Peak District (East) Project (here on referred to as ‘the Proposed Project’) on archaeology and cultural heritage assets during the construction phase (including (OHL) removal), and operation and decommissioning phases. Measures for mitigation of significant impacts are specified where necessary. Details of the Proposed Project and accompanying figures are contained in Chapter 2 (Project Description) of the Environmental Assessment Report.

8.2 Scope and Methodology

Study Area 8.2.1 Impacts upon archaeology and cultural heritage assets are considered within a Study Area (“the Study Area”) comprising a 500m buffer surrounding the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works, which was established for data collection purposes to encompass the maximum extent of all temporary and permanent works associated with the Proposed Project. This Study Area has been used to identify known heritage assets, determine the likely potential for currently unknown heritage assets to be present, and to assess impacts of the Proposed Project upon them. 8.2.2 An Extended Study Area (“the Extended Study Area”) comprising a 5km buffer surrounding the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works has been used for the assessment of visual impacts upon the setting of designated heritage assets arising from the Proposed Project, specifically those associated with the installation of new equipment at the proposed Sealing End Compound (SEC) at Wogden Foot, and the removal of the VIP Subsection of OHL. 8.2.3 The Site Boundary is the boundary of the Proposed Project comprising the Cable Corridor, VIP Subsection, SEC, Temporary Construction Compounds/Lay Down Areas, Temporary Access Tracks, Crane Pads and Overhead Working Platforms. There is the potential for direct physical impact upon heritage assets identified within the Site Boundary. 8.2.4 The Site Boundary, Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works, Study Area, Extended Study Area and locations of all known heritage assets considered in the assessment are indicated in Figures 8.1 and 8.2.

Establishment of Existing Environment 8.2.5 The term ‘heritage asset’ denotes “a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest”.1 Heritage assets may be designated under national legislation or international agreements (e.g. world heritage sites, scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, listed buildings, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields and conservation areas) or non-designated, recorded on regional historic environment records and other regional and national databases. 8.2.6 Cultural heritage more broadly includes all elements of the historic environment: these are, most tangibly, designated sites, areas and features and their settings, and both designated and non-designated below-ground and above-ground archaeological remains. It also includes intangible aspects which contribute to the

1 NPPF 2019 Glossary

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cultural significance of a place (aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations), including potentially the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. 8.2.7 Quantitative and qualitative baseline data, comprising records of designated and non-designated heritage assets alongside a summary of the history and development of the Study Areas, is presented in the Existing Environment (baseline) section below (Section 8.5). The archaeological and historical review enables judgements to be made regarding the archaeological potential of the Proposed Project.

Data Sources/Gazetteer 8.2.8 A summary of known archaeological and cultural heritage assets is presented in a gazetteer using information from the data sources listed below (Appendix 8A). All assets within the gazetteer have been allocated a unique reference number prefixed ‘RSK’. The locations of the known heritage assets are indicated in Figure 8.1. 8.2.9 The sources listed in Table 8.1 were consulted to inform the Existing Environment section.

Table 8.1: Baseline Data Sources

Source Data National Heritage List Designated heritage assets, location and extent: for (NHLE), • Listed Buildings maintained by Historic • Scheduled Monuments England • Registered Parks and Gardens • Historic Battlefields • Heritage at Risk

NB: only those assets within the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) for the proposed SEC at Wogden Foot and removed infrastructure have been included in the gazetteer. Metropolitan • Conservation Areas Borough Council

National Record of the • Non-designated heritage assets, location and extent Historic Environment • Previous archaeological events (NRHE), maintained by Historic England

South Sites • Non-designated heritage assets, location and extent and Monuments • ‘Grey literature’ resulting from previous Record (SMR), archaeological investigations and interventions maintained by the • Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) data • Previous archaeological events Archaeology Service

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Source Data Peak District National • Non-designated heritage assets, location and extent Park Authority Historic • ‘Grey literature’ resulting from previous Buildings, Sites and archaeological investigations and interventions Monuments Record • Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) data (HBSMR) • Previous archaeological events

Barnsley, and • Background information, published and unpublished Archives sources • Historic maps and plans Online sources and • Background information, published and unpublished publications sources

Historic Mapping • Historic Ordnance Survey and pre-Ordnance Survey maps

LiDAR (light detection • Detailed topographical information on the Study and ranging) data (see Area, flown for the Proposed Project Appendix 8C)

Walkover survey of Observations relating to archaeological potential and each land parcel visual impact: potentially affected by • Setting of designated heritage assets; the Proposed Project • Above-ground, negative earthwork, or structural within the Search Area features; for Permanent and • Soil discolouration, crop or parch marks indicative of Temporary Works subsurface features; • Surface finds; • Evidence of current and previous land use, boundaries, topography and aspect; • Exposed geology and soils; • Watercourses; and • Health and safety considerations for further assessment stages.

British Geological • Geological data Survey (BGS)

Watching brief during • Intrusive archaeological information geotechnical • Stratigraphic modelling of the Cable Corridor, investigations, specifically with regards to depth of colluvium, undertaken by Pre- presence of truncation or made ground, evidence for Construct Archaeology buried land surfaces or palaeoenvironmental Services Ltd and RSK material, where this may assist determining in 2016 and 2018 (see archaeological significance and development Appendix 8B) impact

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Source Data Ground investigation • Stratigraphic modelling of the Cable Corridor, borehole log data (see specifically with regards to depth of colluvium, Appendix 8B) presence of truncation or made ground, evidence for buried land surfaces or palaeoenvironmental material, where this may assist determining archaeological significance and development impact

Walkover Survey 8.2.10 The Cable Corridor, temporary Trans Pennine Trail diversion, proposed lay down areas, access roads, proposed bridges and existing OHL infrastructure within the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works were systematically walked in three phases by appropriately qualified archaeologists, recording all observations relating to archaeological potential. Potential new surface heritage assets were recorded, and further information was gathered for the known heritage assets identified as part of the baseline data collection exercise. The results of the walkover survey are integrated into the gazetteer and baseline data description.

LiDAR 8.2.11 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an airborne mapping technique, which uses a laser to measure the distance between the aircraft and the ground. Up to 100,000 measurements per second are made of the ground, allowing highly detailed terrain models to be generated. Data flown specifically for the Proposed Project has been made available at high horizontal resolution (approximately 60mm) for archaeological assessment. 8.2.12 A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) has been used which was generated from the signal returned to the LiDAR with surface features, such as built structures and vegetation, removed. 8.2.13 The results are compared with modern aerial photography and historical mapping to refine the extent of known archaeological and cultural heritage sites, and to identify potential new heritage assets. The data is presented in Appendix 8C. Where new heritage assets have been identified, these have been digitally mapped and added to the gazetteer (Appendix 8A).

Watching Brief during Geotechnical Site Investigation 8.2.14 The methodology for the watching brief was set out in a scope prepared by RSK on behalf of National Grid, and approved for use in advance of the works by the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service and the Peak District National Park Authority Cultural Heritage Manager. The watching brief was targeted on the excavation of trial pits in September 2016 and September 2018. The results are described in Appendix 8B. Borehole logs were also examined and the results are included in Appendix 8B. 8.2.15 The primary aim of the watching brief was to augment the available baseline information with details on the depth and nature of the sub-surface Quaternary sediments and stratigraphy, evidence for made ground and truncation associated with industrial era development. This information has assisted in the development of a predictive deposit model for land within the Site Boundary and informs the archaeological response to the Proposed Project.

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Impact Assessment

Heritage Asset Importance 8.2.16 The heritage significance of each identified heritage asset is considered in this assessment using the component heritage value criteria (i.e. evidential, historic, aesthetic and communal value) as defined in Conservation Principles.2 For each asset heritage significance is described in a narrative format, including a consideration of the contribution that setting makes to its significance. 8.2.17 The relative importance of each asset is then categorised according to the criteria set out in Table 8.2 to provide a framework for comparison between different assets. These categories take into account pre-existing grades and types of legal designation, however non-designated heritage assets have the potential to be of equivalent or even higher value in particular circumstances, and the narrative assessment will make this explicit. When combined, these factors offer a measure of importance of a given resource and provide an analytical tool that can inform later stages of archaeological assessment and the development of appropriate mitigation measures where significant effects are identified.

Table 8.2: Criteria for Determining Asset Importance

Heritage Criteria Asset Importance Very High • assets of acknowledged international importance inscribed as World Heritage (WH) Property, individual assets which contribute to the outstanding universal value of a WH Property, other designated and non designated assets, historic landscapes and heritage associations which are of recognised international importance • nationally designated heritage assets, protected in law, of the highest significance, including scheduled monuments, listed buildings at Grades I and II*, conservation areas containing nationally important buildings. Other designated and non-designated assets, historic landscapes and heritage associations which are of national importance including registered historic parks and gardens Grades I and II* and registered historic battlefields High • nationally designated heritage assets, protected in law, of less than the highest significance, including conservation areas containing buildings which contribute significantly to their historic character, Grade II listed buildings and registered parks and gardens Medium • non-designated heritage assets of regional importance, including locally listed buildings, archaeological sites, landscapes and historical associations which are of regional importance Low • non-designated heritage assets of local importance, including archaeological assets compromised by poor preservation, some locally listed buildings and unlisted buildings/townscapes of modest quality/integrity/historical associations

2 Historic England, 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance

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Heritage Criteria Asset Importance Very Low • assets with little or no heritage value, buildings and urban areas of little or no architectural merit, landscapes with little or no historical interest Uncertain • Importance has not been ascertained

Magnitude of Impact 8.2.18 Direct physical impacts are defined as damage to the fabric of a heritage asset such that it becomes partially fragmented or wholly lost. Typically these impacts are rapid and occur during construction phases, however gradual impacts can occur over time where, for example, changes in groundwater regime lead to deteriorating conditions for the preservation of buried organic remains. 8.2.19 Indirect impacts are defined as visual or other sensory changes to a heritage asset or its setting, resulting in a reduced ability to interpret, understand or appreciate the asset’s significance. Development impacts of this nature can include changes in vegetation cover, the introduction of new built form or movement within a landscape, machinery noise or lighting which affects the appreciation of a heritage asset. Indirect impacts may be beneficial, where changes within an asset’s setting better reveal its significance or reinforce the connections between associated assets, or neutral where changes have no effect on the significance of an asset. 8.2.20 The magnitude of an impact reflects the scale of change, whether direct or indirect, which would potentially be caused by the Proposed Project and the effect this has on ability to interpret the significance of an asset. 8.2.21 An assessment of the magnitude of impact is defined for each asset according to the scale set out in Table 8.3.

Table 8.3: Criteria for Determining the Magnitude of Impact

Magnitude Description of Impact High • Change such that heritage values are substantially harmed, significantly reduced or totally lost. • Substantial change to setting, resulting in a serious loss to heritage value affecting our ability to understand and appreciate the asset. Medium • Change such that the heritage values of the asset are significantly affected. • Significant change to setting affecting heritage value, resulting in erosion in our ability to understand and appreciate the asset. Low • Change such that the heritage values of the asset are slightly affected. • Slight change to setting affecting heritage value resulting in a change in our ability to understand and appreciate the asset.

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Magnitude Description of Impact Very Low • Very minor changes to the asset that hardly affect heritage values. • Minimal change to the setting of an asset that have little effect on heritage value resulting in no real change in our ability to understand and appreciate the asset. No Impact • No change to the heritage asset or its setting.

Significance of Effect 8.2.22 The potential direct effects of the Proposed Project are assessed by comparing the land-take needed for the Cable Corridor, SEC, Temporary Working Areas, access tracks and bridges against the location and importance of known and potential heritage assets. 8.2.23 The potential indirect effects of the Wogden Foot SEC are assessed by comparing the proposed permanent above-ground infrastructure against the existing settings of heritage assets and the location and direction of significant views associated with these (see below). 8.2.24 The significance of the effect of the Proposed Project is quantified through comparison of the importance of each heritage asset with the potential magnitude of change upon it, in accordance with the matrix presented in Table 8.4.

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Table 8.4: Matrix for determining the significance of effect

Magnitude Importance of Heritage Asset of impact Very High High Medium Low Very Low

High Major Major Major Moderate Minor

Medium Major Major Moderate Minor Negligible

Low Major Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible

Very Low Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible

8.2.25 Within this scale, Major and Moderate significance of effect would equate to ‘substantial harm’ in terms of the NPPF [para. 195]. Minor and Negligible significance of effect would equate to ‘less than substantial harm’ in terms of the NPPF [para. 196]. 8.2.26 Where likely effects are identified, measures are specified to mitigate their probability or minimise the magnitude of those effects, resulting in predictable residual effects.

Indirect Impact Assessment 8.2.27 The assessment of indirect impacts aims to identify potential change within views from, towards, across and between heritage assets, where their settings contribute to a heritage asset’s significance. 8.2.28 The indirect impact assessment concentrates on identifying potential significant adverse effects upon designated heritage assets arising from the new above- ground infrastructure of the Proposed Project, comprising the SEC at Wogden Foot and replacement Pylon 4ZO157R. The zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV) models for the SEC (illustrated in Figure 6.3, Chapter 6 (Landscape and Visual)) and replacement Pylon 4ZO157R (Figure 6.5, Chapter 6 (Landscape and Visual)) have been used to identify designated assets within the Extended Study Area which have potential intervisibility with the new infrastructure and may be subjected to adverse effects. In combination with this, the ZTV model for the pylons to be removed (see Figure 6.4, Chapter 6 (Landscape and Visual)) has been used to establish the extent to which beneficial effects may also arise as a result of the Proposed Project for these assets. 8.2.29 For those assets or settings sensitive to visual impacts, further assessment has been undertaken, both as a desk-based exercise and using site visits. The assessment considers whether there are any visual, spatial or historic relationships between the asset and its setting and the area of the Proposed Project; and if there is, the degree to which this contributes to the asset’s significance. As such, the assessment considers the following: • Asset significance; • Setting definition;

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• Asset character, integrity, appearance and the way in which it is appreciated; • Relationships with other heritage assets, including group value and shared settings; • Reasons for designation, and degree to which they contribute to appreciation and significance of the asset; • Formal design - intended sight lines and vistas, intervisibility with contemporaneous and other heritage assets, and natural features; • ‘Key’ (principal/critical) views towards, from, and within heritage asset; • Topography/landscape situation; • Asset scale: prominence/dominance; • Relative anticipated scale of the Proposed Project; • Landscape character, particularly unaltered settings; and • Degree of existing alteration and significant existing impacts including indirect impacts.

Limitations, Uncertainty and Technical Difficulties Encountered

Data Collection 8.2.30 The limitations of data relating to the historic environment for the Study Area include the following: • Although the archaeology and history of the Peak District has been the subject of numerous published thematic studies, there have been very few systematic archaeological studies or investigations undertaken in the location of the Proposed Project. This means there could be significant knowledge gaps; • Known heritage assets recorded by the SMR and NRHE appear to have been transcribed from historic map evidence, with no targeted archaeological verification. Mis-located assets have been identified within the collected dataset; • Historic landscape characterisation (HLC) is based on desk-based sources and third-party field observations. There are separate HLC datasets prepared by the SMR and Peak District National Park Authority for the same area- the boundaries of identified character areas in each dataset are not contiguous; and • Historic mapping for the Study Areas is limited in range, with Ordnance Survey mapping being the primary source. Tithe and estate maps for the Study Area do not exist and the earliest available non-Ordnance Survey plan is the Bridge enclosure map which does not provide complete coverage of the Study Area.

Walkover Survey 8.2.31 The limitations of the walkover survey include the following: • The visibility of surface features of potential heritage value is determined by the ground conditions at the time of survey, particularly where modern surfaces or vegetation cover is present. At it is noted that

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the landscape of the former railway, now marked by the Trans Pennine Trail, has been heavily engineered and modified. Features associated with the railway are now obscured by modern surfaces and vegetation, while the cuttings and embankments of the railway obscure or have removed any pre- existing land surfaces.

Watching Brief 8.2.32 There are a number of inherent limitations associated with the watching brief exercise: • The trial pits and boreholes were positioned for geotechnical purposes rather than to address specific archaeological research objectives; and • The small size and scattered distribution of the geotechnical trial pits and boreholes means that any interpretation of the site’s archaeological potential is subject to a degree of uncertainty.

