In Partial Fi.Ilfillment of the Requirements for A

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In Partial Fi.Ilfillment of the Requirements for A TI{E IINiVERSIT OF MAMTOBA CANADIAN RESPONSES TO AI{ERICAN INTERVENTIONS IN TEE CARIBBEÂN AND CENTR.AL AHERICA CASE STUDIES OF CUBA, GRENADA, PANAMA, NICARAGUAAND EL SAIVADOR A THESIS SIIBMTTED TO THE FACLILTY OF GRADUATE STIIDIES IN PARTIAL FI.ILFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A MASTERS DEGREE IN POLITICAL STUDIES BY WALTER KOZAK WINNIPEG, MAMTOBA JULY 31, 1995. NationalLibrary Bibliothèoue nationale I*I du Canacia Acouisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Biblìog raphic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A ON4 K1A ON4 Yout l¡le Votrc rélércnce Our lile Nolre rélércnce The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclus¡ve licence irrévocable et non exclus¡ve allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell cop¡es of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyr¡ght ¡n his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qu¡ protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-612-13264-1 C,anadä Nome Disæ¡dion n¡¡ahucfs [,,,-,,-,*,,-lis.orronged by brood, generol sub¡ect cotegories. Pleose select the one sub¡ect r¡'hich most nærly describes fhe content of your disserlotion. Enter fhe corresponding bur-ðigit code in the spoces provided. f , t , 7- tq-4-.,(, 'f-=.-., ¿"1-¡*¡; c i? a-ItI,R U"l\{"I SI'8JECÍ IER'T{ SIJBJECI CODI Subioct Cqlegorieg ffir HUmAtnlEs A¡tp goc¡AL se!E]{€Es PHITOSOPHY, RTTIGION AHD 4ncient ............... ................ 0579 fltrotocY Medievol ............................ 058 I Modem .............................. 0582 Philosophv..........- ............ -......... 0422 Relioioà Block .................................. 0328 Doncc ...................................... 0378 Africon Generol .............................. 03 I 8 ............................... 033 I fi ne A¡ts .................................. 035/ Asio. Auskolio ond Oceonio 0332 Inbrmolion Science.............. Biblicol Studies .................... 032 t .....0723 Clerqy ................................03ì 9 Conodion ........................... 033¿ Joumolisnr ................................ O39 I Europeon Histôív of ... ............................ 0335 Ub'rury Scbnca ......................... 0399 -........................ 0320 Philoóphv of ......................0322 Lof in'Americon .................... 033ó l'{os¡ Cqnmr¡nicotions............... 0708 j... Middle Eostern .................... 0333 Theology . :..................... ....... 0 469 Mwic....................................... 04t 3 United S¡ctes ....... ................ 0337 Spæh Communicotion ............. O459 History of Science ..................... 0585 TfiæCr .................................... 0¿ó5 sütÂr.s(|flics Americon tow.......................................... 0398 TATIGUAGE IMRATURE AIID Studies ...................... 0323 Anthroooloqv Politicol Science ultcutsnG Generol .............................. 0ól 5 ................. 05r 5 Ar¿hoeõloqy ....................... 032Á [¡OnquOqe Culturol ...1.......................... Intemotionol Low ond ................. 051 4 032ó Genirol ............. .................0679 Phvsicol ................05t ó .............. ................ 0327 AncienÌ ............................... 0289 Busine'ss Adminiskolion .. :.................. o517 [inquistics ................ -.......... 0290 Genero| .............................. 03 I 0 tvlodem ..............................0291 Accountinq ....................... -. 0272 Lileroture Bonkinq ..I.......... ................ 0770 Generol .............................. 0¿01 MonoqËment ................:..... 0d54 Clossicof ............................. 029 4 Morkeiiino ........................... 0338 f ñshuclion ......... 0727 Comoorotive ....................... ........................ 05l 0295 Conodion Stùdies ..................... 0385 I Medíevol ............................0297 Economics Modem .............................. 0298 Generol .............................. 