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“Scandalia … Tam in Oriente Quam in Occidente”: the Briennes in East and West, 1213–1221

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“Scandalia … Tam in Oriente Quam in Occidente”: the Briennes in East and West, 1213–1221 © Copyrighted material “Scandalia … tam in oriente quam in occidente”: The Briennes in East and West, 1213–1221 Guy Perry University of Leeds ashgate.com [email protected] John of Brienne (king of Jerusalem, 1210–25) was the last king of Jerusalem to habitually reside in any part of the Latin East until the Lusignans of Cyprusashgate.com succeeded the Hohenstaufen in 1269. By then, the kingdom would be tottering towards its final elimination, and the kingship, especially, would be but a shadow of its former self. And no king of Jerusalem after John would ever again regard that kingdom as his primary base: the Hohenstaufen and Charles of Anjouashgate.com were based in the West, the Lusignans on Cyprus. If these are principal reasons for taking an interest in John’s reign, then we can narrow down the period in which we are most concerned still further. John spent almost two-thirdsashgate.com of his reign outside his kingdom proper, thereby initiating a trend which was to reach the level of absentee kingship in the next generation. He spent most of 1218–21 in Egypt, trying to lead the Fifth Crusade; he then passed almost all the remainder of his reign, 1222–25, in the Latin West, trying to drum up supportashgate.com for a new crusade once the Fifth Crusade had failed. Thus, the final lengthy period of rule by any king of Jerusalem essentially based and resident in that kingdom was the opening seven years of King John’s reign, 1210–17. This, then, is a time well worth examining in detail. Despite its significance, this isashgate.com a very neglected age in the history of the kingdom of Jerusalem. Such detailed analyses as we have in fact struggle to find very much to say.1 The main reason for this is the scarcity of extant source material for this particular period of Jerusalemite history. Comparatively speaking, a fair number of the Jerusalemite ashgate.comacta issued at this time have survived; but, as Peter Edbury has noted, “it is unfortunate that the narrative accounts [we have] shed almost no light at all on the politics of the kingdom of Jerusalem between [John’s] accession in 1210 and the beginning of the Fifth Crusade in 1217.”2 The narrative accounts ashgate.com that Edbury is referring to here are what he now labels as “Ernoul-Bernard” and “Colbert-Fontainebleau”: both these naratives pass swiftly from John’s coronation through to the Fifth Crusade.3 Relatively recently, however, some notable efforts ashgate.comhave been made to fill this gap. Hans Mayer eased the task by exposing forgeries 1 For an obvious example of this, see Ludwig Böhm’s Johann von Brienne, König von Jerusalem, ashgate.com Kaiser von Konstantinopel (Heidelberg, 1938), pp. 29–41; but see below, n. 7. 2 Peter W. Edbury, John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Woodbridge, 1997), pp. 32–34. 3 Ernoul-Bernard, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. Louis de Mas Latrie (Paris, 1871), pp. 409–11; Colbert-Fontainebleau (the main text in RHC Oc 2), pp. 311–21. 63 © Copyrighted material 64 GUY PERRY in Röhricht’s register of the Jerusalemite acta.4 Closely analysing the remaining corpus, Edbury then led the way with pioneering work on King John’s rupture with the Ibelins (ca. 1210–13). Focusing on other matters, though, Edbury has barely re- examined John’s rule beyond 1213.5 Mayer’s up-to-date, authoritative study of the Jerusalemite chancellery has added some depth to scholarly appreciation of John’s difficulties in the early years of his reign (above all, concerning the break with the Ibelins).6 Yet, even taken together, the work of Edbury and Mayer is very far from ashgate.com constituting a comprehensive reappraisal of the period 1210–17 in the kingdom of Jerusalem.7 One of the most damaging consequences of this comparative neglect is that ashgate.com several significant events that took place in the kingdom of Jerusalem during this period can end up unduly minimized, and hence seriously misread. This article will refer to several such events in passing – such as the early death of John’s queen, Maria, which provoked a dramatic crisis amongst the kingdom’sashgate.com elites; and the murder of the papal legate and patriarch, the future saint Albert of Vercelli, in 1214. The present article dwells on just one such noteworthy event: an episode of considerable consequence, which I have labelled the “Erard of Brienne affair.” It should be made absolutely clear at the outset, however,ashgate.com that this article focuses on that affair’s impact within a specifically Jerusalemite and Latin Eastern context; and that means, above all, on the then-king of Jerusalem, Erard’s cousin, King