8.3 Consultation Undertaken

Scoping 8.3.1 Consultation was undertaken with the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service and Peak District National Park Authority Archaeologist to determine the scope and methodology for watching brief during the geotechnical ground investigations. It was agreed that trial pits would be monitored by an archaeologist and that borehole logs would be reviewed on completion of the ground investigation. 8.3.2 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council provided a formal Scoping Opinion in which no further comments were raised in respect of Conservation or Archaeology. Accordingly it has been assumed, as instructed, that the considerations proposed to be taken into account in the archaeology and cultural heritage assessment were accepted by both the Conservation (Archaeology) Officer at Barnsley MBC and South Yorkshire Archaeology Service. 8.3.3 The Peak District National Park Authority provided an informal Scoping Opinion in response to the Scoping Report with a series of comments in respect of archaeology. These have been summarised below in Table 8.5. In addition archaeological officers from the Peak District National Park Authority have attended Stakeholder Reference Group meetings during the development of the project. Table 8.5: Peak District National Park Authority Scoping Opinion Response Peak District National Park Authority Response in Chapter Comment

The report is understandably limited, it is a scoping report after all, so detail at this stage in thin on the ground. Broadly it is ok, but I have gone through and offer more detailed See comments below. comments in relation to each section or paragraph. The only major concern is how they intend to define significance as outlined in sections 7.23 – 7.25, but more on this below:

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Peak District National Park Authority Response in Chapter Comment

Para. 7.3 and 7.20 list the legislation and policy The Peak District’s cultural that will be taken into account. The Cultural heritage strategy has been Heritage strategy isn’t currently included in considered as part of the policy either section, and we would want this as a background for the Archaeology consideration. Interesting comparison to the and Heritage Section of the LVI section where the landscape strategy is Environmental Assessment included for consideration in the assessment. Report (Paragraph 8.4.10).

7/6 – historical background is necessarily brief, as this is a scoping report, but just to spell out we would want to see a much fuller historic The baseline description has background section with full details on the been fully researched using the methodology used to produce this, and with data sources and methodology better referencing – not clear where certain described in Section 8.2 above. pieces of evidence are from at the moment. The historic background is described in Section 8.5 with all 7.9. – again here it is not clear where certain piece of evidence are from, e.g. what pollen references given throughout the text. evidence is being referred to. The full assessment needs references that can be followed to get a source material.

7.7 – it does appear in this section on Historic Historic Landscape Landscape Characterisation that Peak District Characterisation Assessment National Park Authorities’ Historic Landscape (HLCA) data has been Characterisation Assessment has been incorporated into the assessment included as a source, and in the final (see Paragraph 8.5.12 onwards). assessment it needs to be.

HBSMR data has been 7.12 – consultation of S.Yorkshire HER for incorporated into the Existing further information is included, but the need to Environment data collection and consult Peak District National Park Authorities’ included in the gazetteer, HBSMR is not, and the HBSMR does need baseline and impact assessment consulting as part of the full assessment. (see Table 8.1, Section 8.5 and 0, and Appendix 8A).

The VIP, Peak District National Park (East) Overhead Line Scoping Report (July 2016) contains Figure 7.1 (on page 77) Pp77 appears to be a figure without a title, entitled ‘Location of Heritage fig.#, key etc. Assets Peak District National Park’ which shows the location of Heritage Assets and contains a key / legend to distinguish the type of heritage asset.

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Peak District National Park Authority Response in Chapter Comment

7.17 – do we want to specify that a copy of the Resultant data from the walkover resulting dataset from the walk over survey survey will be sent through to (shapefiles, written descriptions, jpegs etc.) both the South Yorkshire SMR comes to us for the HBSMR as well as the and Peak District National Park S.Yorkshire HER, if so we need to get this in Authority HBSMR on completion there now. of the project.

The data sources for the baseline 7.19 lists the sources to be consulted in report are comprehensive. The preparing the base line report. Peak District assessment includes the Peak National Park Authorities’ HBSMR needs to be District National Park Authority included as it is not presently in the list. Also, HBSMR data, as well as third it is not clear whether all appropriate sources party data from the South of LiDAR and APs are being consulted, current Yorkshire SMR, NRHE, National it says ‘LiDAR and aerial photographs and Heritage List, Barnsley additional data held by the National Park Metropolitan Borough Council, Authority’ – whilst we do have aerial record offices in Barnsley, photographs, the LiDAR we have is not Manchester and Sheffield and something we can share, we don’t have it for relevant published and online the whole park, and my understanding is that sources. the form we have the data in means it is not particularly accessible. Other sources for LiDAR and aerial imagery has LiDAR would be more appropriate, e.g. the been flown for the Search Area Environment Agency. Also, for aerial for Permanent and Temporary photographs there are other sources that need Works (See Appendix 8C). to be consulted too. Also a number of other Historic aerial imagery standard places we would expect a Desk maintained by the National Based Assessment to consult have not been Monuments Record has been included in this list e.g. Local Record Offices, considered in the Existing libraries, museums, appropriate journals, the Environment Assessment Historic England archive. It does say that the (Section 8.5). list is not exhaustive, but as this is our chance to provide comments on methodology (there Following consultation, no won’t be a separate WSI) best to get the relevant imagery was found to be comments on our expectations in now. held by the National Park Authority.

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Peak District National Park Authority Response in Chapter Comment

Para. 7.25 and Table 7.1 – Grade II listed buildings are given as Medium significance as are GII Registered Parks and Gardens, alongside regionally important sites. The justification for this is that Para.132 of NPPF lists those assets as being of highest significance as scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites. Whilst I don’t disagree with those assets types The assessment methodology for that are of most significance, I do strongly ascribing heritage significance disagree that Grade II Listed Buildings and makes this categorisation explicit Registered Parks and Gardens should be (see Table 8.2). grouped in with regionally important sites as of Medium Significance. Grade II Listed Buildings and Registered Parks and Gardens are nationally significant heritage assets, reflected in the fact that they are nationally designated, and are therefore of High significance, with Scheduled Ancient Monuments, World Heritage Sites, Grade I Listed Buildings and Registered Parks and Gardens, Battlefields etc. being Very High, and regionally important sites at Medium.

The methodology for assessment Para.7.23-7.26 – the way that heritage of significance and setting uses significance is proposed to be assigned, as the heritage value criteria set out outlined in Table 7.1 is too formulaic and does in Historic England’s not provide an adequate methodology to Conservation Principles. The provide the required understanding of heritage prescriptive methodology for significance. In line with professional best ranking asset significance, practice, heritage significance should be magnitude of impact and expressed in line with Historic England’s magnitude of effect provides a Conservation Principles as the heritage values framework for comparison that a particular heritage embodies and the between assets, but the nature of contribution made by its setting to its heritage the Proposed Projects impact on values. It is essential that the significance of individual assets has been the heritage assets are adequately defined in considered as a narrative to order to ensure an appropriate understanding describe the way heritage values of the nature and magnitude of any impacts. are positively or negatively affected (See Section 0).

8.3.4 Further consultation was undertaken with the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service and Peak District National Park Authority in August/September 2018. A briefing note summarising the findings of the impact assessment and proposed approach to mitigation was submitted and subsequently agreed with no further amendments.

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8.4 Statutory and Planning Context 8.4.1 This section summarises the primary legislation and national/local planning policy relevant to the known and potential heritage assets within the Study Area.

Legislation

Scheduled Monuments 8.4.2 Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 it is a criminal offence to carry out any works on or near to a Scheduled Monument without Scheduled Monument Consent.

Listed Buildings and Group Value 8.4.3 Section 1 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 requires the Secretary of State to compile and maintain lists of buildings of special architectural or historic interest. The principal statutory duty under the Act is to preserve the special character of heritage assets, including their setting. 8.4.4 The Act is amended by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 to introduce additional controls for works to listed buildings. 8.4.5 In order to be listed a building must have “special interest”. Buildings are assessed against the criteria of architectural and historic interest. This may include the extent to which the exterior of a building contributes to the interest of a group of buildings, i.e. ‘group value’. The principles used in determining the special interest in a building are: age and rarity, aesthetic merits, selectivity, national interest and state of repair.3 8.4.6 Buildings listed at Grade I are defined as those of ‘exceptional interest’, while buildings listed at Grade II* are defined as ‘particularly important buildings of more than special interest’. Buildings listed at Grade II are described as having ‘special interest which warrant every effort being made to preserve them’.4

National Planning Policy 8.4.7 The National Planning Policy Framework (‘NPPF’, MHCLG 2019) defines the historic environment as “all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora”. 5 8.4.8 Policies on the historic environment which are relevant to this assessment include (paragraph numbers in bold text)6: 189. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance.

3 English Heritage 2010, Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings, 4-5

4 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/section/1

5 NPPF 2019 Glossary

6 Government guidance on the application of the policies contained within the NPPF is available at http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk/blog/guidance/conserving-and-enhancing-the-historic-environment/

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190. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. 192. In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; • the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness. 193. When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation (and the more important the asset, the greater the weight should be). This is irrespective of whether any potential harm amounts to substantial harm, total loss or less than substantial harm to its significance. 195. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to (or total loss of significance of) a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss. 196. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including, where appropriate, securing its optimum viable use. 200. Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to the asset (or which better reveal its significance) should be treated favourably.

Local Policy and Guidance 8.4.9 The planning application for the Proposed Project is accompanied by a Planning Statement which considers the extent to which the proposed development complies with the following planning policy: • Barnsley Local Plan (BMBC, January 2019); • Peak District National Park Authority Local Development Framework Core Strategy Development Plan Document (PDNPA, 2011); and • Peak District National Park Authority Development Management Policies: Part 2 of the Local Plan (2019).

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Peak District National Park Authority Cultural Heritage Strategy 8.4.10 The Cultural Heritage Strategy for the Peak District National Park7 identifies objectives for the sustainable management of the cultural heritage of the National Park. Under the key objective of Conservation (Objective 3), there is a series of sub-objectives for its delivery. These include the integration of cultural heritage into sustainable management of the Peak District National Park landscape through planning and consultation (3.1), alongside the provision of advice, support, data and monitoring to ensure the best possible outcome for heritage in the development process.

8.5 Existing Environment

Designated Heritage Assets 8.5.1 Within the Study Area there are nine Grade II listed buildings, comprising: • Dick Royd Farmhouse and attached barn (RSK 002); • the Barn to Upper Town Head Farm (RSK 003); • the barn at Softley (Soughley) Farm (RSK 014) • Hall, Church of St Anne and barn adjoining The Green at Carlecotes (RSK IDs 005, 009, and 004 respectively); • Old milestone approximately 300m north of junction with Bents Road (RSK 010); • Old milestone approximately 100m south of the junction with Bents Road (RSK 011); and • Sheep shelter approximately 200m west of junction with track to Ranah Stones Farm (RSK 012). 8.5.2 All listed buildings in the Study Area are Grade II, see Gazetteer, Appendix 8A. 8.5.3 There are no scheduled monuments, conservation areas, registered battlefields, registered parks and gardens or world heritage sites within the Study Area. 8.5.4 No heritage at risk is recorded in the Study Area. 8.5.5 Within the Extended Study Area for the identification of indirect impacts, 26 further designated heritage assets have been identified, comprising: • Barns at Small Shaw Farmhouse (RSK 075); • Catshaw Cross approximately 40m west of junction with Catshaw Lane (RSK 076); • Church of St Saviour (RSK 077); • Royd Farmhouse (RSK 078); • Guide Stoup used as a gatepost approximately 40m south east of Hartcliff Tower (RSK 079); • Vicarage to Church of St Saviour (RSK 080); • Barn approximately 30m west of Royd Farmhouse (RSK 081);

7 Peak Through Time, http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/looking-after/strategies-and- policies/culturalheritage

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• Hazlehead Hall (RSK 082); • Carr House (RSK 083); • Lower Small Shaw Farmhouse (RSK 084); • Small Shaw Farmhouse (RSK 085); • Milestone approximately 200m south of junction with Royal Moor Road (RSK 086); • Bank House (RSK 089); • Milestone Set in Wall Opposite Junction to Paw Hill Farm at SE 213016 (RSK 090); • Hillside (RSK 091); • Milestone Approximately 150 Metres East of Dog and Partridge Public House (RSK 092); • Cattle Shelter, Approximately 150 Metres South West of Junction with Track to Hazlehead Hall (RSK 093); • Milestone Approximately 150 Metres North of Junction with Hartcliff Road (RSK 094); • Milestone Opposite Number 351 (RSK 095); • Bordhill Lodge (RSK 096); • Weaver's House at Leapings (RSK 097); • Manor Farmhouse (RSK 098); • Sycamore Cottage, Wellbank Cottage, Wellbank Farmhouse, Wellbank Farmhouse Including Number 1 Wellbank Cottage and Sycamore Cottage (RSK 099); • Bank House Farmhouse (RSK 100); • Ecklands Cottage (RSK 101); and • Milestone Approximately 1000 Metres East of Junction with Windleden Lane (RSK 102). 8.5.6 These assets are all listed at Grade II, with the exception of Catshaw Cross (RSK 076) which is Grade II listed and designated as a scheduled monument. It should be noted that Catshaw Cross has been erroneously listed twice in the National Heritage List and has two separate list entries, in addition to its schedule entry. 8.5.7 The locations of all known designated and non-designated heritage assets are indicated in Figures 8.1 and 8.2.

Non-Designated Heritage Assets

NRHE, SMR and HBSMR Data 8.5.8 There are 15 non-designated heritage assets recorded within the Study Area on the NRHE, SMR and HBSMR databases. These comprise: • Prehistoric Flint Finds, Bance Edge (RSK 001); • Post-Medieval Toll Bar Cottage, Dunford Bridge (RSK 006); • Sheffield Ashton Under Lyne and Manchester Railway (RSK 015);

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• , Dunford (RSK 016); • Dunford Bridge Station (RSK 017); • Hummocky Ground (RSK 025); • Quarries/accesses (RSK 026); • Graded trackway (RSK 027); • Graded trackway (RSK 028); • Hazelhead Railway Station House, Dunford (RSK 069); • Savile House Post-Medieval Laithe House, Dunford (RSK 070); • Disused Mineral Railway, Dunford (RSK 071); • Bents Farm Laithe House and Outbuilding, Off Wham's Road, Dunford (RSK 072); • Bronze Age Spearhead Find, Dunford (RSK 073); and • Bronze Age Axe Hammer Find, Dunford (RSK 074).

Walkover Survey 8.5.9 A total of 17 additional features of heritage interest/possible heritage interest were recorded during walkover surveys within the Study Area. These included post medieval and later features associated with agricultural land management, quarrying and railway construction in the post medieval period and 19th century, and features of unknown date and provenance (RSK 007, 008, 018-024 and 037-042).

LiDAR Assessment 8.5.10 Twenty nine surface features have been recorded in the Study Area in proximity to the Proposed Project, as described in Appendix 8C. These predominantly reflect relict agricultural features, and comprise six discrete areas of ridge and furrow ploughing, three pronounced lynchets, 13 relict field boundaries, five oval features of uncertain origin and two earthwork features (RSK 020, 024 and 043-068).

Structures Assessment 8.5.11 In addition to the features recorded during the walkover survey, eight further structures have been recorded as part of the engineering assessment undertaken during the design. These include the Windle Edge road bridges which span the north and south Woodhead Tunnel portals, and 19th-20th century culverts for tributaries of the River Don which pass beneath the line of the former Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway (RSK 029-036).