050 I Africon ............................... 03 I ó Aqriculturol ......................... 0503 Americon ............................ 0591 Cõmmerce-Business ............. 0505 Asion .................................0305 Finonce ..............................0508 Conodion {Enolish} .............. 0352 History ................................ 0509 Conodion {Fre-nchi .............. 0355 Lobor' ................................. 05 I 0 Enqlish ...............................0593 Theory................................ 05 ì I Ge-rmonic ........................... 03 I l Folklore ..'.................................. 0358 Lotin Americon .................... 03.| 2 Geoqrophy......... ..... ............... 03óó Middle Eosem .................... 031 5 Gero;ntciloqy .. ....... .................. 035 l Romonce ............................ 03,| 3 Hisiorv Slqvic ond Eost Europeon.....03lr' Gánerol ............. ................. O 57 I THE SCIENCES AND ENOII{EERING BtotoctcÂr scrEltcs Geodesy ........0370 Speech Potholoqv ................ 04ó0 Engineerinq (jsrloqy Aoriculture- ............ ...... -. -..... -...... -. 037 2 loxrcoloqy .......................... 0383 çnerol C'enerol o¿73 Geoohîsics ............. ................ 0373 Home Econoäics ...................... 038ó Aerospoce . ..... ...............0538 0285 l-tvdioloqy ......0388 Aqricú1turo1......................... 0539 Minerolõáv............................... 04 I I PHYSICAI SCIEIICTS Aütomotive ......................... 0540 .............o475 Poleobors'áv ............................. 0345 Biomedicol .......................... 054ì .............o476 Poleoecolorí ...................... -..... 0426 Chemico1,..................... - -;...0542 Poleontoloõ ............................. 04 I 8 Civil ................................... 05¿3 ............. 0359 Poleozooldäv............................ 0985 Electronics ond Eledricol ...... 05¿.d wìldlife ........... 0¿78 Pofvnoloov-.l...... .......................0427 Heot ond Thermodnomics ...0348 . -..................... o Á79 Phúsicol ö'eosrophv .................. 03ó8' Hydroulic ............................ 0545 .............0¿80 Physicol Oceõnogróphy ............ 04ì 5 Indushiol .......................-.... 05¿ó Mori ne ............... ...,............ O 5 47 HTALIH AIID EHYIROII¡ITIITAI. Moteriols Science ................ 0794 sqtlcs Mechonico| ......................... 0548 Environmentol Sciences ............. 07ó8 Metollurqy .......................... 07¿3 Heolth Sciences Mininq .ì............................. 055 ì Anolorny ....................... - -. -. 0287 Generol .........................-.... 05óó Nucleõr ..........-................... 0552 Biosh¡h-ltics ......................-.. 0308 Audio|oqv........................... 0300 Pockoqinq .......................... 05¿9 Bolony ................................ 0309 Chemofñéroov ................... 0992 Pekoleum ........................... 07ó5 Cell ................... ................. 0379 Dentistry ....'..'..-....................0567 Sonitory ond Municipol .......955¿ Ecoloqv .............................. 0329 Educotiôn ........................... syslem Scrence .... ............ -... 0790 Entom-ó|oqv............ ........... 0353 0350 Hosoiiol Monooement..-....... 07ó9 Geotechnoloqy ......................... 0428 Genetics L'........................... 03ó9 Humon Develoãmenl ........... 0758 Operotions RËseorch ................. 079ó Limnof oqy ........................... 0793 lmmunolooy Pf oslìcs Techno|oqv ................... O79 5 M¡crobiõloqy ...................... ...:.................... 0982 04t 0 Medicine Textile Technoloçfr ..................... 0994 Moleculor ähd Surqerv ......... 05ó4 ::........................ 0307 Mentol Heolth ....:....'.....-......0347 Neuroscience ....................,. 03 I 7 Nursi nq .............................. 05ó9 Oceonooroohv.................... 04.l ó Nutritio-n ............................. 0570 Phvsioloãv :...:..................... 0433 Obstekics ond Gvnecolocv ..0380 Roiliorioñ'............................ 082 ì Occuootionol Heúlth Velerinory onJ' Science............... 