John. The family tree (Fig. 1) should make the following far more readily comprehensible. The “Erard of Brienne affair” had its originsashgate.com in the events of 1190, when Count Henry II of Champagne had set out to participate in the Third Crusade. Before departure, Henry had stipulated that, should he himself never return, his county was to pass to his brother, Theobald (III), and thence to Theobald’s descendants. In the event, Henry did not ashgate.comreturn; he died, as ruler of the kingdom of Jerusalem, following a fall from a window in 1197. By then, though – through his marriage to Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem – Henry had sired two daughters in the East, Alice and Philippa. The kingdom of Jerusalem passed to other hands – to Isabella’s eldest ashgate.com daughter by a previous husband – leaving Alice and Philippa, relatively speaking, landless. Yet, as direct descendants of the senior line of the house of Champagne, they had (it could be plausibly argued) a prior claim to their father’s county. Champagneashgate.com passed, as Henry had wished, first to his brother, Theobald III, and then, in May 1201, into the hands of Theobald’s widow, Countess Blanche, who served as regent for her own and Theobald III’s posthumous son, Theobald IV. 4 ashgate.com Hans Eberhard Mayer, Marseilles Levantehandel und ein akkonensisches Fälscheratelier des 13. Jahrhunderts (Tübingen, 1972). 5 Peter W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 41–48; also Edbury, John of Ibelin, pp. 32–34. 6 Hans Eberhard Mayer, Die Kanzlei der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem, 2 vols. (Hanover, ashgate.com 1996), esp. 1:304–23 and 2:697–704, 738–62. 7 But see Guy Perry, “The Career and Significance of John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople” (DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 2009), ch. 2, pp. 74–126. It is expected that a monograph, based substantially on this thesis, will soon be published. © Copyrighted material ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com HENRY II THEOBALD III Erard II Andrew of Count of (d. 1201) Count of Brienne Ramerupt Champagne Count of Champagneashgate.com = = Isabella Blanche of Navarre Queen of Jerusalem Regent of Champagne, ashgate.com1201–22 Other sons, all dead by early 1200 Walter III (d. 1205) John ashgate.com Count of Brienne Count(-regent) of Brienne, ca. 1205–21 King of Jerusalem, 1210–25 THEOBALD IV ashgate.com Count of Champagne [Walter IV Count of Brienne] ashgate.com Alice Philippa = Erard of Ramerupt-Venizy = ashgate.com Hugh King of Cyprus Fig. 1 The Brienne claim to Champagne, 1215–21 © Copyrighted material 66 GUY PERRY The posthumous nature of Theobald IV’s birth complicated the matter. Evergates summarizes as follows: “[from the time of Theobald III’s death, then,] the question was fairly posed: did not the daughters of Count Henry II, born whilst he was still count, have a better claim to Champagne than his brother’s posthumous son?”8 It is now clear just how feverishly Blanche worked to ward off this prospective, truly dangerous, challenge to her infant son’s inheritance. Above all, she pressed hard for the implementation of an earlier scheme, by which Alice and Philippa ashgate.com would be married, in the Latin East, to men of royal blood.9 The calculation was presumably that the sisters (and their husbands) would then be less likely to come west to cause trouble for Blanche and her son. Alice, the elder sister (and therefore, ashgate.com presumably, the greater threat), married King Hugh of Cyprus in 1210. At around the same time, Blanche scored another notable success that clearly bears the marks of her handiwork. Her trusty fidelis John, count(-regent) of Brienne within Champagne, became king of Jerusalem through marriage, and,ashgate.com as a consequence, at least the de facto guardian of the as-yet unmarried Philippa, in the East.10 A couple of years later, however, this particular achievement of Blanche’s began to unravel. John’s cousin in Champagne, Erard of Brienne, publicized his intention of seeking Philippa’s hand in marriage. As lord of Rameruptashgate.com and Venizy, Erard was ultimately a fidelis of Blanche’s for his “great holdings,” in much the same way as King John still was for his western lands. But these ties did not prevent Erard from moving against the countess and her young son. It was plain that, having married Philippa, Erard would then try to advanceashgate.com her (rather debatable) claim to the county of Champagne. Erard placed himself under ecclesiastical protection by taking the cross. He then outlined his marriage scheme to the French king, Philip Augustus. Philip had effectively established himselfashgate.com as chief protector of Blanche and young Theobald, yet it was obviously in his interests to keep Blanche feeling somewhat insecure.
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