Historic Landscape Characterisation 8.5.12 The Study Area is broadly coincident with the foot of the upper Don valley which contains areas of enclosure recorded on the South Yorkshire Historic Landscape Characterisation database: earlier post medieval strip fields south of Carlecotes, with later parliamentary enclosure around Townhead and Windleden. The southern side of the valley rising to Moor is flanked by the late industrial-era Bance Edge Plantation. Pockets of late 19th century and modern settlement are present at Dunford Bridge, with reservoirs above at Winscar, Upper Windleden and Lower Windleden. The surrounding landscape is of unenclosed moorland. 8.5.13 Historic Landscape Characterisation undertaken for the Peak District National Park does not provide complete coverage for the Study Area; however the range of

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character areas present broadly reflects the South Yorkshire data, with areas of enclosed moorland, open wastes, parliamentary enclosure, plantation, reservoirs and enclosure of post medieval date. 8.5.14 Twenty one separate character areas are recorded within the South Yorkshire Historic Landscape Characterisation data, summarised in Table 8.6 below. Sixteen character areas are recorded by the Peak District HBSMR, summarised in Table 8.7. The Historic Landscape Characterisation areas for South Yorkshire which provide complete coverage for the Study Area are indicated in Figure 8.3. Table 8.6: South Yorkshire Historic Landscape Character Areas Parcel Name Type Description Period Number (HLCUID) HSY6013 Dunford Bridge Cycle Communications Tunnel Portal Industrial Trail, Dunford, to Barnsley Modern HSY240 Windleden Enclosed Land Surveyed Industrial Enclosures, Dunford, Enclosure to Barnsley (Parliamentary/ Modern Private) HSY232 Carlecotes Enclosed Enclosed Land Strip Fields Post Strips, Dunford, Medieval Barnsley to Modern HSY234 Townhead Surveyed Enclosed Land Surveyed Industrial Enclosure, Dunford, Enclosure to Barnsley (Parliamentary/ Modern Private) HSY49 Rationalised former Enclosed Land Agglomerated Industrial strip fields to the fields to north of Carlecotes, Modern Dunford, Barnsley HSY52 Finkle Edge / Enclosed Land Surveyed Industrial Topping Moor moor Enclosure to side enclosure, (Parliamentary/ Modern Dunford, Barnsley Private) HSY6018 Low Moor, Dunford, Enclosed Land Surveyed Industrial Barnsley Enclosure to (Parliamentary/ Modern Private) HSY6793 Intakes of moorland, Enclosed Land Surveyed Modern Dunford, Barnsley Enclosure (Parliamentary/ Private) HSY6012 Carlecotes Institutional Religious Industrial Parsonage, Dunford, (Other) to Barnsley Modern HSY48 Carlecotes Hall Ornamental, Private Industrial designed landscape, Parkland and Parkland to Dunford, Barnsley Recreational Modern HSY44 Carlecotes Village, Residential Vernacular Post Dunford, Barnsley Cottages Medieval to Modern

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Parcel Name Type Description Period Number (HLCUID) HSY46 Estate cottages in Residential Estate Village Industrial Carlecotes, Dunford, to Barnsley Modern HSY6014 Don View, Dunford Residential Semi- Modern Bridge, Dunford, Detached Barnsley Housing HSY6794 Settlement at Residential Vernacular Industrial Dunford Bridge, Cottages to Dunford, Barnsley Modern HSY33 Snailsden Moss, Unenclosed Moorland Roman to Dunford, Barnsley Land Modern HSY50 Tinker Hill, Dunford, Unenclosed Moorland Roman to Barnsley Land Modern HSY238 Lower Windleden Water Bodies Reservoir Industrial Reservoir, Dunford, to Barnsley Modern HSY239 Upper Windleden Water Bodies Reservoir Industrial Reservoir, Dunford, to Barnsley Modern HSY53 , Water Bodies Reservoir Modern Dunford, Barnsley HSY235 Plantation woodland Woodland Plantation Modern at Dunford Bridge, Dunford, Barnsley HSY6016 Bance Edge Woodland Plantation Industrial Plantation, Dunford, to Barnsley Modern

Table 8.7: Peak District Historic Landscape Character Areas HLCUID Type Description Enclosure of unknown date - with Land enclosed prior to 1813; no earlier map HPD9505 irregular fields evidence. Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9506 Enclosed Moorland Thurlstone Parliamentary Enclosure in Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9514 Reservoir Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813 apart Enclosure of unknown date - with Land enclosed prior to Thurlstone Parl. HPD9516 irregular fields Encl. Map of 1813; no earlier map Post-1650 Encl - Parliamentary Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9517 Enclosure Award Thurlstone Parliamentary Enclosure Post-1650 Encl - Regular: Piecemeal/Award, no Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9518 details Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813.

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HLCUID Type Description Post-1650 Encl - Parliamentary Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9501 Enclosure Award Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813. The Post-1650 Encl - Parliamentary Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9502 Enclosure Award Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813. Enclosure of unknown date - with Land enclosed prior to 1813. It is marked HPD9503 irregular fields on the Parliamentary Enclosure Map Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9513 Reservoir Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813 apart Post-1650 Encl - Parliamentary Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9504 Enclosure Award Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813. The Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9498 Reservoir Parliamentary Enclosure in 1813. The Managed Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9499 Plantations/Woodland Thurlstone Parliamentary Enclosure Managed Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD9500 Plantations/Woodland Thurlstone Parliamentary Enclosure Open Wastes and Part of the wastes and commons prior to HPD12198 Common Thurlstone Parliamentary Enclosure

Archaeological Events 8.5.15 There are two archaeological events recorded within the Study Area. A building recording of two 19th century barns was undertaken at Carlecotes Hall in 2003, and an archaeological and historical survey was undertaken of the Woodhead tunnels at Dunford Bridge in 2005. The latter report8 considered the internal structure of the tunnels and their significance in relation to ongoing maintenance and use for electricity cabling. It is noted that documentary records for the construction of the tunnel were not found in the preparation of the 2005 survey; these records exist and are located in the Manchester City Archives.

Detailed Description

Geology and Topography 8.5.16 Throughout the majority of the Study Area the bedrock geology comprises mudstone and siltstone of the Marsden Formation and sandstone ( White Rock), both formed in the Carboniferous period. Rough Rock (sandstone) dominates to the north of the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works and at the eastern end of the Proposed Project. 8.5.17 Superficial deposits within the Study Area comprise alluvium along the course of the River Don, with alluvial fan deposits at the confluence of Long Grain and the Don. Zones of Quaternary peat are recorded on the moors above the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works within the Study Area. 8.5.18 Despite the presence of large areas of made ground within the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works associated with the construction of the

8 Northern Archaeological Associates 2005, The Woodhead Tunnels, South Yorkshire: an Archaeological and Historical Survey (unpublished report)

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Woodhead Tunnel and formation of 19th and 20th century sidings, the only artificial geology recorded by the British Geological Survey within the Study Area relates to the Winscar and Upper Windleden Reservoirs. 8.5.19 The topography of the land within the Study Area comprises the deeply incised valley of the River Don which descends from the settlement of Dunford Bridge at approximately 290m AOD close to the western end of the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works, to approximately 250m AOD at the eastern end. The Trans Pennine Trail runs along the southern side of the River Don following an artificial uniform downslope gradient along the former Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway. Tributaries feeding into the River Don from the south (including Clough Beck and Long Grain) pass through culverts beneath the former railway. Further major alterations to the local topography have occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, including the construction of the northern and southern Woodhead Tunnel portals and the Winscar and Upper Windleden Reservoirs. 8.5.20 The surrounding landscape rises steeply to the north and south. Enclosed agricultural land is present on the northern side of the River Don rising to the small settlements of Townhead and Carlecotes, extending to unenclosed moorland at Thurlstone Moors (c. 370m AOD). On the south side of the Trans Pennine Trail areas of former plantation and enclosed agricultural land flank the unenclosed Wogden Moor (c. 305-370m AOD).

Prehistoric Periods (250,000 BC – 43 AD) 8.5.21 The earliest evidence for Palaeolithic settlement in the Peak District is characterised by activity associated with cave sites, however none are known to be located in the Study Area. Extensive reworking of deposits by ice during the last glaciation will have removed all external surface evidence for this period. 8.5.22 By the Mesolithic period (c. 10,000 – 4,000 BC) extensive woodland had expanded to the summits of the , with woodland comprising birch, hazel scrub and montane plant species on the lower summits and alder and ash woodland in the valley bottoms. Blanket peat started to form in the Mesolithic period possibly driven by man-made or natural woodland clearance by fire, coupled with increased rainfall across large catchment basins of the Dark Peak. Foci of Mesolithic finds are associated with elevated spurs and scarp edges close to streams and well-defined ridges.9 A small number of Early Mesolithic to Late Bronze Age flint finds have been made in the area to the south west of Bance Edge Plantation, just beyond the limit of the Study Area above Lower Windleden Reservoir (SMR MSY12780). More widely Mesolithic tools are known across the moors (HLC Snailsden Moss). 8.5.23 The Neolithic period (c. 4,000 – 2350 BC) is characterised in the region by increased deforestation of the uplands and small-scale grazing as part of an emerging agrarian society. Although this pattern of activity can be observed in the pollen record from many of the later Holocene peat bogs in the area, the material culture of this period is largely confined to chance finds of stone tools and the emergence of earthwork funerary monuments. 8.5.24 During the Bronze Age (c. 2,350 – 800 BC) the exploitation of the uplands at the eastern fringe of the Peak District continued, with the establishment of more complex enclosed field systems, however the deteriorating climatic conditions in the final millennia BC led to the abandonment of this landscape in the Iron Age.10 No

9 Hey, D 2014. A History of the Peak District Moors. Wharncliffe, p25

10 Barnatt, J and Smith, K 1997. Peak District: Landscapes through Time. Batsford. p30.

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later prehistoric field systems, settlement sites or funerary monuments are recorded in the vicinity of the Study Area, however two findspots of Bronze Age artefacts are recorded on the SMR in the location of a former landfill site north of Carlecotes (RSK 073 and 074).

Romano-British Period (43 AD – 410 AD) 8.5.25 There are no recorded Romano-British heritage assets within the Study Area. 8.5.26 Roman military occupation in the Dark Peak area included the forts at Navio (Brough, Near Hope) and Ardotalia (near ), connecting road networks and exploitation of mineral and mining resources. The Study Area was located at some distance from this core infrastructure, and is likely to have remained as marginal moorland at the periphery of native farms situated on the lower slopes of the Pennines during this period.

Early Medieval Period (410 AD – 1066AD) 8.5.27 There are no recorded early medieval heritage assets within the Study Area. 8.5.28 Place name evidence suggests the presence of a local population in this period. Carlecotes takes its name from the Old English meaning ‘churls cottages’, (Ceorl = ‘Free Peasant’ replaced by the Old Norse ‘Karl’ in districts settled by Vikings). It is therefore likely that Carlecotes was settled in the Anglo-Scandinavian period prior to 1066 by peasant farmers.11 8.5.29 At Domesday in 1086 no settlement was recorded in the area, the nearest places recorded being Hepworth and Holme in the Hundred of Agbrigg. Nevertheless it is likely that people passed through the valley and used the ford across the River Don at Dunford Bridge, using the road through Windle Edge which is connected to long- distance routes recorded in Anglo Saxon charters.

Medieval Period (1066 – 1500) 8.5.30 There are no recorded medieval heritage assets within the Study Area. 8.5.31 It is likely that the existing agricultural landscape and settlement pattern around Carlecotes emerged during this period. Carlecotes was first mentioned in deeds dated to 1277.12 Enclosed fields in the base of the valley to the south of the settlement retain the distinctive curving pattern of the original medieval townfields, fossilising the earlier strip layout with partial legibility of the remnant ridge and furrow earthworks. 8.5.32 Population growth in the 12th and 13th centuries led to the increased clearance of wastes beyond the townfields. Small clearances of trees were typically denoted by ‘–royd’ names (Old English ‘Rod’ in the local dialect), often prefixed with personal names.13 Dick Royd Farm within the Study Area (RSK 002) is one such example. New Clearances after the Black Death in the mid-14th century did not use the term ‘Royd’, so it is probable that Dick Royd farm originated from the clearance of wasteland to the west of Carlecotes townfields in the 12th-13th century. 8.5.33 Eltock Farm immediately to the east of Dick Royd is probably of a similar date- “Elcock House” is first mentioned in a deed dated 1585 but surname evidence

11 Hey 2015, A History of the South Yorkshire Countryside. Pen and Sword. P 50-51

12 http://placenames.org.uk/browse/mads/epns-deep-30-c-mappedname-004168

13 Hey 2015, A History of the South Yorkshire Countryside. Pen and Sword. P 52

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suggests the farm took its name from occupants of the house in the late 13th-14th century, with a date of establishment in the period prior to the Black Death of 1348- 50.14 8.5.34 Deeds and grants from this period provide an indication of the form and ownership of farmland in the valley during the medieval period. For example an undated document estimated to have been written in the 14th century grants “One assart of land meadow and wood called Henrirode lying at the south side of the river Don at Carlecotes, [par. ] and all his land in Oldecarlecotes and one selion called the longedole abutting above the Don on the south towards Filiprode , and one dole15 in filiprode and one assart called hobbe intack lying on the east side of Crowe brock, with all liberties, casements etc. within the lordship of Carlecotes.”16 8.5.35 The place name “Dunford” is first recorded in 1282 (Dunneford17), taking its name from the earlier ford over the River Don. There is a possibility of activity in this area close to the head of the valley in the medieval period: the Lord of Thurlstone had a cattle rearing farm, or ‘vaccary’, at Windleden (‘the windswept hill and valley’) above Dunford Bridge from at least the early 14th century.18 Two centuries later the Letters Patent of Henry VIII granted the manors and granges of the Abbey of Rufford to George, Earl of Shrewsbury in 1537, including those at Windleden (‘Wynleden’) and Carlecotes (‘Charlecotes’).19 Nevertheless the location of the Proposed Project probably remained very sparsely settled during this period, with moorland and small scattered stone quarries fringing cleared farmland within the valley.

Post Medieval Period (16th – 18th centuries) 8.5.36 There are nine recorded post medieval heritage assets recorded on the NRHE, regional SMR/HBSMR and through the walkover survey within the Study Area. These comprise four listed buildings at Grade II (Dick Royd Farmhouse and attached barn (RSK 002), the barn to Upper Townhead Farm (RSK 003), the barn adjoining ‘The Green’ at Carlecotes (RSK 004) and Carlecotes Hall (RSK 005)), Savile House near Hazelhead (RSK 070), a toll bar cottage at Dunford Bridge (RSK 006), part of a dismantled drystone wall (RSK 007), a ruined cattle/sheep shelter (RSK 008) and a collapsed drystone wall (RSK 087). 8.5.37 During the site walkover it was noted that the listed barn to Upper Townhead Farm (RSK 003) appears to have been completely rebuilt in coursed, dressed stone, retaining the general form but with no apparent original fabric surviving. Accordingly the significance of this asset is uncertain, and this is reflected in the assessments contained in Section 8.7 below. 8.5.38 Twenty-one further post medieval landscape features were identified during the assessment of LiDAR data (see Appendix 8C). These include 13 relict field

14 Hey 2015, A History of the South Yorkshire Countryside. Pen and Sword. P 51

15 A ‘selion’ or ‘dole’ was a strip within communal townfields used for growing crops. Assarts are pieces of land cleared from woodland for arable use.

16 Sheffield City Archives CM/616, grant by William, son of Henry, son of Matilda of Carlecotes, to Robert, son of Robert, baker, of Carlecotes and Marjory his wife.

17 http://placenames.org.uk/browse/mads/epns-deep-30-c-mappedname-004169

18 Hey 2015, A History of the South Yorkshire Countryside. Pen and Sword. P 49

19 Sheffield City Archives ACM/DD/100

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boundaries, six areas of ridge and furrow ploughing and two lynchets (RSK 043- 063). 8.5.39 During the early post medieval period, the pattern of settlement and farming in the local landscape is likely to have remained little changed from that of the preceding centuries. The earliest local buildings survive from this period, including the existing main range and cross wing of Dick Royd Farm (17th century cross wing with main range dated 1741) and the barn at Upper Townhead Farm (late 17th-early 18th century), though it is notable that the latter building has recently been redeveloped and retains little of its character as listed. The barn adjoining the Green at Carlecotes is dated 1662, while Carlecotes Hall dates from the 17th century with rebuilds in the late 18th or early 19th centuries. 8.5.40 Elements of the relict agricultural landscape noted during the walkover survey included part of a dismantled drystone wall in the former Bance Edge Plantation adjacent to Pylon 4ZO162 (RSK 007), a ruined cattle or sheep shelter adjoining drystone walling in the Heald Common area (RSK 008), and a collapsed drystone wall on land to the east of Townhead in the area of a proposed northern access from Access Point 7. 8.5.41 The continued tenancy of farmland in the Castle Hill area and occupation of Eltock Farm is described in a lease issued in 1622 by Edward Armitage of Lockewood to John Wordsworth of Allen House in Carlecotes. This describes a “parcel of ground in Carlcote in a place called the Castels or the High Castels, and 1/3 part of messuage called Elcockehouse in Carlecote demised sometime by John Armitage to Ralph Greaves and now in occupation of John Wordsworth for £10 a yearly rent of 4s. for 21 years”.20 8.5.42 The road through the valley was turnpiked in the first half the 18th century by the Wadsley & Langsett Turnpike Trust, with an Act passed in 1741 for the repair of the road from , through Penistone, to Salter’s Brook. Dunford Bridge did not feature in published descriptions of roads through the area in the 18th century, for example Daniel Paterson’s “A New and Accurate Description of the Direct and Principal Cross Roads in England and Wales” (1784) notes the route from Doncaster to Manchester passing through Swayne, Thurlstone, Salter’s Brook and Woodhead. Nevertheless, a toll bar cottage is recorded on the SMR at Dunford Bridge (RSK 006). Its recorded position (away from the road edge) suggests that this record is mis-placed, and can be equated to Bar House, situated to the north of the road bridge crossing of the River Don and labelled on the 1915 plan of Dunford Bridge Station21 as ‘Old Toll Bar’.