0ZZB Theropv Zglo$/ .........................0A72 ......................-.-.. 0354 . Ophthol¡ñoloqv ................... 0381 ötopnysrcs^. '(ienero1 Pcitholocv ...::..................... 057.l ............ .................. 07 86 Phormoiôloqy ....................- 041 9 Medico| ............. ................. 07 60 Phomocy .::.......................0572 Physicol Íheroov ................. 0382 IARTH SfflICES Public Heolrh . :.:.. ................. 0573 Biooeochemistrv .. ...................... O 425 Rodioloqy ........................... Á Ge&hemistrv .'.......................... 057 099 ó Recreotión .......................... 0575 CANADIAN RESPONSES TO AI,IERIGAN INTERVENÎIONS III TEE CARIBBE.AN ANI} CENTRAL AHERICÁ CASE STTTDIES OF CIIBA, GRENADA, PANA}IA NICARÄGUA AND EL SAIVADOR BY I{ALTER KOZAK A Thesis submitted to the Faculty
Recommended publications
  • Accountability for National Defence
    Ideas IRPP Analysis Debate Study Since 1972 No. 4, March 2010 www.irpp.org Accountability for National Defence Ministerial Responsibility, Military Command and Parliamentary Oversight Philippe Lagassé While the existing regime to provide accountability for national defence works reasonably well, modest reforms that reinforce the convention of ministerial responsibility can improve parliamentary oversight and civilian control of the military. Le processus actuel de reddition de comptes en matière de défense nationale remplit son rôle ; toutefois, des réformes mineures renforçant la responsabilité ministérielle permettraient de consolider la surveillance parlementaire et la direction civile des forces militaires. Contents Summary 1 Résumé 2 Parliament and National Defence 5 The Government and National Defence 28 Notes and References 58 About This Study 61 The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IRPP or its Board of Directors. IRPP Study is a refereed monographic series that is published irregularly throughout the year. Each study is subject to rigorous internal and external peer review for academic soundness and policy relevance. IRPP Study replaces IRPP Choices and IRPP Policy Matters. All IRPP publications are available for download at irpp.org. If you have questions about our publications, please contact [email protected]. If you would like to subscribe to our newsletter, Thinking Ahead, please go to our Web site, at irpp.org. ISSN 1920-9436 (Online) ISSN 1920-9428 (Print) ISBN 978-0-88645-219-3 (Online) ISBN 978-0-88645-221-6 (Print) Summary Canadians’ renewed focus on military matters reflects a desire to strengthen accountability for matters of national defence.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook
    Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook BA Hons (Trent), War Studies (RMC) This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW@ADFA 2005 Acknowledgements Sir Winston Churchill described the act of writing a book as to surviving a long and debilitating illness. As with all illnesses, the afflicted are forced to rely heavily on many to see them through their suffering. Thanks must go to my joint supervisors, Dr. Jeffrey Grey and Dr. Steve Harris. Dr. Grey agreed to supervise the thesis having only met me briefly at a conference. With the unenviable task of working with a student more than 10,000 kilometres away, he was harassed by far too many lengthy emails emanating from Canada. He allowed me to carve out the thesis topic and research with little constraints, but eventually reined me in and helped tighten and cut down the thesis to an acceptable length. Closer to home, Dr. Harris has offered significant support over several years, leading back to my first book, to which he provided careful editorial and historical advice. He has supported a host of other historians over the last two decades, and is the finest public historian working in Canada. His expertise at balancing the trials of writing official history and managing ongoing crises at the Directorate of History and Heritage are a model for other historians in public institutions, and he took this dissertation on as one more burden. I am a far better historian for having known him.
