“Facebook Is a Luxury”: an Exploratory Study of Social Media Use in Rural Kenya Susan P
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“Facebook is a Luxury”: An Exploratory Study of Social Media Use in Rural Kenya Susan P. Wyche Sarita Yardi Schoenebeck Andrea Forte Michigan State University University of Michigan Drexel University Dept. of Telecommunication, School of Information College of Information Science Information Studies, and Media Ann Arbor, MI 48109 and Technology East Lansing, MI 48824 [email protected] Philadelphia, PA 19104 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT countries has been widely discussed, however, despite their Facebook use is pervasive in developed countries where global reach and proliferation, research on social network computers, smartphones, high-bandwidth Internet, and site (SNS) use in such contexts is sparse. Consequently, we electricity are ubiquitous. In this paper, we examine know little about how globally adopted sites such as Facebook use in a country where social media participation Facebook are used in sub-Saharan Africa, where use is is growing, but less developed technological infrastructures growing. What is the Facebook experience in contexts and uneven access to technology limit use. We conducted where the social, economic, and technical contexts affecting observations and 24 interviews at Internet cafés in rural use differ from the American college campuses where the Kenya. Our findings reveal how costs associated with using site was first popularized? To answer this question we the Internet, limited access to computers and smartphones conducted qualitative fieldwork in rural Kenya. and unreliable electricity hinder online participation. We draw on these results to discuss the critical role of Our findings reveal how limited bandwidth, power outages constraints in understanding social media use, to raise and persistent poverty shape peoples’ experiences with questions about broadening online participation and to Facebook. These factors are typically taken for granted in highlight ethical issues researchers must consider when sites where Facebook is usually studied (the U.S. and U.K.), studying Facebook use in developing regions. but were at the forefront of users’ experience on the site in rural Kenya. For example, the costs of creating and Author Keywords maintaining a Facebook account limited use of the site Facebook, social media, social networking sites, Kenya, among our participants. Monetary costs associated with infrastructure, ICTD using the Internet are rarely discussed in prior Facebook ACM Classification Keywords research. H5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): We use our findings to motivate practical suggestions for Miscellaneous. improving the Facebook experience in rural Kenya, to INTRODUCTION highlight the critical role of constraints in understanding You see, when you don’t have technology it’s like you are in SNS use, to raise questions about broadening online your own world and people are in their other world… It’s participation and to offer practical insights for future like traveling. When you travel you need to learn a lot, if researchers wanting to study Facebook in the rural Africa. you cannot travel it’s also another way of learning a lot. Broader implications of our work include contributing to a nascent body of work aimed at understanding SNS use – Kenyan Interviewee, when asked outside of the U.S. and Europe. Facebook is a global site why she wants to use Facebook with 70% of it users living outside of the U.S. and research This quote captures the optimism implicit in narratives must account for this increasing diversity [33]. about communication technologies in the so-called BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK developing world. The potential for Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to support economic Empirical Studies of Facebook Use prosperity, education, and civic engagement in these Facebook research tends to be conducted in North America and Europe where technology infrastructures are highly Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for developed [33]. These populations were the earliest personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are adopters of the site, the first to reach market penetration not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies levels upwards of 50% and, as such, provided rich bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, opportunities for understanding the roles that SNS play in or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior people’s academic, social, and work lives. Notable specific permission and/or a fee. CSCW ’13, February 23–27, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA. examples of this research include Ellison, Steinfield, and Copyright 2013 ACM 978-1-4503-1331-5/13/02...$15.00. Lampe’s studies of how American college students benefit Kisumu—places where hard-wired internet first reached in from social connections on Facebook [12, 43] what kinds of 2009 [2]. connections are most useful [13], how SNS help young Kenyans living far from theses areas tend to be older, less people transition to college, and explorations of how educated and less informed about the latest ICT compared students use Facebook to support academic collaborations to their urban counterparts [16]. The majority subsist on the [26]. Privacy preferences and identity management have equivalent of $1.50 to $2.00 a day and do without also been examined in American academic contexts, where consistent access to water and electricity [21,39]. Despite college students negotiate multiple communities and social these challenges, Facebook use is growing in Kenya and at contexts [19, 29]. the time of our study it was estimated that there were This research has contributed to the community’s slightly more than 1 million Facebook users in the country. understanding of SNS use in valuable ways; however, these By 2012 that number was approaching 2 million (in a studies take place with college-educated populations living country of more than 40 million people) [42]. Media reports in the U.S. where Internet access is seemingly unlimited, and findings from our fieldwork suggest this growth is unconstrained, and where users rarely consider the costs taking place in urban, or infrastructure rich parts of Kenya associated with accessing it. Growth of SNS use among and in rural, or infrastructure poor settings [22]. these populations is plateauing and future growth for Social Networking Sites in the Developing World services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google+ is Though examples of research examining SNS in the predicted in the developing world [22, 42]. Yet, little data African continent are scarce, we are not the first to study exist on use of these services these regions, thus a limited this topic. Mäkinen and Kuira’s findings demonstrate how set of use practices shapes scholars’ understanding of an social media acted as an alternative medium for citizen increasingly global phenomenon. communication during the crisis following the 2007 More problematic than the lack of cultural diversity in Kenyan presidential election [30]. Their research speaks to empirical accounts of Facebook use is the potential for the growing presence of Web 2.0 communication tools and assumptions about infrastructure, access, and market services in the country. More recently, Bosch conducted constraints to also remain unexamined. Lessig notes that qualitative studies of Facebook use among South African social norms, laws, market forces, and architectural (both college students [6,7]. Her findings highlight the benefits of technological and physical) constraints all influence online using Facebook in teaching and learning, particularly for behaviors in complex, interrelated ways [28]. Our research the development of “educational micro-communities” at the highlights how architecture (e.g., physical access and University of Cape Town. We build on this work, but rather infrastructure) and market forces (e.g., cost and pricing than focusing on crisis situations or college students, we structures) shape Facebook use in rural Kenya. We argue studied Facebook use among people living in rural Kenya. that these influences are rendered invisible if Facebook use SETTING AND METHODS is only studied in contexts where technological This was a qualitative study and our decision to study infrastructure and economies are robust. Facebook in Internet cafés builds on both Burrell’s [8] and Infrastructures and Internet Access in Kenya Fair et al.’s fieldwork in urban Ghana [15]. For people who An infrastructure is an underlying framework that enables a lack an Internet connection at their home or office, and are group, organization, or society to function in certain ways, unable to afford an Internet-enabled mobile phone, cyber such as the series of pipes, drains, and water sources that cafés provide an important service for getting online. This comprise a water system [27]. Our use of the term is more understanding, paired with popular reports in Kenyan constrained and reflects other researchers’ use of it to draw newspapers touting the rising popularity of the site, attention to taken-for-granted factors in infrastructure-rich suggested that cafés would be fruitful field sites [34]. countries (e.g., [48]). Our findings draw from fieldwork that took place during Access to the Internet and latest ICT varies between rural June-August 2011. We conducted observations, read local and urban parts of the Kenya. In the country’s capital, newspapers (e.g., Daily Nation and The Standard), and Nairobi,