19th Century 8.5.43 There are 26 recorded heritage assets of 19th century date within the Study Area, comprising five Grade II listed buildings and 20 non-designated assets recorded by the SMR/HBSMR and during the site walkover/structural assessment. These are summarised in Table 8.8 below. The majority are associated with the construction of the Sheffield, Ashton under Lyne and Manchester Railway, which had a pivotal role in the development of Dunford Bridge in the 19th century and later years. Table 8.8: 19th Century Heritage Assets within Study Area

20 Sheffield City Archives CM/721

21Manchester Archives Ref A/GCR/3/177 Plan of Dunford Bridge Station, 1915

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RSK Name Status Description ID RSK Church of St Listed Dated 1856. By George Shaw of Saddleworth 009 Anne Grade II for John Chapman. Pitch-faced stone. Interlocking concrete tile roof. 4-bay nave, 2- bay chancel, south porch, north vestry. RSK Old Milestone Listed Early C19. Stone. Rounded top. Good incised 010 approximately Grade II letters read: ? M(iles) to Huddersfield 15 Miles 300m north of to Sheffield junction with Bents Road RSK Milestone Listed Late C19. Cast-iron triangular front with 011 approximately Grade II round top, on stone post. Raised letters read: 100m south NEW MILL DISTRICT ROAD THURLSTONE of junction HUDDERSFIELD SHEFFIELD 10 ½ MILES with Bents 16 MILES 5 MILES The cast- Road iron front of the milepost is broken. RSK Sheep Listed Roughly-coursed rubble. Welsh slate roof. 012 Shelter Grade II Square plan with diagonal walls radiating from approximately small square central chamber which is 200m west of entered on the north side. junction with track to Ranah Stones Farm RSK Barn at Listed 1870's or 1880's with a slightly later addition. 014 Softley Farm Grade II Pitch-faced stone. Stone slate roof. 3 bays by 2, marked by giant round-arched openings separated by square piers RSK Sheffield Non- The Sheffield, Ashton under Lyne and 015 Ashton Under Designated Manchester Railway was built between 1837 Lyne and and 1841. The route ran via Godley and the Manchester Woodhead Tunnel, then the longest in Railway England at 3 miles and 24 yards. There were several branches authorised in 1844 and 1846. Now disused. RSK Woodhead Non- Three miles 22 yards under Pennine 016 Tunnel, Designated watershed from Woodhead - the longest Dunford tunnel in Britain (if not the world) when it was built. Work began September 1839, remarkable both for engineering difficulties and for problems of employing 1500 navvies in a wild moorland area. Single line tunnel was opened 22 December 1845, parallel tunnel built 1847-52. Both closed 1954 when new double track tunnel opened for Manchester-Sheffield and Wath electrification; this tunnel closed in 1981. Earlier tunnels now carry transpennine electricity cable. Observatory and ventilators survive on the moors. RSK Dunford Non- Site of railway station on the Sheffield, 017 Bridge Designated Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway, Station opened in 1846 and closed in 1970.

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RSK Name Status Description ID RSK SAL&M Non- High retaining wall for railway embankment to 018 Retaining Designated south of River Don, approximately 131m in Wall length RSK Masonry Non- Masonry retaining wall 185m long marking 019 railway Designated southern limit of former Sheffield, Ashton perimeter under Lyne and Manchester Railway retaining wall RSK Spoil Tips Non- Extensive spreads of spoil derived from 020 Designated excavation of Woodhead Tunnel RSK Well/Culvert Non- Access to buried culvert containing Smallden 021 Designated Clough RSK Dunford Non- Stone masonry arch bridge carrying Windle 030 Railway Designated Edge carriageway over northern (Victorian) Bridge – No. access to the Woodhead Tunnel 71 RSK Clough Beck Non- Approximately 176m long masonry arch 031 Culvert Designated culvert for Clough Beck which feeds into the River Don from the south west. The culvert passes beneath the former line of the Sheffield, Ashton under Lyne and Manchester Railway. RSK Long Grain Non- Approximately 26m long masonry arch culvert 032 culvert Designated for Long Grain, a tributary of the River Don which passes beneath the former line of the Sheffield, Ashton under Lyne and Manchester Railway. RSK Thurlstone Non- Masonry arch culvert for stream feeding into 033 Moor Culvert Designated the River Don beneath the former line of the No. 1 Sheffield, Ashton under Lyne and Manchester Railway. Unknown length. RSK Thurlstone Non- Masonry arch culvert for stream feeding into 034 Moor Culvert Designated the River Don beneath the former line of the No. 2 Sheffield, Ashton under Lyne and Manchester Railway. Unknown length. RSK Town Brook Non- Stone masonry single span arched bridge 036 Bridge, Designated carrying PRoW and farm track over Town Soughley Brook, a tributary of the River Don, to the north of Soughley Farm RSK Quarry Non- Appears on historic mapping marked as 'Old 038 Designated Quarry' in 1893. Disused. RSK Trackway Non- Raised earthwork trackway accessing quarry 039 Designated to south west from gate in field to north. Survives as a grassed bank c. 0.3m high RSK Dismantled Non- Marked as a mineral railway on 1894 OS 040 railway Designated map, branching north from the SAL&M railway embankment to west of Hazelhead Bridge Station RSK Bridge Non- Rising embankment and stone abutment for 041 approach Designated bridge across Don, now dismantled. The embankment has drystone parapet walls to east and west. Appears on 1893 OS mapping. In 1905 the track continued south into Wogden Bottom.

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RSK Name Status Description ID RSK Hazelhead Non- Situated off Whorns Road, Hazelhead on a 069 Railway Designated dis-used line which would have extended to Station Dunford Bridge, and then through Longden House, Dale to Manchester. Not on 1st edn. 6" OS Dunford map (1851), but does appear on 1st edn. 25" (1893) RSK Disused Non- Disused railway line, shown as mineral railway 071 Mineral Designated on O.S. 1:10 560 (1955). Presumably a link Railway, between Hepworth iron works (tile works), Dunford Hazelhead colliery and the main Penistone- Manchester line. Course only looked at from near Hazelhead railway station (SE 1940 0286). [Photograph]. RSK Bents Farm Non- Off Wham's Road, north of Hazelhead, east of 072 Laithe House Designated the disused railway. Probably built c.19th and century. A complete c.19th century upland Outbuilding, farm with separate outbuilding, built as one Off Wham's unit. Consists of 1 room downstairs, 2 up. Road, Laithe alongside with barn byre for 6 cows. Dunford Later kitchen added to rear and byre extended to take 6 more cows. Also has outbuildings separate from house - kennel, pigsty, stable, cartshed, built as one separate unit. Also small well and pump. RSK Stone bridge Non- Coursed drystone bridge abutments below a 088 abutments Designated rough modern timber bridge crossing of the River Don known as the ‘Jenga’ bridge. The abutments are likely to have been installed during construction of a temporary mineral tramway to carry spoil from the Woodhead Tunnel onto land on the north side of the river (RSK 020).

8.5.44 The 1816 enclosure map for Thurlstone22 (Figure 8.4) illustrates the landscape characteristics within the Study Area prior to the development of railway. This highlights that the existing field system was already extant at that date. The apportionment accompanying the map provides details of land ownership as well as the names and condition of individual fields. Details have been summarised below in Table 8.9 for fields coinciding with the footprint of the Proposed Project. 8.5.45 The field names are primarily descriptive, including ‘Royd’ names (i.e. cleared from woodland), ‘Holm’ (seasonally flooded), ‘Flatt’ (from the Norse meaning flat ground), ‘Carr’ (fenland or scrub), ‘Hag/Hagg’ (meaning wooded slope), and Ing/Ings (from the Norse meaning marsh or water meadow).

22 Barnsley Discovery Centre Ref A/3204Z

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Table 8.9: 1816 Thurlstone Enclosure Map field names Plot no Location Name on Apportionment Condition Unnumbered Stony Gate "Moor" - Unnumbered Location of "Shepley Ings" - Woodhead SEC and compound 893 Trans Pennine Dunford Leys Arable Trail car park 894 Dunford Field Pasture 896 South of Trans Rough Bank Pasture Pennine Trail 895 New Piece Pasture 892 Cote Bank Pasture 890 Royd Pasture 891 Stones ? 906 West Ings Leys Meadow 907 Woodhead Tunnel Upper Hag Meadow spoil tips 908 Woodhead Tunnel Wood Wood spoil tips 909 Woodhead Tunnel Lower Hag Pasture spoil tips 910 Woodhead Tunnel Hag Meadow spoil tips 911 Hag Wood Wood 912 Pickles (note: corrected to Arable "Pick Hills", field 932) 913 New Piece Meadow 916 Out Lane Intake Meadow 917 Allen House Nether Field Pasture 918 Carr Meadow 919 Wogden Foot Holme Pasture nature reserve and Arable 922 Replacement pylon Carr Flats Pasture 926 Wash Pits Meadow 927 Little Stella (?) Take Field Arable 928 Long Stella (?) Take Field Arable 929 Royd Arable 930 Long Royd Meadow 931 West Castles Arable 932 Floodplain, base of Pick Hills Meadow Castle Hill Slope 935 Floodplain, base of Holme Arable Castle Hill Slope 936 Floodplain, base of Holme Arable Castle Hill Slope 937 Castle Hill Castles Pasture 940 Hanging Flatt End Meadow

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Plot no Location Name on Apportionment Condition 941 Thorn (?) Rose Meadow 945 Thorn (?) Rose Meadow 946 Thorn (?) Rose Meadow

8.5.46 In John Holland’s book ‘The Tour of the Don, a Series of Extempore Sketches’ (serialised by the Sheffield Mercury in 1836), there is a useful description of the land use, cultivation and appearance of the area around Dunford Bridge and Carlecotes prior to the construction of the railway in the early 19th century. The impression is that of cultivated valley with scattered trees flanking the river at the base, areas of new plantation and moorland beyond. The tributary streams … including the Windledon (sic), are collected above Townhead, at a place the original character of which is still suggested by the name of Don-ford Bridge (sic), a modern stone structure of a single arch, over which the Salterbrook Road passes to Penistone. This bridge is the first that occurs on the Don, which enters a cultivated region by a shallow valley, having a few trees on one side. The cradle of the river is not remarkably interesting: nevertheless on account of the stunted alders which overhang the spot, it is liable to be regarded as pretty by a person just escaping from the comparative nakedness of the moors.

[…] there is something exceedingly interesting in the appearance of these little farm plots, won from the waste by which they are sometimes surrounded- but more commonly lying at the extreme verge of cultivation on the one hand, and barrenness on the other.23

A considerable piece of land sloping to the Windledon24 (sic) has recently been planted with larches and also with forest trees.25

[…] near the latter end of July 1834 a heavy fall of rain has so swelled the river that its channel became too contracted for the quantity of water sent down from the moors: the consequence was such an overflowing of the banks hereabouts, as well as lower down, that many score roods of stone walling were destroyed; while from several fields on the line of the torrent the crops and soil were washed away together.26

At Carlecotes, two miles below Don-ford Bridge, the river is overlooked by a somewhat singular eminence called the “Castle Hill”, which, surmounted by a solitary tree, is a striking object for several miles lower down. Below Carlecotes, and opposite Softly (sic), the Don … receives the tribute of the Wogden. … having thence proceeded about a mile the river has become sufficiently considerable to give motion to the water wheel of a corn mill at Bullhouses; and here, it may be interesting to remark, that this is the first work the water is made to perform.27

23 Holland J, 1836. The Tour of the Don, a Series of Extempore Sketches. Sheffield Mercury p48

24 Likely to have been Bance Edge Plantation

25 Ibid p49

26 Ibid p53

27 Ibid p54

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8.5.47 The Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway (SA&M) obtained its Act of Incorporation in 1837. The Woodhead Tunnel was started one year later in 1838. The first tunnel was constructed as a single bore, but provision was allowed for a second bore if additional capacity was needed. A total of 400 navvies were employed in its construction, with additional contractors engaged to complete the excavation and line the tunnel. At the peak of activity 1500 men were working on the tunnel with 32 killed during the scheme and many more injured. The navvies and their families lived in stone huts at Dunford Bridge, from which it is possible that some of the remaining buildings in the settlement were converted.28 A total of 227,685 cubic yards of material were excavated and the tunnel opened in 1845.29 8.5.48 A very early magnetic telegraph allowed guards at either end of the tunnel to communicate, with only one train at a time able to pass through the tunnel pulled by a single pilot engine. This eventually became a constraint to the capacity for through-traffic, and the second tunnel bore was started in 1847, completed in 1852. This allowed up to 80 trains a day to pass through the tunnels (the majority carrying coal) however the project became notorious for the appalling working conditions. The death rate of navvies between 1839 and 1852 was believed to be higher than that of soldiers who fought at Waterloo. A parliamentary enquiry was held but the findings were not acted upon for many years.30 8.5.49 The historic map sequence for the later 19th century allows the pattern and extent of development in the valley following the construction of the railway to be traced. The First Series (1 inch) Ordnance Survey map published in 1843 depicts the line of the railway from the tunnel head at Dunford Bridge through to Hazelhead along the base of the valley (Figure 8.5). There is limited detail at this scale, however it is notable that the Winscar Reservoir had not been created at this date, the upper valleys of the Don catchment were still visible. Lower Townhead, Dick Royd, Carlecotes and Castle Hill were all labelled, and some field boundaries in the base of the valley around Wogden Foot were shown. 8.5.50 The 1854 Ordnance Survey map (1:10,560, Figure 8.6) depicted the Woodhead tunnel portal with both tracks open and the layout of Dunford Bridge Station to the east. The station was accessed from the south adjacent to the Dunford Bridge Inn (now the Stanhope Arms, originally built in 1845 as a hunting lodge for grouse shooting on the moors), with the main station building located to the south of the tracks. Buildings to the north included the Dunford Bridge Signal Box, water tank and waiting room. Numerous quarries were located in the base of the valley adjacent to the railway, including Black Bank Quarry, Banks Quarry, Uppergate Quarry and sandstone quarries to the south of the Dunford Bridge Inn. Further to the east an area labelled as ‘Nether Wood’ contained a large spoil tip on the north side of the river, connected by a rail/tramway siding to the railway on the southern side of the river. This tip is presumed to be derived from material excavated from one or both of the Woodhead tunnel bores between 1839 and 1852 (RSK 020). Bridge abutments (RSK 088) for the Don River crossing are assumed to date from the construction of the temporary tramway. Cuttings for 8.5.51 the railway line were present to the south of the line at Black Bank and towards Tinkers Plantation (west of Wogden Bottom) in which a small building labelled Rolly House was marked.

28 Hey, D 2014. A History of the Peak District Moors. Wharncliffe, p116

29 http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/tunnels/construction/woodhead-5.html

30 http://www.nrm.org.uk/railwaystories/railwayarticles/navvies

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8.5.52 The 1893 Ordnance Survey map (1:2,500, Figure 8.7) indicated little change to the landscape within the Study Area, however the development of Dunford Bridge is notable. The Dunford Bridge Inn had been renamed the Stanhope Arms, and ranges of buildings were present on the east and west side of Windle Edge, including Stony Gate. To the east of the railway station three lines of tracks expanded to a wide zone of approximately 10 sidings located in a cutting to the south of the original line. The cutting required the creation of a longer culvert for Clough Beck beneath the new tracks. The line then continued east within its original cutting as two tracks. A well was marked in the location of an existing hatch opening into the culverted Smallden Clough to the east of Windle Edge (RSK 021). 8.5.53 By the late 19th century Dunford Bridge Reservoir had been created (the location of the later Winscar Reservoir) by damming a 320m – wide section of the upper Don valley between Booth Hill to the north and Shepley Ings to the south. Upper Windleden Reservoir was created by 1891.