    [Show full text]
  • Individuals Responsible for Indian and Northern Affairs in Canada, 1755 to 2006
    Individuals Responsible for Indian and Northern Affairs in ... https://web.archive.org/web/20110613191522/http://www.a... AANDC > About INAC > Media Room > Issues Individuals Responsible for Indian and Northern Affairs in Canada, 1755 to 2006 February 2006 The following is a chronological list of individuals responsible for Indian and Northern Affairs in Canada. It begins with the pre-Confederation superintendents and ends with the current Minister, the Honourable Jim Prentice. Acting ministers and ministers of state are not included in the list. Before Confederation Superintendents, Indian Affairs The first Indian Department in Canada was created in 1755 as a branch of the British military in North America. The superintendents were responsible for maintaining good relations with the Indians and securing their allegiance to Britain—at first in the war against France, and then against American troops. Sir William Johnson - 1755-1774 Colonel Guy Johnson - 1774-1782 Sir John Johnson - 1782-1796 1796 - Responsibility for Indian Affairs (Upper Canada) delegated to the Lieutenant-Governor 1800 - Responsibility for Indian Affairs (Lower Canada) delegated to the Governor General 1816 - Responsibility for Indian Affairs (Upper and Lower Canada) transfered to the Commander of the Armed Forces 1828 - The offices of the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs and of Inspector General of the Department of Indian Affairs abolished. A new post of Chief Superintendent of Indian Affairs is established. Major-General H.C. Darling - 1828-1830 In 1830, the Indian Department was split into two offices. In Upper Canada, responsibility was transferred to the Lieutenant-Governor, who was assisted by a Chief Superintendent. In Lower Canada, control remained with the Military Secretary.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame
    Volume 31, No. 2 THE Spring 2013 Canada’s Aviation Hall of Fame Canada’s Aviation Hall of Fame Panthéon de l’Aviation du Canada Dodds Finland Curtis Fraser Christensen Greenaway Burke Hitchins Boffa Floyd Fullerton Davoud Dowling Bazalgette Clarke Grossmith Capreol Hobbs Baker, A.W. Boggs Garneau Forester Deluce Collishaw Beaudoin Hadfield Agar Dunlap Carr Hollick-Kenyon Baker, R.F. Bradford Garratt Fowler, R. Bell Halton Archibald Hopson Baker, R.J. Brintnell Gilbert Fowler, W. Berry Hamilton Armstrong Balchen Hornell Bristol Dyment Godfrey Cavadias Fox Beurling Hartman Audette Dickins Baldwin Cooke Hotson Brown Graham Edwards Caywood Foy Birchall Hayter Austin Dilworth Bannock Cooper-Slipper Howe Buller Grandy Fallow Franks Chamberlin Bishop Heaslip Bjornson Dobbin Barker Crichton Hutt Burbidge Gray Fauquier Fraser-Harris Blakey Chmela Hiscocks Bain 1 Canada’s Aviation Hall of Fame Panthéon de l’Aviation du Canada CONTACT INFORMATION: OFFICE HOURS: STAFF: Tuesday - Friday: 9 am - 4:30 pm Executive Director - Rosella Bjornson Canada’s Aviation Hall of Fame Closed Mondays Administrator - Dawn Lindgren * NEW - PO Box 6090 Wetaskiwin AB Acting Curator - Robert Porter * NEW - T9A 2E8 CAHF DISPLAYS (HANGAR) HOURS: Phone: 780.361.1351 Tuesday to Sunday: 10 am - 5 pm Fax: 780.361.1239 Closed Mondays BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Website: www.cahf.ca Winter Hours: 1 pm - 4 pm Email: [email protected] Please call to confirm opening times. Tom Appleton, ON, Chairman James Morrison, ON, Secretary, Treasurer Barry Marsden, BC, Vice-Chairman Denis Chagnon, QC
    [Show full text]
  • 1866 (C) Circa 1510 (A) 1863
    BONUS : Paintings together with their year of completion. (A) 1863 (B) 1866 (C) circa 1510 Vancouver Estival Trivia Open, 2012, FARSIDE team BONUS : Federal cabinet ministers, 1940 to 1990 (A) (B) (C) (D) Norman Rogers James Ralston Ernest Lapointe Joseph-Enoil Michaud James Ralston Mackenzie King James Ilsley Louis St. Laurent 1940s Andrew McNaughton 1940s Douglas Abbott Louis St. Laurent James Ilsley Louis St. Laurent Brooke Claxton Douglas Abbott Lester Pearson Stuart Garson 1950s 1950s Ralph Campney Walter Harris John Diefenbaker George Pearkes Sidney Smith Davie Fulton Donald Fleming Douglas Harkness Howard Green Donald Fleming George Nowlan Gordon Churchill Lionel Chevrier Guy Favreau Walter Gordon 1960s Paul Hellyer 1960s Paul Martin Lucien Cardin Mitchell Sharp Pierre Trudeau Leo Cadieux John Turner