Opportunities-For-A-Clean-And-Green

Opportunities for a Clean and Green Pakistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A Country Environmental Analysis Opportunities for a Clean and Green Pakistan © 2019 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2019. Opportunities for a Clean and Green Pakistan: A Country Environmental Analysis. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. A Country Environmental Analysis Table of Contents Acronyms �� 1 Acknowledgements �� 5 Executive Summary �� 7 Introduction �� 16 1 ��Impacts and costs of environmental degradation �� 18 1.1 ..............Approach ��19 1.2 ..............Air quality in Pakistan: A key environmental health concern ..................................................................................................20 1.3 ..............Water pollution in Pakistan: Another challenge for healthy citizens ......................................................................................24 1.3.1...........Main sources of water pollution ��24 1.3.2...........Water, sanitation, hygiene, and loss of welfare ��25 1.3.3...........Arsenic in drinking water, another major concern ��27 1.4 ..............Toxic waste, soil contamination and occupational safety in industry ....................................................................................28 1.4.1...........Lead exposure ��28 1.4.2...........Occupational safety ��29 1.5 ..............Overall cost of environmental degradation ��30 2 ��Policy and institutional framework for environmental management, pollution control, and cleaner production �� 34 2.1 ..............The importance of institutions to improve environmental management ..............................................................................35 2.2 ..............The evolution of environmental governance in Pakistan and the changes brought by the 18th Amendment ��36 2.3 ..............The main stakeholders in Pakistan’s environmental governance .............................................................................................38 2.4 ..............The main challenges for better environmental governance ......................................................................................................39 2.4.1...........Strengthening the institutional and regulatory framework for air quality management ...................................................41 2.4.2...........Strengthening the institutional and regulatory framework for water quality management ..............................................44 2.4.3...........Strengthening the institutional and regulatory framework for toxic waste management and industrial pollution .......45 2.5 ..............Matching the institutional framework with key functions for better environmental services ...........................................47 3 ��New approaches to address environmental challenges at the province-level: the cases of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab �� 53 3.1 ..............Managing the environment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ...............................................................................................................54 3.1.1...........Institutional structure for environmental management and green growth ..........................................................................56 3.1.2...........Functional review of existing environmental management systems .......................................................................................60 3.1.4...........The way forward ��65 3.2 ..............Resource efficiency and cleaner production in Punjab..............................................................................................................68 3.2.1...........Industrial resource use and pollution in Punjab ��68 3.2.2...........Opportunities for greening Punjab’s industries ��71 3.2.3...........Policies to foster sustainable industrialization ��75 3.2.4...........The way forward ��82 4 ��A way forward �� 86 References �� 90 Annex 1 – Cost of Environmental Degradation data �� 98 Annex 2 – Pakistan’s National Environmental Quality Standards �� 103 Tables Table 1. Estimated cost of environmental degradation for air, water, toxic waste contamination, and occupational safety (in US$, billion) ��11 Table 2. Estimated annual costs of health effects of ambient air pollution in Pakistan, 2016 (US$, billions) ....................................24 Table 3. Estimated annual cost of inadequate WASH in Pakistan (US$, billions) ...................................................................................27 Table 4. Lead hotspots in Pakistan ��28 Table 5. Summary of the estimated costs of environmental degradation

Load more