Modern (20th century to present) 8.5.54 Nine modern assets have been identified within the Study Area. 8.5.55 Four assets were recorded during the walkover survey within the Area of Search for Permanent and Temporary Works, comprising the Dunford Railway Bridge 71a (RSK 030), a municipal sheep-dip to the east of South View (RSK 022), the early 20th century Gannister Pit (RSK 037) and the course of a former mineral tramway which served Gannister Pit (RSK 042). A further structure was identified in the Structures Report (Structure No. 9, RSK 035) comprising an early 20th century culvert passing beneath the access to Bance Edge Plantation from the former Dunford Bridge Station. 8.5.56 Four assets of probable modern date are recorded in the Study Area by the Peak District National Park HBSMR, located to the west of the Woodhead Tunnel portal. These comprise trackways, quarries and an area of hummocky ground close to the air shaft for the Woodhead Tunnel (RSK 025-028). These sites were recorded from aerial photograph assessment. 8.5.57 In the early part of the 20th century Kelly’s Directory of the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire (1913) described Dunford Bridge as follows: Dunford Bridge is a hamlet at the foot of the moors, with a station on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, at the point where it enters Woodhead Tunnel, which is 3 miles and 30 yards in length; Dunford Bridge is 5 miles west of Thurlstone, and is much frequented by picnic and pleasure parties from the surrounding large towns, excellent accommodation being afforded by the Stanhope Arms Hotel: here are extensive stone quarries producing good building stone, and on Dunford and Windleden moors are reservoirs containing respectively 230 million and 75 million gallons of water, for the supply of the inhabitants of Dewsbury.

8.5.58 A plan of Dunford Bridge Station and surrounding area in 191531 provides a detailed reference for the layout and function of the infrastructure and settlement (Figure 8.8). The Woodhead Tunnel emerged into a rock cutting at its eastern end, with two rectangular ‘old buildings’ labelled above each tunnel opening in the location of the current SEC. The tracks passed beneath the Dunford Old Turnpike Road (Windle Edge). The station layout remained unchanged from the late 19th century, though it is noted that the area to the north of the station (the current Trans Pennine Trail car

31 Manchester Archives A/GCR/3/177: Plan of Dunford Bridge Station, 1915

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park) was labelled as a stone depot with stables in the north adjacent to the river. The route of the culverted Smallden Clough (‘Smallden Brook’) was indicated. Moving eastwards along the line the plan shows the location of retaining walls above the River Don to the north, a culvert beneath the line for Clough Beck and adjacent spoil banks and in-line sludge boxes. At the location of Tinkers Plantation a series of four reception sidings diverged to the north on a raised embankment before entering a marshalling yard with 17 sets of sorting sidings, a turntable and signal box. At the eastern end of the marshalling yard the sorting sidings converged to two lines adjacent to an additional signal box in the location of Wogden Bottom. The plan indicates underpasses for footpaths beneath the main railway and the tracks for the marshalling yard.

Plate 8.1: Dunford Bridge Station c 1910, facing east from road bridge

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Plate 8.2: Dunford Bridge Station, 1911, facing south towards Stony Gate

8.5.59 By the 1930s it was identified that the smoke from trains passing through the Woodhead Tunnel was causing erosion of the tunnel lining. Proposals for electrification of the line were approved in 1936 and renovations to the old tunnels commenced following the Second World War, however the deterioration was so extensive that in 1948 the construction of a new tunnel was authorised. The new tunnel was located to the south of the original down tunnel and wide enough to carry two tracks. Work started in 1949 and a workforce of 1,100 was housed at Dunford Bridge, with a cinema, clubs and a post office. Newsreel footage of Dunford Bridge during the construction phase in 1951 shows an extensive workers camp and construction compound on land above the tunnel portal, now occupied by the existing SEC. The wider landscape towards Shepley Ings was treeless in 1951: it is now under extensive woodland plantation (in 2016). 8.5.60 The new tunnel was opened in 1954 and the old lines to the north removed. The realignment of the tracks from the new tunnel required Dunford Bridge Station to be moved southwards and a new station building constructed. This arrangement can be seen on the 1964 Ordnance Survey map (1:2,500, Figure 8.9), which also indicates that the marshalling yard at Wogden Bottom had been largely de commissioned leaving an extensive series of earthworks to the north of the surviving railway line. 8.5.61 Ten years later, in 1964, a 400kV electricity transmission line between Thorpe Marsh and Stalybridge was granted consent, for which the Central Electricity Generating Board acquired the defunct Victorian tunnels and installed cables in the up tunnel (northernmost) following a period of renovation. A narrow-gauge railway was installed adjacent to the cables in the tunnel to facilitate access, which is still present extending into the Trans Pennine Trail car park. 8.5.62 Following Beeching’s review of train services, passenger trains ceased operating through the new tunnel in 1970 and Dunford Bridge station was closed. Goods traffic ceased operating through the Woodhead Tunnel in 1981 and the tracks were lifted in 1986. In 1990 the disused line was converted as part of Trans Pennine Cycle Route. 8.5.63 A roof collapse in the Victorian down tunnel in 1988 led to the Central Electricity Generating Board purchasing the disused 1954 tunnel, and in 2008 National Grid

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moved the electricity cabling to the 1954 tunnel after a further series of maintenance issues in the Victorian tunnels. Plate 8.3: Dunford Bridge Station 1965- disused, facing west towards the tunnel head

Undated 8.5.64 Seven undated heritage assets are recorded in the Study Area. 8.5.65 Castle Hill (RSK 023) to the south of Carlecotes is likely to be a natural variation in the local topography, however it has historically been described as a timber castle. A survey in 1995 suggested there may be faint indications of possible banking below the summit, and the summit area could have been scarped and bears a circular depression.32 LiDAR data reviewed as part of this assessment has not indicated any such features, with prominent Lynchets and traces of ridge and furrow ploughing on the southern flank of the hill being the predominant characteristics. Within this area of ridge and furrow ploughing, five discrete oval features have been identified in the LiDAR data (RSK 064-068). These are undated, and likely to be associated with stock feeding, however on the available evidence an earlier date could not be ruled out. 8.5.66 A series of low rectilinear earthworks is present on land to the north east of Stony Gate house, surrounding Pylon 4ZO163 (RSK 024). The earthworks extend across a ridge of higher ground above Windleden Clough and Smallden Clough, and comprise low parallel banks of stone covered with turf approximately 0.5-1m in width and spaced at 9m intervals. Occasional small square/rectangular platforms were also noted during the walkover survey. The origin and function of these features is unknown. Although the eastern bank is contiguous with an existing and adjacent drystone wall, the remaining banks do not correspond with any historic field boundaries. A previous study by Parsons Brinkerhoff suggested that the banks respect the boundary of the adjacent late 19th century Stony Gate house, and must therefore be of later date (i.e. 20th century). LiDAR data reviewed for this assessment shows that the banks have been truncated by the Stony Gate boundary

32 http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/5225.html

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and must therefore be earlier (i.e. 19th century or earlier). Possible interpretations include the footings for works buildings or navvy encampment structures associated with the construction of the Woodhead Tunnel, drystone practice walls, a relict field system or features associated with the establishment of woodland plantation. Plate 8.4: Parallel Earthwork Banks at Stony Gate (RSK 024) facing north east

Ground Investigation Watching Brief 8.5.67 A detailed account of the watching brief results is contained in Appendix 8B. The key findings are reproduced here. Within the footprint of the former railway there is a negligible potential for any archaeological remains to have survived the extensive cutting/engineering works which have taken place over the last 150 years. Archaeological potential is limited to possible structures associated with the former station and a stone depot in the location of the current Trans Pennine Trail car park, which are of low modern historic importance as part of the local area’s recent industrial past. 8.5.68 At Wogden Foot the depth of made ground associated with the former marshalling yard is such that any preserved buried land surface which may be present was not observed during the watching brief or reached by the trial pits. The proposed SEC at this location spans the known northern limit of the made ground. 8.5.69 To the north of the River Don the landscape is deeply incised towards the base of the valley, with apparent areas of landslip and hillwash overlying a deposit including rounded river pebbles, interpreted as part of the former river bed. The deposit sequences observed did not indicate a potential for significant palaeoenvironmental remains, however it is noted that deposits of peat or former surfaces may be highly localised. There is a potential for the presence of archaeological remains on river terrace deposits, and this area therefore has a higher archaeological potential than the other observed zones.

8.6 Key Parameters for Assessment 8.6.1 This section discusses the potential impacts of the Proposed Project on the known and anticipated cultural heritage resource.

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Direct Impacts 8.6.2 In relation to buried archaeology, direct impacts have the potential to arise primarily as a result of excavations or ground disturbance due to vehicle movements during the construction phase only, resulting in the permanent and irreversible damage or loss of buried deposits. 8.6.3 Such impacts are only likely to arise within the construction footprint (and immediately surrounding the boundary) of the temporary and permanent works of the Proposed Project, i.e. within the Site Boundary. The assessment has therefore focussed on a subset of the assets identified for the Study Area as a whole. The Gazetteer presented in Appendix 8A identifies those assets upon which direct impacts are anticipated and are therefore considered further in the assessment below. Where no direct impacts are anticipated, this is stated in the Gazetteer.

Indirect Impacts 8.6.4 In relation to built heritage assets, impacts may arise during the construction, operation and decommissioning stages of the Proposed Project as a result of visual changes within their settings. Impacts may be temporary and reversible during construction, or permanent in respect of removed or installed equipment. 8.6.5 For the purposes of assessment, a subset of designated heritage assets has been considered within the Study Area and Extended Study Area which fall within theoretical visibility of the new SEC at Wogden Foot, replacement Pylon 4ZO157R and the pylons to be removed as part of the Proposed Project.

Embedded Mitigation 8.6.6 The Proposed Project has been developed with consideration of known and potential heritage assets, enabling a number of measures to be incorporated into the design to assist in eliminating potential sources of impact (embedded mitigation). These are summarised in Table 8.10 below. Table 8.10: Embedded mitigation measures

Component Options Embedded Mitigation Cable Option chosen follows The Cable Corridor follows the Corridor the Trans Pennine Trail Trans Pennine Trail, a former railway line, avoiding installing the cables within previously undeveloped ground on the northern side of the River Don. Structural survey undertaken to identify buried structures and bridges which will be protected during construction.

Wogden Foot Potential options were The SEC proposal is positioned on SEC advanced for the areas of deep made ground creation of a new SEC at associated with the former sidings Wogden Foot located in this location, avoiding impact on within the local wildlife any potential buried archaeological site. remains. The position of the replacement Pylon 4ZO157R in relation to the SEC permits an oblique entry for

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Component Options Embedded Mitigation conductors into the SEC when viewed from listed buildings on the hillside to the north, reducing direct views into the SEC and effects on its setting.

Laydown Potential options were The main SEC laydown area Areas considered for the selected is located on deep made establishment of a ground to the north of the Trans temporary laydown area Pennine Trail at Wogden Foot, on land to the south of avoiding land take on previously the Trans Pennine Trail, undeveloped farm land to the south at Wogden Foot, or in of the trail or in fields to the north. fields to the north.

8.7 Predicted Impacts

Assessment of Impacts during Construction

Trans Pennine Trail Diversion – Subject to Planning Application 8.7.1 Construction works associated with the Trans Pennine Trail Diversion that have the potential directly impact upon archaeological remains comprise: • Cut and fill operations for the installation of the Trans Pennine Trial Diversion; and • Construction of temporary and permanent bridges to facilitate construction of the Trans Pennine Trial Diversion. Direct Impacts on Known Heritage Assets (Figure 8.1) 8.7.2 Table 8.11 below identifies the known heritage assets which have the potential to be directly impacted upon by these works, and summarises the anticipated magnitude and significance of the impact. Table 8.11: Construction Phase Direct Impacts, Trans Pennine Trail Diversion RSK Heritage Asset Direct Impact Impact Impact ID Asset Importance Magnitude Significance RSK Spoil Tips Low Grading works Very Low Negligible 20 for Trans Pennine Trial Diversion RSK Relict field Very Low Trans Pennine Very Low Negligible 048 boundary Trial Diversion RSK Ridge and Very Low Trans Pennine Very Low Negligible 056 Furrow Trial Diversion RSK Ridge and Very Low Trans Pennine Very Low Negligible 057 Furrow Trial Diversion RSK Stone Very Low Construction of High Minor 088 Bridge Bridge 1 Abutment

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8.7.3 RSK 20 (Spoil Tips) is considered to be an asset of Low importance, deriving its significance (evidential value) through association with the construction of the Woodhead Tunnel. Potential ground-breaking works for the installation/grading of the Trans Pennine Trail diversion on the northern side of the River Don may result in permanent slight alteration of the morphology of the spoil tip in localised areas. The material of the tip is considered to be of no intrinsic archaeological importance, and overall the magnitude of impact is assessed as being Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.4 RSK 048, 056 and 057 (Relict Field Boundary and two Areas of Ridge and Furrow respectively) are considered to be assets of Very Low importance. Their importance is derived from association with the post medieval development of a farmed landscape which is better represented elsewhere in the surrounding valley. The proposed Trans Pennine Trail diversion crosses these assets. Excavation works (topsoil stripping) for the installation of the trail have the potential to permanently remove localised areas of the earthworks. The magnitude of impact would be Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.5 RSK 088 (stone bridge abutment) is considered to be an asset of Very Low importance, associated with construction of a temporary mineral tramway during the construction of the Woodhead Tunnel. The construction of Bridge 1 would result in the permanent removal of the abutment. The magnitude of impact would be High, a Minor significance of effect. Direct Impacts on Unknown Heritage Assets 8.7.6 There is a potential for direct and irreversible impacts to occur within the route of the Trans Pennine Trail diversion where this crosses previously undeveloped land on the north side of the River Don, at the temporary crossing of the River Don at Wogden Foot (Bridge 2). 8.7.7 Excavations for the trail to a depth of c. 200mm and for substantial temporary bridge abutments have the potential to expose the top of the natural geology (topsoil recorded during the watching brief at depths of 200-300mm), an interface within which archaeological remains might be expected to be located. The nature and importance of any remains is Unknown, therefore the magnitude of any impact and the impact significance is also Unknown. Indirect Impacts 8.7.8 The diversion of the Trans Pennine Trail along the northern side of the River Don will be located at the base of the steep river valley. There would be no visibility from the barn at Upper Townhead Farm (RSK 003) due to the intervening farm buildings and topography, therefore No Impact is predicted in respect of this building. 8.7.9 There would be partial visibility of the temporary Trans Pennine Trail as it passes immediately to the east of Spoil Tips (RSK 20), 0.6km to the south west from the grounds of Dick Royd Farmhouse (RSK 002) which is an asset of High importance. There would be temporary visibility of the trail construction works at the start of the Proposed Project, and temporary visibility of the trail during its use throughout the construction phase, reversible on completion. The magnitude of impact in respect of this impact is assessed as being Very Low, a Minor significance of effect. Following removal of the temporary Trans Pennine Trail diversion there would be no impact on the significance of this asset.

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Sealing End Compound – Subject to Planning Application 8.7.10 The works for the installation of the new SEC at Wogden Foot comprise the construction of the compound itself and a permanent access from the Trans Pennine Trail. Direct Impacts 8.7.11 The archaeological watching brief during the ground investigations at Wogden Foot identified deep deposits of made ground associated with former sidings to the north of the railway. The depth of the made ground (in excess of 2.7m and up to 10m depth) is such that no impact on buried archaeological remains is predicted in respect of works for the construction of the SEC or its access. Indirect Impacts 8.7.12 Indirect impacts during construction of the SEC have the potential to arise in respect of the settings of heritage assets in the Study Area and Extended Study Area as a result of the movement and operation of construction plant. 8.7.13 RSK 002 (Dick Royd Farm) is an asset of High importance. During construction of the SEC construction plant (excavators, hydraulic cranes, delivery and handling vehicles) will be visible in the base of the valley in views across fields to the south from the listed building. There will be noise associated with these works; the Noise and Vibration Assessment contained in Chapter 14 (Noise and Vibration) indicates that temporary construction activities associated with the Wogden Foot SEC (paragraph 14.7.14) would result in Minor Adverse noise levels, prior to any mitigation, for receptors in the area of Dick Royd Farm based on a noise monitoring location close to the adjacent Eltock Farm. The impact would be temporary, hence the magnitude of impact associated with these works would be Very Low (i.e. very little effect on the asset’s heritage value, resulting in no real change in our ability to understand and appreciate the asset), a Minor significance of effect. 8.7.14 RSK 003 (Barn to Upper Townhead Farm) is an asset of Uncertain importance. In its current form the building has been largely reconstructed in modern materials and is situated within a modern working farm complex adjacent to Brook Hill Lane, with views towards the SEC screened by adjacent farm structures. Overall it is assessed that there would be No Impact on the setting or significance of the asset during construction.