Edgar Benson Donald Macdonald Mitchell Sharp Edgar Benson Otto Lang John Turner James Richardson 1970s Allan MacEachen 1970s Ron Basford Donald Macdonald Don Jamieson Barney Danson Otto Lang Jean Chretien Allan McKinnon Flora MacDonald JacquesMarc Lalonde Flynn John Crosbie Gilles Lamontagne Mark MacGuigan Jean Chretien Allan MacEachen JeanJacques Blais Allan MacEachen Mark MacGuigan Marc Lalonde Robert Coates Jean Chretien Donald Johnston 1980s Erik Nielsen John Crosbie 1980s Perrin Beatty Joe Clark Ray Hnatyshyn Michael Wilson Bill McKnight Doug Lewis BONUS : Name these plays by Oscar Wilde, for 10 points each. You have 30 seconds. (A) THE PAGE OF HERODIAS: Look at the moon! How strange the moon seems! She is like a woman rising from a tomb. She is like a dead woman. You would fancy she was looking for dead things. THE YOUNG SYRIAN: She has a strange look.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadianism, Anglo-Canadian Identities and the Crisis of Britishness, 1964-1968
    Nova Britannia Revisited: Canadianism, Anglo-Canadian Identities and the Crisis of Britishness, 1964-1968 C. P. Champion Department of History McGill University, Montreal A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History February 2007 © Christian Paul Champion, 2007 Table of Contents Dedication ……………………………….……….………………..………….…..2 Abstract / Résumé ………….……..……….……….…….…...……..………..….3 Acknowledgements……………………….….……………...………..….…..……5 Obiter Dicta….……………………………………….………..…..…..….……….6 Introduction …………………………………………….………..…...…..….….. 7 Chapter 1 Canadianism and Britishness in the Historiography..….…..………….33 Chapter 2 The Challenge of Anglo-Canadian ethnicity …..……..…….……….. 62 Chapter 3 Multiple Identities, Britishness, and Anglo-Canadianism ……….… 109 Chapter 4 Religion and War in Anglo-Canadian Identity Formation..…..……. 139 Chapter 5 The celebrated rite-de-passage at Oxford University …….…...…… 171 Chapter 6 The courtship and apprenticeship of non-Wasp ethnic groups….….. 202 Chapter 7 The “Canadian flag” debate of 1964-65………………………..…… 243 Chapter 8 Unification of the Canadian armed forces in 1966-68……..….……. 291 Conclusions: Diversity and continuity……..…………………………….…….. 335 Bibliography …………………………………………………………….………347 Index……………………………………………………………………………...384 1 For Helena-Maria, Crispin, and Philippa 2 Abstract The confrontation with Britishness in Canada in the mid-1960s is being revisited by scholars as a turning point in how the Canadian state was imagined and constructed. During what the present thesis calls the “crisis of Britishness” from 1964 to 1968, the British character of Canada was redefined and Britishness portrayed as something foreign or “other.” This post-British conception of Canada has been buttressed by historians depicting the British connection as a colonial hangover, an externally-derived, narrowly ethnic, nostalgic, or retardant force. However, Britishness, as a unique amalgam of hybrid identities in the Canadian context, in fact took on new and multiple meanings.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Community Report
    2016 Community Report educationmatters JOINT MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD CHAIR AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR BOARD OF GOVERNORS Mike Shaikh, Chair Education is the fundamental ingredient for a successful society. Nancy Close, Vice Chair Mark E. Saar, Treasurer Education improves the quality of life and With every program and every student that David McKinnon, Secretary you are contributing to a better life for you support, there is a common theme. Every Liana Appelt thousands of publicly educated children by student matters. That is why we are called Dr. Aleem Bharwani supporting educational enhancements and EducationMatters. Joy Bowen-Eyre student awards through EducationMatters. Dr. Gene Edworthy On behalf of the Board of Governors, and our Lynn Ferguson Your gifts are revolutionizing classrooms, staff, we commit to you that we will continue Gregory Francis Rod Garossino and making way for learners with varied to work hard to provide important enhance- Dr. Judy Hehr challenges, so that they may fully participate ments for Calgary Board of Education’s K-12 Hanif Ladha in their educational opportunities. students, and continue to work quickly and Enza Rosi efficiently with you, our valued donors. Dr. Richard Sigurdson You are providing food for Fuel for School Dr. Charles Webber programs, and helping teenagers stay in Please continue to support students in school through alternative choice programs. Calgary, and thank you for investing in HONOURARY AMBASSADORS You are helping our most vulnerable futures. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and on Joanne Cuthbertson children. our website to hear more about the possibil- David Pickersgill ities you are helping to create for Calgary’s This report celebrates what we have made students.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Card on Alberta's Elementary Schools 2019
    Studies in FRASER Education Policy I N S T I T U T E Report Card on Alberta’s Elementary Schools 2019 by Peter Cowley and Angela MacLeod COMPARESchoolRankings.ORG Report Card on Alberta’s Elementary Schools 2019 By Peter Cowley and Angela MacLeod Contents Introduction / 3 Key academic indicators of school performance / 5 Other indicators of school performance / 7 Notes / 8 Detailed school reports / 9 How does your school stack up? / 72 Appendix: Calculating the Overall rating out of 10 / 80 About the authors / 82 Publishing information / 83 Supporting the Fraser Institute / 84 Purpose, funding, & independence / 84 About the Fraser Institute / 85 Editorial Advisory Board / 86 2 Introduction The Report Card on Alberta’s Elementary Schools 2019 each school’s academic outcomes that is not easily (hereafter, Report Card) reports a variety of relevant, available elsewhere. Naturally, a sound academic objective indicators of school performance. These program should be complemented by effective pro- indicators are used to calculate an overall rating for grams in areas of school activity not measured by each school. On the basis of this rating, the schools the Report Card. are ranked. The Report Card brings all of this infor- mation together in one easily accessible public docu- ment so that anyone can analyze and compare the The Report Card facilitates performance of individual schools. By doing so, the school improvement Report Card assists parents when they choose a school for their children and encourages and assists all those Certainly, the act of publicly rating and ranking seeking to improve their school. schools attracts attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil-Military Relations: the Case of Canada and the Cuban Missile Crisis
    Civil-Military Relations: The Case of Canada and the Cuban Missile Crisis By Bill E Featherstone A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2019 by Bill E Featherstone ii Abstract The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was an unprecedented event and turning point during the Cold War. This thesis examines the relatively unknown Canadian military involvement in the crisis, and why it has remained so for the past fifty-eight years. Canadian reaction and involvement centres around the hours after President John F. Kennedy’s television address to the world on October 22nd, 1962, as the United States (US) military went into defense readiness condition three (DEFCON 3) alert, where 5 is ‘normal’, and 1 indicates ‘nuclear war is imminent’. The complication and nexus of this thesis, starts when the Canadian Minister of National Defence (MND) Doug Harkness, went to Prime Minister (PM) John G. Diefenbaker to request a comparable alert status for Canadian Forces, and was denied. Harkness subsequently advised his Chairman (CCOS) and the three service military chiefs (COS) to ‘quietly’ prepare, as he continued for the next two and one-half days to seek authority to match the American alert status. Diefenbaker finally agreed to match the US military alert status on October 24th, 1962, after they went to DEFCON 2, but he only agreed to match DEFCON 3. Since then, Harkness has been continuously scapegoated for putting the military on full alert without authority.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DIFFICULT ART of CANADIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1957-1963 By