There would be theoretical visibility of construction plant for the SEC from those heritage assets identified within the Extended Study Area during the construction phase, however at distances in excess of 3km, and in light of the temporary duration of the works and the screening effect of intervening vegetation, it is considered that there would be No Impact on these assets. Access Point 7 and Northern Access Road – Subject to Planning Application 8.7.15 The Northern Access Road from Access Point 7 is required to access the working area for removal of Pylon 4ZO157 and construction of replacement Pylon 4ZO157R. This will require a new access to be made off the existing highway (Windle Edge) to access the Works Area, the location of this is shown on Figure 2.1. This will include the creation of a bell mouth at the junction with Windle Edge, requiring partial dismantling of the existing drystone wall, and the construction of a stoned-up road through existing fields requiring topsoil removal, and breaching further drystone walls in a number of places. The road will be built on top of subsoil by laying a layer of crushed stone or concrete on a geotextile membrane. Direct Impacts

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8.7.16 The construction of the access road has the potential to have a direct impact on the following known heritage assets: RSK 056 and RSK 057 (Ridge and Furrow), RSK 052 (Relict Field Boundary) and RSK 087 (Collapsed Drystone Wall). 8.7.17 RSK 056 and RSK 057 (Ridge and Furrow), RSK 052 (Relict Field Boundary) and RSK 087 (Collapsed Drystone Wall) are assets of Very Low importance. The construction of the access to Pylon 4ZO157 from Access Point 7 has the potential to permanently remove localised portions of the ridge and furrow earthworks and breach the collapsed section of wall. The creation of the works compound for Pylon 4ZO157 would result in the removal of the majority of RSK 057, and removal of approximately the southern half of RSK 052. The magnitude of impact would be Medium, a Negligible significance of effect. Indirect Impacts 8.7.18 As with accesses created for the removal of the existing infrastructure, indirect impacts resulting from the installation and temporary use of the Northern Access Road have the potential to occur in relation to the setting of surrounding heritage assets. 8.7.19 From RSK 002 (Dick Royd Farmhouse) the Northern Access Road would be located approximately 0.6km to the west of the farmhouse. There would be only partial visibility of the access from the grounds of the farmhouse at a low level, obscured by intervening field boundaries. Temporary noise and movement associated with its installation and operation may occur. These factors would result in a temporary change to the rural setting of the farmhouse. The impact magnitude would be Very Low, a Minor significance of effect. There would be no impact on the significance of this listed building following completion of the works. 8.7.20 RSK 003 (Barn to Upper Townhead Farm) would be shielded from the location of the Northern Access Road by surrounding farm buildings in its curtilage. As a working farm it is anticipated that noise and movement levels associated with its use would be barely appreciable. As such the impact magnitude is assessed as being Very Low – No Impact. The impact significance would be Negligible. Due to the low-lying position and distance of the Northern Access Road it is assessed that there would be no impact on the significance of designated assets in the Extended Study Area arising from these works.

400kV Cable (Undergrounding) 8.7.21 The cable undergrounding works with the potential to have a direct impact on archaeological remains comprise: • The partial removal of the rock within the Woodhead Tunnel portal to accommodate the Cable Corridor; • Surface stripping in the area of the current Trans Pennine Trail car park; • The excavation of trenches for the installation of the cables; • Installation of link pillar boxes; and • Underground diversion of a drainage ditch to the south of the Trans Pennine Trail; Direct Impacts on Known Heritage Assets (Figure 8.1) 8.7.22 Table 8.12 below identifies the known heritage assets which have the potential to be directly impacted upon by these works, and summarises the anticipated magnitude and significance of the impact.

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Table 8.12: Construction Phase Direct Impacts, 400kV Cable Corridor RSK Heritage Asset Direct Impact Impact Impact ID Asset Importance Magnitude Significance RSK Sheffield, Medium Excavation for Very Low Negligible 015 Ashton cable trenches and Under Lyne link boxes And Manchester Railway RSK Woodhead Medium Groundworks to Low Minor 016 Tunnel, remove rock bank Dunford for installation of cables RSK Dunford Low Excavation of Very Low Negligible 017 Bridge trenches for Station cables, Topsoil/surface stripping RSK Dunford Low Excavation of No Impact None 029 Railway cable trenches Bridge (No. 71a) RSK Dunford Low Excavation of No Impact None 030 Railway cable trenches Bridge – No. 71 RSK Clough Beck Very Low Excavation of No Impact None 031 Culvert cable trenches and link box footings RSK Long Grain Very Low Excavation of No Impact None 032 culvert cable trenches and link box footings RSK Thurlstone Very Low Excavation of No Impact None 033 Moor Culvert cable trenches and No. 1 link box footings RSK Thurlstone Very Low Excavation of No Impact None 034 Moor Culvert cable trenches and No. 2 link box footings RSK Structure Very Low Excavation of No Impact None 035 No. 9 cable trenches and link box footings

8.7.23 RSK 015 (Sheffield, Ashton Under Lyne and Manchester Railway) is considered to be of Medium importance, reflecting its regional significance in the development of transport and trade networks through the Pennines in the later 19th and 20th centuries. The cable trenches and link box footings will be excavated within the alignment of the former railway. Watching brief work during the ground investigation identified that the remains of the railway comprise either truncated bedrock or deposits of ballast, therefore it is considered that the residual significance of the railway lies in its socioeconomic role as a historic part of the regional transport network and its preserved alignment, rather than the physical fabric of the railway which has largely been removed. The predicted magnitude of impact associated

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with the works is therefore assessed as being of no more than Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.24 RSK 016 (Woodhead Tunnel, Dunford) is considered to be of Medium importance through its historical association with the development of the Sheffield, Ashton Under Lyne and Manchester Railway and the working conditions under which it was constructed. The installation of the cable swathe will require the partial removal of rock forming the bank situated between the northern and southern tunnels, resulting in a permanent slight change in the ability to appreciate the overall form of the tunnel portal. The material of the embankment is not of intrinsic archaeological importance. Overall the magnitude of impact is assessed as being Low, a Minor significance of effect. 8.7.25 RSK 017 (Dunford Bridge Station) is considered to be an asset of Low importance. Its value lies in its association with the Sheffield, Ashton Under Lyne and Manchester Railway. Its evidential, historical and communal values are greatly diminished by its demolished condition. The excavation of the cable trenches through the location of the former station, alongside the stripping of modern surfaces and topsoil close to the existing Trans Pennine Trail car park, has the potential to expose and permanently remove remains of the station structures (depending on their extent of survival following previous phases of redevelopment at the station and its subsequent demolition). The predicted magnitude of impact is assessed as being Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.26 RSK 029 – RSK 035 are structures above, adjacent to or beneath the working area of the Cable Corridor. These structures have been identified by preliminary survey and will be protected during the works as embedded mitigation, therefore No Impact is anticipated to occur. Direct Impacts on Unknown Heritage Assets 8.7.27 No direct impacts on previously unknown heritage assets are considered likely to occur within the Woodhead Tunnel Portal, the Trans Pennine Trail car park or along the Trans Pennine Trail itself during installation of the cables. Indirect Impacts 8.7.28 No indirect impacts are predicted to occur in relation to the setting of heritage assets as a result of the cable undergrounding works along the Trans Pennine Trail. This is due to the buried nature of the cables, the small scale of above-ground infrastructure (i.e. the link boxes) and existing tree cover and intervening topographic features which will prevent any visibility from surrounding listed buildings. Temporary Construction Compounds 8.7.29 Temporary construction compounds are proposed in the following locations, as indicated in Figure 2.1 (Chapter 2 (Project Description)): • National Grid owned land located in front of the Woodhead Tunnel Portal at Dunford Bridge; and • Temporary construction compound north of Trans Pennine Trail/west of SEC at Wogden Foot utilising existing gated entrance into Wogden Foot Local Wildlife Site. 8.7.30 No direct or indirect impacts would occur on heritage assets as a result of the use of land in front of the Woodhead Tunnel Portal or within the Trans Pennine Trail car park.

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8.7.31 The temporary construction compound at Wogden Foot would be located in an area of deep made ground associated with an area of dismantled sidings raised on a steep embankment above the River Don. The works would require the removal of vegetation, topsoil stripping and storage, and the creation of a temporary compacted stone surface over a geotextile membrane. No direct impacts on archaeological remains are anticipated associated with the works in this area. Indirect impacts on the setting of RSK 002 (Dick Royd Farmhouse) may occur due to visual change associated with the removal of vegetation which would be apparent in the wooded valley bottom. The impact would be temporary, with potential visibility of hardstanding, materials and plant during construction, and reversible on completion following reinstatement of vegetation within the area. The impact magnitude would be Very Low, a Minor significance of effect. 8.7.32 There would be no impact on the setting of RSK 003 (Barn to Upper Townhead Farm) or assets in the Extended Study Area arising from these works.

Removal of Existing Infrastructure (VIP subsection) 8.7.33 Operations for the removal of the existing infrastructure (excluding the construction of temporary works areas and accesses as described in paragraphs Error! Reference source not found. to Error! Reference source not found. below) would be sporadic and temporary, involving the erection of scaffolds, movement of winding equipment, delivery and removal of equipment by lorry, erection of hydraulic cranes and movement of excavators and personnel vehicles. 8.7.34 No direct impacts on buried archaeological remains would occur during these works. 8.7.35 The potential for temporary indirect impacts to occur during removal of the existing infrastructure, associated with plant movements and operations for the removal of conductors and the dismantling of pylons, is most likely for those heritage assets in closest proximity to the works- RSK 002 (Dick Royd Farm) and RSK 003 (Barn to Upper Townhead Farm). The works would be of short duration resulting in intermittent impacts of Very Low magnitude at most, impact significance being Negligible to Minor. There would be no lasting impact on the significance of these listed buildings on completion of the removal works. 8.7.36 From the identified heritage assets within the Extended Study Area there would be theoretical visibility of the works for the removal of existing infrastructure, however at distances in excess of 3km, and in light of the temporary duration of the works, notwithstanding the effects of intervening vegetation, it is considered that there would be No Impact on these assets.

Temporary Access Tracks, Crane Pads, Overhead Line Working Platforms 8.7.37 The construction of temporary access tracks, crane pads and overhead line working areas for the removal of the existing infrastructure within the VIP subsection has the potential to give rise to permanent direct impacts on buried archaeological remains. 8.7.38 The proposed temporary works are indicated in Figure 2.1 and 2.2. Table 8.13 below describes each pylon access and temporary works area moving from west to east in order to identify potential direct impacts. Table 8.13: Removal of Existing Infrastructure

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Pylon Removal Access Working Area Assets Method Potentially Affected

4ZO1 Hydraulic Access Point 3: Existing Working area around None 64R Crane access north from existing SEC for crane Windle Edge pad, removal of terminal pylon and capping of existing shaft into Woodhead Tunnel.

4ZO1 Hydraulic Access Point 2: Partial Working area in field RSK 024- 63 Crane reuse of existing access south west of Pylon Stony Gate south of Windle Edge 4ZO163 for crane Earthworks passing south of Stony pad, dismantling of Gate, then breach pylon. through wall into field

4ZO1 Hydraulic Access Point 4: Partial Working area RSK 007- 62 crane or reuse of existing access surrounding pylon on Drystone Mobile east of Windle Edge moorland for use of Wall Winch north of Stanhope Arms crane or mobile winch and Hotel. Westward and derrick, Derrick diversion onto moorland dismantling of pylon. to access pylon at eastern end.

4ZO1 Pull Over Access Point 6: Use of Working area extends RSK 043 61 existing field entrance north west from Pylon and RSK on south side of Brook 4ZO161 providing 044- Relict Hill Lane, then trackway space for pulling pylon Field installed running south over. Boundaries east to working area north of Pylon 4ZO161

4ZO1 Pull Over Access to working area Working area extends RSK 020- 60 via temporary Trans westwards from Pylon Spoil Tips Pennine Trail diversion. 4ZO160 providing space for pulling pylon over.

4ZO1 Hydraulic Access to working area Working area RSK 020- 59 Crane or via temporary Tran surrounding pylon at Spoil Tips Pull Over Pennine Trail diversion. foot of steep slope for use of crane or mobile winch and derrick, dismantling of pylon.

4ZO1 Hydraulic Access from temporary Working area to east None 58 Crane site compound, of Pylon 4ZO158 for Wogden Foot erection of crane, dismantling of pylon

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Pylon Removal Access Working Area Assets Method Potentially Affected

4ZO1 Hydraulic Access Point 7 and Large working area RSK 056 57 Crane temporary access road surrounding pylon for and RSK from North crane pad, 057 Ridge dismantling of pylon and Furrow, RSK 052 Relict Field Boundary, RSK 087 Collapsed Drystone Wall

4ZO1 - Access from working Small working RSK 054 56- area for Pylon 4ZO157. compound to Pylon Relict Field 4ZO1 Track extends 4ZO156, large Boundary, 55 eastwards across fields working compound RSK 059 to north of River Don extending east from Ridge and Pylon 4ZO155 for Furrow, pulling platform. RSK 065 Oval Feature

8.7.39 RSK 024 (Stony Gate Earthworks) is an asset of Uncertain importance. The construction of an access across the field to the south of Pylon 4ZO163 and construction of a crane pad has the potential to permanently impact upon the low stone banks of which this feature comprises across the majority of the area. The extent of the potential impact is such that the magnitude of impact is assessed as Medium. The significance of effect is Uncertain. 8.7.40 RSK 007 (Drystone Wall) is an asset of Very Low importance. The construction of the access track and working compound for the winch and derrick has the potential to partially remove remnants of this feature. The magnitude of impact would be Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.41 RSK 043 and RSK 044 (Relict Field Boundaries) are assets of Very Low importance. The construction of the working area for pull-over of Pylon 4ZO161 has the potential to remove the surviving southern extent of the earthworks of these boundaries. The magnitude of impact would be Medium, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.42 RSK 020 (Spoil Tips) is an asset of Low importance. The construction of an access and compound to Pylon 4ZO160, and the construction of a compound to Pylon 4ZO159, may require the excavation and reprofiling of localised parts of the spoil heap, permanently altering its form. The magnitude of impact would be Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. 8.7.43 RSK 054 (Relict Field Boundary) and RSK 059 (Ridge and Furrow) are assets of Very Low importance. RSK 065 (Oval Feature) is an asset of Uncertain importance. Construction of the access track extending eastwards from Pylon 4ZO157 to Pylon 4ZO155 has the potential to partially and permanently remove localised areas of these earthworks. In respect of RSK 054 and RSK 059 the

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magnitude of impact would be Very Low, a Negligible significance of effect. In respect of RSK 065 the impact magnitude would be Low, an Unknown significance of effect. Direct Impacts on Unknown Heritage Assets 8.7.44 There is a potential for previously unrecorded archaeological remains to be present within the land take for temporary access tracks, crane pads and overhead line working areas. Where these works require excavation to remove topsoil there is a potential for any such remains to be permanently impacted upon by the works. The importance of these remains is Uncertain. The magnitude of impact and significance of effect is therefore also Unknown. 8.7.45 Direct impacts upon potential buried archaeological remains are unlikely to occur as a result of the removal of pylon foundations since the working methodology will only require the partial breaking out of the existing concrete structures, leaving the remainder in situ. No previously undisturbed ground will therefore be affected. Indirect Impacts 8.7.46 Indirect impacts resulting from the installation and temporary use of access tracks, crane pads and overhead line working areas would occur in relation to the setting of surrounding heritage assets. 8.7.47 From RSK 002 (Dick Royd Farmhouse) the tracks and working areas would be visible in the base of the valley below the farmhouse, extending both west and east. There would also be noise and movement associated with their installation and operation. These factors would result in a temporary change to the rural setting of the farmhouse and its surrounding fields. The impact magnitude would be Very Low, a Minor significance of effect. There would be no impact on the significance of this listed building following completion of the works. 8.7.48 RSK 003 (Barn to Upper Townhead Farm) would be shielded from the location of the accesses and temporary working areas by surrounding farm buildings in its curtilage. As a working farm it is anticipated that noise and movement levels associated with use of the access tracks in the valley below the farm would be barely appreciable. As such the impact magnitude is assessed as being Very Low – No Impact. The impact significance would be Negligible. 8.7.49 Due to the low-lying position and distance of the temporary accesses, crane pads and overhead line working areas it is assessed that there would be no impact on the significance of designated assets in the Extended Study Area arising from these works.

Construction of replacement Pylon 4ZO157R 8.7.50 These works comprise the construction of Pylon 4ZO157R on the north side of the River Don and replacement of conductors and connection to the SEC at Wogden Foot. Direct Impacts 8.7.51 The proposed location for the construction of Pylon 4ZO157R on the north side of the River Don does not coincide with any known heritage assets. The watching brief recorded natural alluvial deposits within the base of the river valley, overlain by accumulated hillwash from the hillside to the north. The construction works would require the excavation of foundations within a compound stripped of topsoil covering approximately 200m2. Individual foundation pits would measure 5m by 5m and 6m deep. There is a potential for previously unrecorded archaeological remains to be present at this location which would be permanently impacted upon by the works.