    THE DIFFICULT ART OF CANADIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1957-1963 by JOHN ANDREW MUNRO B.A. University of British Columbia, 1962 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of International studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1965. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that per• mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that, copying or publi• cation of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission, Department of The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8S Canada I ABSTRACT The question is, why did Canada's international stature experience a seemingly spectacular decline during the Diefenbaker era, 1957-1963. The problem lies not in a documentation of this decline, but rather in determining the reasons for it. There are basically four avenues of research. Firstly, Canada's actual position in terms of international prestige and influence at the end of the Liberal era in 1957, must be realistically appraised. Secondly, the changing pattern of domestic restrictions on external policy must be analysed. Thirdly, the relationship of the Prime Minister and the Secretary of State for External Affairs must be examined, and their capabilities as policy formulators deter• mined.
    [Show full text]
  • Nelemansj2013m-1B.Pdf (511.3Kb)
    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2014-01-22 The Canadian Forces and American military influence, 1963-1989 Nelemans, Jamie http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/535 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons THE CANADIAN FORCES AND AMERICAN MILITARY INFLUENCE, 1963- 1989 by Jamie Nelemans A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History Lakehead University August 2013 1 Abstract The 1963 to 1989 period witnessed a rapid change in Canadian defence matters. During this period the Canadian government forced the military away from its traditional ally the United Kingdom and moved it closer to the United States (US). The Canadian governments of Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and Brian Mulroney attempted to create and retain a distinctive military with a truly ‘Canadian’ organization and with new Canadian military traditions. However, in the process of attempting to create a distinctive ‘Canadian’ military, all three of these governments moved the Canadian Forces (CF) closer towards the US military. While US defence and government officials welcomed an increased defence cooperation between Ottawa and Washington, they were often not responsible for the burgeoning ties between the US and Canadian armed forces. Moving the CF closer towards their American counterparts enabled Ottawa to keep its defence budget relatively stable without any drastic increases because of the promise of support from the larger US military. More importantly, this movement towards the US enabled all three prime ministers to continuously assure Washington of Canada’s abilities to help defend North America and participate in the cooperative NATO defence of Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise History of Canada
    A Concise History of Canada Margaret Conrad’s history of Canada begins with a challenge to its readers. What is Canada? What makes up this diverse, complex, and often contested nation-state? What was its founding moment? And who are its people? Drawing on her many years of experi- ence as a scholar, writer, and teacher of Canadian history, Conrad offers astute answers to these difficult questions. Beginning in Canada’s deep past with the arrival of its Aboriginal peoples, she traces its history through the conquest by Europeans, the American Revolutionary War, and the industrialization of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, to its prosperous present. As a social historian, Conrad emphasizes the peoples’ history: the relationships between Aboriginal and settler, French and English, Catholic and Protestant, and rich and poor. She writes of the impact of disease, how women fared in the early colonies, and the social transformations that took place after the Second World War as Canada began to assert itself as an independent nation. It is this grounded approach that drives the narrative and makes for compelling reading. In the last chapter, the author explains the social, economic, and political upheavals that have transformed the nation over the last three decades. Despite its successes and its popularity as a destination for immigrants from across the world, Canada remains a curiously reluctant player on the international stage. This intelligent, concise, and lucid book explains just why that is. Margaret Conrad is Professor Emerita at the University of New Brunswick in Canada. Her publications include Atlantic Canada: A History, with James K.
    [Show full text]