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The importance of any such remains is Unknown. The magnitude of impact and significance of effect is therefore also Unknown. 8.7.52 No direct impacts upon heritage assets are predicted to occur as a result of the replacement of conductors and connection of Pylon 4ZO157R to the SEC. Indirect Impacts 8.7.53 Indirect impacts during construction of Pylon 4ZO157R have the potential to arise in respect of the settings of heritage assets in the Study Area and Extended Study Area as a result of the movement and operation of construction plant. 8.7.54 RSK 002 (Dick Royd Farm) is an asset of High importance. During construction of Pylon 4ZO157R construction plant (excavators, hydraulic cranes, delivery and handling vehicles) will be visible in the base of the valley in views across fields to the south from the listed building. There will be noise associated with these works; the Noise and Vibration Assessment contained in Chapter 14 (Noise and Vibration) indicates that temporary construction activities associated with replacement Pylon 4ZO157R (paragraph 14.7.35) would result in Minor Adverse noise levels, prior to any mitigation, for receptors in the area of Dick Royd Farm based on a noise monitoring location close to the adjacent Eltock Farm. The impact would be temporary, hence the magnitude of impact associated with these works would be Very Low (i.e. very little effect on the asset’s heritage value, resulting in no real change in our ability to understand and appreciate the asset), a Minor significance of effect. 8.7.55 RSK 003 (Barn to Upper Townhead Farm) is an asset of Uncertain importance. In its current form the building has been largely reconstructed in modern materials and is situated within a modern working farm complex adjacent to Brook Hill Lane, with views towards Pylon 4ZO157R screened by adjacent farm structures. Overall it is assessed that there would be No Impact on the setting or significance of the asset during construction. 8.7.56 There would be theoretical visibility of construction plant for Pylon 4ZO157R from those heritage assets identified within the Extended Study Area during the construction phase, however at distances in excess of 3km, and in light of the temporary duration of the works and the screening effect of intervening vegetation, it is considered that there would be No Impact on these assets.

Assessment of Impacts during Operation

Sealing End Compound – Subject to Planning Application 8.7.57 There would be no direct impacts on heritage assets during operation of the SEC. 8.7.58 There would be a permanent indirect impact in respect of Dick Royd Farmhouse (RSK 002) arising from the operation of the SEC. This is due to the fact that there would be a permanent visual change associated with the cleared vegetation for conductors spanning the River Don into the SEC, and the visible presence of the SEC and gantries. These components would be a static feature in the landscape 360m south of the listed building, though the appearance of the SEC would soften over time as vegetation to its north becomes re-established. Additional light, movement and noise would not be introduced during operation. In terms of the existing setting of Dick Royd Farmhouse, although the significance of the building is largely associated with the survival of its historic form and fabric, the rural setting is fundamental to appreciating its historical function and association with its farmed valley landscape, including group value with adjacent farms including Eltock and Thurlmore Farms, and the settlement of Carlecotes. At present the existing overhead line passes along the base of the valley through this associated setting.

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The presence of the pylons does not obscure or distract from an appreciation of the rural landscape character, though their presence is incongruous in a post-medieval enclosed farming landscape, with a resultant adverse effect on the setting and heritage significance of the listed building. During operation of the Proposed Project the presence of the SEC within this view would result in little appreciable difference measured against the existing baseline setting of the listed building. For an asset of High importance this would be a Very Low adverse impact, overall a Minor significance of effect. The significance of this effect would be offset, however, by the beneficial effect of removing the overhead line to the south and west of the farm which is clearly illustrated in Viewpoint 9 of the Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Chapter 6 (Landscape and Visual)) and discussed separately below (Paragraph 8.7.64). Plate 8.5: View south towards existing Pylon 4ZO157 (SEC location) from garden of Dick Royd Farmhouse

8.7.59 From the Barn to Upper Townhead Farm (RSK 003) there would be theoretical visibility of the SEC gantry during operation, the equipment located approximately 930m east-south east of the barn in the base of the valley. Due to the presence of existing structures on the south east side of the barn, alongside the distance of the building from the SEC and presence of vegetation at Wogden Foot, it is assessed that the magnitude of impact would be No Impact – Very Low. For an asset of uncertain importance (but previously considered to be of High Importance) this would represent an impact significance of no more than Minor. 8.7.60 Assets in the Extended Study Area with a potential view of the operational SEC are summarised in Table 8.14 below. This identifies the distance, orientation of view and extent to which the SEC gantry (base, middle or top only) would be visible. In summary, no significant visual effects are anticipated in respect of these assets. Because of the orientation of view from each of these structures along the Don Valley towards the SEC, the SEC location will be positioned behind pylons remaining to the east, and would be largely screened by vegetation. The SEC would not introduce any new movement, light or other sensory changes. At the distances of view in question (between 2.8km and 5.3km) it is extremely unlikely that the visual

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change would have any appreciable impact on the setting or significance of these assets, therefore No Impact is anticipated.

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Table 8.14: Designated Assets in Extended Study Area with Theoretical view of SEC RSK ID List Entry No. Name Grade Easting Northing Distance Extent Orientation of to SEC (m) of SEC view to SEC Visible from asset RSK 075 1151138 Barns at Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420649 404057.4 3566 Top SW RSK 076 1151818/ Catshaw Cross Approximately 40m West II 420614.5 403497.6 3352 Mid WSW 1293457/ of Junction with Catshaw Lane 1011759 (SM) (Listed Twice, erroneously, also Scheduled) RSK 077 1151827 Church of St Saviour II 422738 403391.2 5423 Mid WSW RSK 078 1151833 Royd Farmhouse II 421733 403743.4 4503 Base WSW RSK 079 1191735 Guide Stoup Used as a Gatepost II 422426 401821.3 5104 Base WNW Approximately 40m South East of Hartcliff Tower RSK 080 1191918 Vicarage to Church of St Saviour II 422690 403376.4 5369 Mid WSW RSK 081 1191998 Barn Approximately 30m West of Royd II 421694 403747.4 4445 Base/Mid WSW Farmhouse

(See Viewpoint 18, LVIA) RSK 082 1293451 Hazlehead Hall II 420184 403166.4 2867 Mid WSW RSK 083 1314712 Carr House II 421315 403986.4 4171 Mid WSW RSK 084 1315004 Lower Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420682 404066.4 3610 Top WSW RSK 085 1315043 Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420670 404070.4 3596 Top WSW RSK 086 1315076 Milestone Approximately 200m South of II 421730.5 404026.9 4580 Base WSW Junction with Royal Moor Road at SE 216040

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400kV Cable (Undergrounding) 8.7.61 There would be no direct or indirect impacts on heritage assets during operation of the 400kV Cable Corridor. Occasional vehicle movements along the Trans Pennine Trail to access the sealing end compound at Wogden Foot would not result in appreciable effects in relation to the setting of surrounding listed buildings.

Removal of Existing Infrastructure (VIP subsection) 8.7.62 There would be no direct impacts on known or unknown buried heritage assets resulting from removal of the existing infrastructure during the Proposed Project’s operational phase. 8.7.63 There would be permanent indirect impacts resulting from removal of the existing infrastructure for those assets within the Study Area and Extended Study Area with visibility of the former overhead line. 8.7.64 At Dick Royd Farmhouse (RSK 002) all seven eight pylons to be removed within the VIP subsection (4ZO158 – 4ZO164R, excluding Pylon 4ZO157 which will be replaced) are visible extending west along the valley, from the most proximate located 340m to the south west through to the existing Woodhead SEC 1.9km to the west (Plate 8.6). The removal of the existing infrastructure would result in the removal of incongruous elements within the rural setting of the farmhouse, principally the lattice steelwork of the pylons and the connecting conductors, opening the moorland views to the south west towards Dunford Bridge. Overall this would represent a Low magnitude of impact, the significance of effect being Moderate and Beneficial. Plate 8.6: View of Pylons 4ZO158 to 4ZO164R from Dick Royd Farmhouse

8.7.65 At the Barn to Upper Townhead Farm (RSK 003) all seven pylons to be removed within the VIP subsection are theoretically visible extending east and west along the valley, from the most proximate located 250m to the south. The removal of the existing infrastructure would result in the removal of incongruous elements from the rural setting of barn within the valley, principally the lattice steelwork of the pylons

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and the connecting conductors, however as the existing infrastructure is intermittently screened from view by surrounding farm buildings the magnitude of impact would be Very Low. For an asset of uncertain importance, though previously considered to be of High importance, the significance of effect would be no more than Minor and Beneficial. 8.7.66 Assets in the Extended Study Area with potential view of the removed infrastructure (but which would also have potential view of the SEC at Wogden Foot) are summarised in Table 8.15 below. This identifies the distance, orientation of view and number of pylons to be removed that are potentially visible from each asset. No significant effects are anticipated in respect of these assets. Because of the orientation of view from each of these structures along the Don Valley towards the VIP Subsection, the location of the removed infrastructure will be seen behind pylons remaining to the east, with partial screening from vegetation and landform depending on the viewer position. At the distances of view in question (between 2.8km and 5.3km) it is extremely unlikely that the visual change would have any appreciable impact on the setting or significance of these assets. Any slight improvement due to removal of incongruous elements within their rural or semi-rural setting would represent a significance of effect of no more than Minor and Beneficial. 8.7.67 Assets in the Extended Study Area with potential view of the removed infrastructure (but which would have no view of the SEC or replacement Pylon 4ZO157R at Wogden Foot) are summarised in Table 8.16 below. No significant effects are anticipated in respect of these assets. Because of the orientation of view from each of these structures along the Don Valley towards the VIP Subsection, the location of the removed infrastructure will be seen behind pylons remaining to the east, with partial screening from vegetation and landform depending on the viewer position. At the distances of view in question (between 1.6km and 5.4km) it is unlikely that the visual change would have any appreciable impact on the setting or significance of these assets. Any slight improvement due to removal of incongruous elements within their rural or semi-rural setting would represent a significance of effect of no more than Minor and Beneficial.

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Table 8.15: Designated Assets in Extended Study Area with view of removed infrastructure and Wogden Foot SEC RSK ID List Entry Name Grade Easting Northing Distance to VIP Orientation of view No of No. Subsection (m) to pylons from removed asset pylons theoretically visible RSK 075 1151138 Barns at Small Shaw II 420649 404057.4 3566 SW 6 Farmhouse RSK 078 1151833 Royd Farmhouse II 421733 403743.4 4503 WSW 7 RSK 081 1191998 Barn Approximately 30m II 421694 403747.4 4445 WSW 7 West of Royd Farmhouse

(See Viewpoint 18, LVIA) RSK 082 1293451 Hazlehead Hall II 420184 403166.4 2867 WSW 7 RSK 083 1314712 Carr House II 421315 403986.4 4171 WSW 7 RSK 084 1315004 Lower Small Shaw II 420682 404066.4 3610 WSW 6 Farmhouse RSK 085 1315043 Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420670 404070.4 3596 WSW 6 RSK 086 1315076 Milestone Approximately II 421730.5 404026.9 4580 WSW 7 200m South of Junction with Royal Moor Road at SE 216040

Table 8.16: Designated Assets in Extended Study Area with view of removed infrastructure only RSK ID List Name Grade Easting Northing Distance to VIP Orientation of view No of Entry Subsection (m) to pylons from removed No. asset pylons theoretically visible Catshaw Cross Approximately 1151818/ 40 Metres West of Junction RSK 076 1293457 with Catshaw Lane II 420614.5 403497.6 3477 WSW 7 RSK 077 1151827 Church of St Saviour II 422738.0 403391.2 5543 WSW 7

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RSK ID List Name Grade Easting Northing Distance to VIP Orientation of view No of Entry Subsection (m) to pylons from removed No. asset pylons theoretically visible Guide Stoup Used as A Gatepost Approximately 40 Metres South East of Hartcliff RSK 079 1191735 Tower II 422426.0 401821.3 5249 WNW 7 Vicarage to Church of St RSK 080 1191918 Saviour II 422690.0 403376.4 5497 WSW 7 RSK 089 1151025 Bank House II 422661.0 402910.4 5428 W 4 Milestone Set in Wall Opposite Junction to Paw Hill Farm at RSK 090 1151034 SE 213016 II 421300.0 401600.4 4168 WNW 7 RSK 091 1151035 Hillside II 422654.0 402708.4 5408 W 7 Milestone Approximately 150 Metres East of Dog and RSK 092 1151084 Partridge Public House II 417993.0 401160.9 1654 NW 1 Cattle Shelter, Approximately 150 Metres South West of Junction with Track to RSK 093 1151139 Hazlehead Hall II 420005.0 403536.4 2895 WSW 7 Milestone Approximately 150 Metres North of Junction with RSK 094 1151819 Hartcliff Road II 421083.0 401718.4 3949 WNW 7 Milestone Opposite Number RSK 095 1151826 351 II 421778.0 403115.4 4556 WSW 1 RSK 096 1191620 Bordhill Lodge II 418321.0 401195.4 1821 NW 3 RSK 097 1191992 Weaver's House at Leapings II 422822.0 403183.4 5606 WSW 5 RSK 098 1192641 Manor Farmhouse II 421443.0 399648.4 5156 NW 1

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RSK ID List Name Grade Easting Northing Distance to VIP Orientation of view No of Entry Subsection (m) to pylons from removed No. asset pylons theoretically visible Sycamore Cottage, Wellbank Cottage, Wellbank Farmhouse, Wellbank Farmhouse Including Number 1 Wellbank Cottage and RSK 099 1192651 Sycamore Cottage II 421684.8 399653.2 5343 NW 1 RSK 100 1286771 Bank House Farmhouse II 422649.0 402725.4 5410 W 7 RSK 101 1314707 Ecklands Cottage II 421661.0 402548.4 4427 W 2 Milestone Approximately 1000 Metres East of Junction with RSK 102 1315029 Windleden Lane II 414959.0 400182.4 4694 WSW 7

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Replacement Pylon 4ZO157R 8.7.68 There would be no direct impacts on heritage assets during operation of Replacement Pylon 4ZO157R. 8.7.69 There would be a permanent indirect impact in respect of Dick Royd Farmhouse (RSK 002) arising from the operation of the replacement pylon. This is due to the fact that there would be a permanent visual change associated with the presence of the pylon as a static feature in the landscape 360m south of the listed building. Additional light, movement and noise would not be introduced during operation. As noted above, in terms of the existing setting of Dick Royd Farmhouse, although the significance of the building is largely associated with the survival of its historic form and fabric, the rural setting is fundamental to appreciating its historical function and association with its farmed valley landscape, including group value with adjacent farms including Eltock and Thurlmore Farms, and the settlement of Carlecotes. At present the existing pylon is located in the base of the valley within this associated setting. The presence of the pylon does not obscure or distract from an appreciation of the rural landscape character, though its presence is incongruous in a post- medieval enclosed farming landscape, with a resultant adverse effect on the setting and heritage significance of the listed building. During operation of the Proposed Project the presence of Pylon 4ZO157R within this view would result in little appreciable difference measured against the existing baseline setting of the listed building. For an asset of High importance this would be a Very Low adverse impact, overall a Minor significance of effect. The significance of this effect would be offset, however, by the beneficial effect of removing the overhead line to the south and west of the farm which is clearly illustrated in Viewpoint 9 of Chapter 6 (Landscape and Visual). 8.7.70 From the Barn to Upper Townhead Farm (RSK 003) there would be theoretical visibility of replacement Pylon 4ZO157R during operation, the equipment located approximately 930m east-south east of the barn in the base of the valley. Due to the presence of existing structures on the south east side of the barn, alongside the distance of the building from the replacement pylon, it is assessed that the magnitude of impact would be No Impact – Very Low. For an asset of uncertain importance (but previously considered to be of High Importance) this would represent an impact significance of no more than Minor. 8.7.71 Heritage assets in the extended study area with a potential view of replacement Pylon 4ZO157R are summarised in Table 8.17. All of these assets also have a theoretical view of the existing pylon. The replacement pylon would be seen in a similar position to the existing, and at the distances in question (in excess of 2-3km) in views along the valley towards the west, it would represent a barely perceptible change from the baseline view. As such, No Impact is anticipated in respect of the setting or significance of these assets.

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Table 8.17: Designated Assets in Extended Study Area with Theoretical view of Replacement Pylon 4ZO157R RSK ID List Entry Name Grade Easting Northing Distance to Orientation of view to Replacement replacement pylon from Pylon asset 4ZO157R RSK 089 1151025 Bank House II 422661 402910.4 5187 W RSK 090 1151034 Milestone Set in Wall Opposite Junction to Paw Hill II 421300 401600.4 3970 WNW Farm at Se 213016 RSK 091 1151035 Hillside II 422654 402708.4 5173 W RSK 092 1151084 Milestone Approximately 150 Metres East of Dog II 417993 401160.9 1605 NNW and Partridge Public House RSK 075 1151138 Barns at Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420649 404057.4 3454 WSW RSK 093 1151139 Cattle Shelter, Approximately 150 Metres South II 420005 403536.4 2666 WSW West of Junction with Track to Hazlehead Hall RSK 076 1151818/ Catshaw Cross Approximately 40 Metres West of II 420614.5 403497.6 3238 WSW 1293457 Junction with Catshaw Lane RSK 094 1151819 Milestone Approximately 150 Metres North of II 421083 401718.4 3733 NW Junction with Hartcliff Road RSK 095 1151826 Milestone Opposite Number 351 II 421778 403115.4 4337 W RSK 077 1151827 Church of St Saviour II 422738 403391.2 5331 WSW RSK 078 1151833 Royd Farmhouse II 421733 403743.4 4417 WSW RSK 096 1191620 Bordhill Lodge II 418321 401195.4 1706 NNW RSK 079 1191735 Guide Stoup Used as A Gatepost Approximately 40 II 422426 401821.3 5019 WNW Metres South East of Hartcliff Tower RSK 080 1191918 Vicarage to Church of St Saviour II 422690 403376.4 5254 WSW RSK 097 1191992 Weaver's House at Leapings II 422822 403183.4 5379 W RSK 081 1191998 Barn Approximately 30 Metres West of Royd II 421694 403747.4 4352 WSW Farmhouse RSK 098 1192641 Manor Farmhouse II 421443 399648.4 5000 NW RSK 099 1192651 Sycamore Cottage, Wellbank Cottage, Wellbank II 421684.8 399653.2 5187 NW Farmhouse, Wellbank Farmhouse Including Number 1 Wellbank Cottage and Sycamore Cottage

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RSK ID List Entry Name Grade Easting Northing Distance to Orientation of view to Replacement replacement pylon from Pylon asset 4ZO157R RSK 100 1286771 Bank House Farmhouse II 422649 402725.4 5172 W RSK 082 1293451 Hazlehead Hall II 420184 403166.4 2753 WSW RSK 083 1314712 Carr House II 421315 403986.4 4049 SW RSK 084 1315004 Lower Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420682 404066.4 3492 SW RSK 085 1315043 Small Shaw Farmhouse II 420670 404070.4 3483 SW RSK 086 1315076 Milestone Approximately 200 Metres South Of II 421730.5 404026.9 4462 SW Junction With Royal Moor Road At SE 216040

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Assessment of Impacts during Decommissioning

Sealing End Compound – Subject to Planning Application 8.7.72 The removal of the SEC assumes that foundations are removed to a depth of approximately 1m. Since this depth does not exceed the known depth of made ground at Wogden Foot, no impacts on archaeological remains are anticipated in respect of this work. 8.7.73 On decommissioning there would be a permanent indirect impact in respect of Dick Royd Farmhouse (RSK 002). The gantries and compound of the SEC 360m to the south of the listed building would be removed and is assumed that the land would be returned to woodland or similar, resulting in a less-developed character within its wider landscape setting. For an asset of High importance this would be a Very Low beneficial impact, overall a Minor significance of effect.

400kV Cables (Undergrounding) 8.7.74 Assuming that the underground Cable installation remains in situ on decommissioning, there would be no anticipated direct or indirect impacts in respect of archaeology and heritage.

Replacement Pylon 4ZO157R 8.7.75 The removal of replacement Pylon 4ZO157R would occur within an area already disturbed and mitigated during the construction phase, therefore no additional direct impacts on archaeological remains are anticipated in respect of this work. 8.7.76 On decommissioning there would be a permanent indirect impact in respect of Dick Royd Farmhouse (RSK 002). The replacement pylon 360m to the south of the listed building would be removed, resulting in a less-developed character within its wider landscape setting. For an asset of High importance this would be a Very Low beneficial impact, overall a Minor significance of effect.

8.8 Mitigation 8.8.1 Mitigation measures are outlined below to offset potential impacts upon archaeological remains and built heritage during each stage of the project. These measures have been discussed and the approach agreed in principle in consultation with South Yorkshire Archaeology Service and the Peak District National Park Authority in September 2018. The measures are specified in a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) that accompanies the CEMP. 8.8.2 The measures proposed fall into four categories: • Protection- securing protective measures through signage, barriers or surface matting to protect an asset during the construction phase; • Earthwork survey- undertaking a measured survey of upstanding remains prior to alteration to provide a permanent record of their pre-development state (‘Preservation by Record’); • Condition survey- a rapid photographic and written record of the condition of assets prior to development (‘Preservation by Record’); and • Watching brief- monitoring by a professional archaeologist of groundworks for the development where these affected known assets are, or areas in which archaeological remains may be present.

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During Construction

Trans Pennine Trail Diversion – Subject to Planning Application 8.8.3 An archaeological watching brief will be carried out during groundworks for the installation of the Trans Pennine Trail Diversion where there is a potential for previously unrecorded assets to be affected. 8.8.4 An earthwork survey from existing LiDAR data will be prepared for the Woodhead Tunnel spoil tips (RSK 020) prior to any grading works for the Trans Pennine Trail Diversion and access/pylon working areas. The survey will comprise an illustrated report describing the date, form and origin of the material making up the spoil tip. 8.8.5 A condition survey would be undertaken of the two stone bridge abutments (RSK 088) prior to construction of permanent replacement Bridge 1. The condition survey would be to a Level 2 standard as defined in Historic England’s Understanding Historic Buildings: A Guide to Good Recording Practice (2016), to include photographic and descriptive records, and annotated measured drawings of the abutment elevations, contained in an illustrated report.

Sealing End Compound – Subject to Planning Application 8.8.6 No additional mitigation is required in respect of the construction of the Sealing End Compound.

Access Point 7 and Northern Access Road – Subject to Planning Application 8.8.7 A watching brief will be implemented during the construction of the Northern Access Road where this requires ground to be broken, at the following locations: • Unknown assets, RSK 056, 057, 052, 087 8.8.8 Condition surveys will be undertaken of any drystone walls to be breached by this access, including the establishment of the bell mouth at Windle Edge, as necessary during the works.

400kV Cable (Undergrounding) 8.8.9 An archaeological watching brief will be implemented during the excavation works for undergrounding of the 400kV Cable Corridor in the vicinity of RSK 017 Dunford Bridge Station, in order to make a permanent record of any surviving structures which may be present in this location. 8.8.10 An earthwork survey will be undertaken in advance of construction commencing for RSK 016 (Woodhead Tunnel), to record the pre-development form of the embankment between the Victorian and 20th century tunnel heads. The survey would be undertaken before any mobilisation to site for construction groundworks, and would involve a metric topographic survey (undertaken using reflectorless total station or similar) with an accompanying report describing the history, development and form of the tunnel portal.

Removal of Existing Infrastructure (VIP subsection) 8.8.11 Protection is proposed for the Stony Gate Earthworks (RSK 014) during construction of the access and working area for Pylon 4ZO163, and oval feature RSK 065 during construction of access to Pylon 4ZO156-155. 8.8.12 In respect of RSK 014 this should involve the installation under archaeological supervision of sand bags to either side of the earthworks and use of overlying trackway panels to protect them from damage through heavy vehicle movements during decommissioning of Pylon 4ZO163.

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8.8.13 In respect of RSK 065, the location of the oval feature should be surveyed by a qualified archaeologist immediately prior to construction, and a 5m standoff to the south of the feature marked with survey flags to signal the position during temporary access to Pylon 4ZO156 and 4ZO155. 8.8.14 A watching brief will be implemented during the construction of temporary accesses and working areas where these require ground to be broken, at the following locations: • RSK 007 Drystone wall and unknown assets, access to Pylon 4ZO162; • RSK 043 and 044 and unknown assets, access to Pylon 4ZO161; • RSK 020 and unknown assets, access and working area Pylon 4ZO160; • RSK 020 and unknown assets, access and working area Pylon 4ZO159; • Unknown assets, access and working area Pylon 4ZO158; • RSK 054, 059 and unknown assets- access Pylon 4ZO156-155. 8.8.15 Condition surveys will be undertaken of any drystone walls to be breached by accesses as necessary during the works.

Construction of replacement Pylon 4ZO157R 8.8.16 An archaeological watching brief will be implemented during the establishment of the working area footprint for Pylon 4ZO157R in order to make a record of any previously unknown archaeological remains at this location.

During Operation

Sealing End Compound – Subject to Planning Application 8.8.17 Embedded mitigation is incorporated into the design of the SEC to minimise its visual effects on surrounding assets (Dick Royd Farmhouse and Barn to Upper Townhead Farm) through orientation and landscaping. Due to the nature of the infrastructure (notably its height and restrictions on proximity of vegetation to live conductors) further mitigation through screening of the SEC is unlikely to be feasible or effective. No further mitigation of visual effects is therefore recommended.

400kV Cable (Undergrounding) 8.8.18 No mitigation of effects during operation of the 400kV Cable Corridor would be required in respect of archaeology and cultural heritage.

Removal of Existing Infrastructure (VIP subsection) 8.8.19 No mitigation of effects during operation associated with removed infrastructure would be required in respect of archaeology and cultural heritage.

Replacement Pylon 4ZO157R 8.8.20 No mitigation of effects during operation of the replacement pylon would be required in respect of archaeology and cultural heritage.

During Decommissioning

Sealing End Compound – Subject to Planning Application 8.8.21 No mitigation of effects at decommissioning of the SEC would be required in respect of archaeology and cultural heritage.

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400kV Cable (Undergrounding) 8.8.22 No mitigation of effects at decommissioning of the 400kV Cable Corridor would be required in respect of archaeology and cultural heritage.

Replacement Pylon 4ZO157R 8.8.23 No mitigation of effects at decommissioning of the replacement pylon would be required in respect of archaeology and cultural heritage.

8.9 Cumulative Effects 8.9.1 Potential intra-project effects may occur where multiple components of the Proposed Project result in greater impacts upon individual heritage assets, however there are no locations within the Proposed Project in which such effects would result in a significant effect. 8.9.2 At Dick Royd Farmhouse intra-project effects arising from limited visibility of the temporary Trans Pennine Trail diversion and northern access road, and construction phase impacts associated with the SEC, would occur within the listed building’s setting, however these construction phase effects would be temporary and result in no residual effect during the operational phase. A Minor adverse effect is anticipated in the long term associated with visibility of the SEC within the valley bottom, the significance of this effect would be further offset by the beneficial effect of removing the overhead line to the south and west of the farm. 8.9.3 At the Barn to Upper Townhead Farm similar intra-project effects are likely to occur, although of lesser significance, and again any adverse effects in respect of the significance or setting of the building would be either temporary and reversible (in relation to construction phase effects) or offset by beneficial effects of removing the overhead infrastructure in the VIP Subsection.

8.10 Summary of Residual Effects 8.10.1 The effects of the Proposed Project in relation to archaeology and heritage are summarised below and set out asset-by-asset in Table 8.18.

During Construction 8.10.2 Effects on archaeological remains during the construction phase would be confined to those areas where ground breaking works for the installation of the 400kV Cable Corridor, Trans Pennine Trail diversion, permanent and temporary bridges, temporary access tracks and working areas take place within the footprint of known assets or previously undeveloped areas with the potential to contain unrecorded remains. 8.10.3 Indirect effects during construction may occur in relation to the setting of surrounding built heritage assets through the introduction of temporary accesses, working areas and plant, however any such impacts would be temporary and would cease on completion of the construction phase, resulting in no lasting residual effects.

During Operation 8.10.4 During the operational phase of the Proposed Project the primary effects would be associated with the appearance of the replacement Pylon 4ZO157R and adjacent SEC, coupled with the removed overhead lines to the west between Wogden Foot and Dunford Bridge.

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8.10.5 Minor adverse effects on the significance of the Grade II listed Dick Royd Farmhouse and Barn to Upper Townhead Farm are anticipated due to the visible presence of Pylon 4ZO157R and the SEC, however this effect would be offset by the beneficial effect of removing all overhead infrastructure west of Wogden Foot. 8.10.6 No direct effects on archaeological remains are anticipated during the operational phase of the Proposed Project.

During Decommissioning 8.10.7 No effects are anticipated during decommissioning in respect of archaeology or cultural heritage.

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Table 8.18: Summary of Residual Effects and Mitigation RSK ID Name Importance Impact Source Impact Impact Impact Mitigation Magnitude Significance Duration Required RSK 002 Dick Royd High Trans Pennine Trail Very Low Minor Temporary None Farmhouse and Diversion Adverse Attached Barn SEC Construction Very Low Minor Temporary None Adverse Removal of Existing Very Low Negligible - Temporary None Infrastructure Minor (construction Phase) Adverse Temporary Very Low Minor Temporary None Construction Adverse Compound, Wogden Foot Temporary access Very Low Minor Temporary None tracks, crane pads Adverse and overhead line working areas SEC Operation Very Low Minor Permanent None Adverse Removal of Existing Low Moderate Permanent None Infrastructure Beneficial (operation phase) RSK 003 Barn To Upper Uncertain - Trans Pennine Trail No Impact None Temporary None Town Head High Diversion Farm SEC Construction No Impact None Temporary None Removal of Existing Very Low Negligible - Temporary None Infrastructure Minor (construction Phase) Adverse

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RSK ID Name Importance Impact Source Impact Impact Impact Mitigation Magnitude Significance Duration Required Temporary access Very Low - Negligible Temporary None tracks, crane pads No Impact and overhead line working areas SEC Operation Very Low - Minor Permanent None No Impact Adverse Removal of Existing Very Low Minor Permanent None Infrastructure Beneficial (operation phase) RSK 007 Drystone Wall Very Low Access for removal of Very Low Negligible Permanent Condition Pylon 4ZO162 Survey RSK 015 Sheffield Ashton Medium 400kV Cable Corridor Very Low Negligible Permanent None Under Lyne And Construction Manchester Railway RSK 016 Woodhead Medium 400kV Cable Corridor Low Minor Permanent Earthwork Tunnel, Dunford Construction Adverse Survey RSK 017 Dunford Bridge Low 400kV Cable Corridor Very Low Negligible Permanent Watching Station Construction Brief RSK 020 Spoil Tips Low Trans Pennine Trail Very Low Negligible Permanent Earthwork Diversion Survey Access for removal of Very Low Negligible Permanent Earthwork Pylon 4ZO160 and Survey 4ZO159 RSK 024 Stony Gate Uncertain Access for removal of Medium Uncertain Permanent Protection Earthworks Pylon 4ZO163 RSK 043 Relict Field Very Low Access for removal of Medium Negligible Permanent Watching Boundary Pylon 4ZO161 Brief RSK 044 Relict Field Very Low Access for removal of Medium Negligible Permanent Watching Boundary Pylon 4ZO161 Brief RSK 048 Relict Field Very Low Trans Pennine Trail Very Low Negligible Permanent Watching Boundary Diversion Brief

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RSK ID Name Importance Impact Source Impact Impact Impact Mitigation Magnitude Significance Duration Required RSK 052 Relict Field Very Low Access for removal of Medium Negligible Permanent Watching Boundary Pylon 4ZO157 Brief RSK 054 Relict Field Very Low Access for works to Very Low Negligible Permanent Watching Boundary Pylon 4ZO156 and Brief 4ZO155 RSK 056 Ridge and Very Low Trans Pennine Trail Very Low Negligible Permanent Watching Furrow Diversion Brief Access for removal of Medium Negligible Permanent Watching Pylon 4ZO157 Brief RSK 057 Ridge and Very Low Trans Pennine Trail Very Low Negligible Permanent Watching Furrow Diversion Brief Access for removal of Medium Negligible Permanent Watching Pylon 4ZO157 Brief RSK 059 Ridge and Very Low Access for works to Very Low Negligible Permanent Watching Furrow Pylon 4ZO156 and Brief 4ZO155 RSK 065 Oval feature Uncertain Access for works to Low Unknown Permanent Protection Pylon 4ZO156 and 4ZO155 RSK 087 Collapsed Very Low Access for removal of Medium Negligible Permanent Watching Drystone Wall Pylon 4ZO157 and Brief Construction of Pylon 4ZO157R RSK 088 Stone bridge Very Low Construction of High Minor Permanent Condition abutments permanent Bridge 1 Survey

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