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Governing Transport in Thealgorithmic CPB Corporate Partnership Board Governing Transport in the Algorithmic Age Corporate Partnership Board Report Governing Transport in the Algorithmic Age Corporate Partnership Board Report About the International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum at the OECD is an intergovernmental organisation with 59 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. It is administratively integrated with the OECD, yet politically autonomous. ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre-negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision makers and civil society. ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. Our member countries are: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. About the Corporate Partnership Board The Corporate Partnership Board (CPB) is the International Transport Forum’s platform for engaging with the private sector and enriching global transport policy discussion with a business perspective. The members of the ITF Corporate Partnership Board are: Abertis, AB InBev, Alstom, Aramco, Bird, Bosch, Brisa, ExxonMobil, Incheon International Airport, Kakao Mobility, Kapsch TrafficCom, Latvian Railways, Michelin, North Adriatic Sea Port Authority, NXP, PTV Group, RATP Group, The Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance, SAS, Siemens, SNCF, Total, Toyota, Uber, Valeo, Volvo Cars, Volvo Group and Waymo. Disclaimer Funding for this work has been provided by the ITF Corporate Partnership Board. This report is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the ITF. It has not been subject to the scrutiny of ITF or OECD member countries, and does not necessarily reflect their official views or those of the members of the Corporate Partnership Board. www.itf-oecd.org Acknowledgements The work for this report was carried out in the context of a project initiated and funded by the International Transport Forum's Corporate Partnership Board (CPB). CPB projects are designed to enrich policy discussion with a business perspective. They are launched in areas where CPB member companies identify an emerging issue in transport policy or an innovation challenge to the transport system. Led by the ITF, work is carried out in a collaborative fashion in working groups consisting of CPB member companies, external experts and ITF staff. Many thanks to the members of the Corporate Partnership Board companies involved in this work: Abertis, ExxonMobil, Kapsch TrafficCom, Latvian Railways, NXP, PTV Group, RATP Group, Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance, Robert Bosch GmbH, SAS Institute, Siemens, SNCF, Total, Toyota Motor Corporation, Uber, Valeo. The report draws conclusions from the ITF CPB Workshop “Algorithmic Governance in Transport” held 4-5 December 2018 at the OECD (Boulogne) in France. Participants of the workshop included: Avery Ash, INRIX Marius Macku, Uber Jean-Marc Beteille, RATP Group Sharon Masterson, ITF Jim Beveridge, ERTICO Mollie McArdle, SharedStreets, Open Transport Partnership Jean-Baptiste Burtscher, Valeo Laura Meynier, ITF Antoine Cazals, Université Dauphine Thomas Obermayer, Future-law Maguelonne Chandesris, SNCF Seleta Reynolds, Los Angeles Department of Federica Citterio, SAS Transportation Philippe Crist, International Transport Forum (ITF) David Roine, Valeo John Danaher , National University of Ireland - Galway Sebastian Rummel, Deondigital Marc Dalbard, PTV Group Katja Schechtner, ITF John Ellis, Los Angeles Department of Transportation Goknur Sirin, Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance Oskar Eriksson, SAS Philippe Ventejol, RATP Group Khurram Gaba, ExxonMobil Kevin Webb, SharedStreets, Open Transport Tuomas Kaivola, Ministry of Transport and Partnership Communications, Finland Hélène Wiedemann, Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Takayuki Kusajima, Toyota Alliance Eric Landel, Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance Günter Wildmann, Kapsch TrafficCom Manuel Lianos, NXP Nigel Williams, Alliance for Parking Data Standards Deanna Macdonald, Blockchain Labs for Open Collaboration Special thanks go to Hilary Gaboriau, Sokob Challener, Laura Meynier and Michael Kloth from the ITF for support and editing and to John Danaher, National University of Ireland-Galway for substantive comments following the workshop. The principal author of this report is Philippe Crist with contributions from Katja Schechtner. The project was managed by Philippe Crist of the International Transport Forum. Coordination of CPB activities was carried out by Sharon Masterson. 4 – TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Executive summary....................................................................................... 6 The new DNA of transport............................................................................ 10 Why talk about algorithmic governance in transport?.................................................................................... 11 Algorithmic governance............................................................................... 14 What are algorithms?..................................................................................................................................... 14 How do algorithms work?.............................................................................................................................. 15 What does algorithmic code do?.................................................................................................................... 18 What is algorithmic governance?................................................................................................................... 23 Algorithmic impacts..................................................................................... 25 Algorithmic impacts: Balance of benefits and harms...................................................................................... 25 Examples of algorithmic harms in transport................................................................................................... 26 Addressing algorithmic risks........................................................................................................................... 27 Outcomes and harms from human decision systems and algorithmic decision systems: Are they different?...39 Machine-readable regulatory code................................................................. 41 Regulating by algorithm............................................................................... 50 Assessing and regulating algorithms.............................................................. 52 Assessing algorithmic systems........................................................................................................................ 53 Algorithmic accountability............................................................................................................................. 58 Algorithmic impact assessment...................................................................................................................... 61 Regulating algorithms.................................................................................................................................... 66 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….71 Tables Table 1. Principle algorithmic functions............................................................................................. 19 Table 2. Government of Canada directive on automated decision-making: Actions required by impact level..................................................................................................................................63 GOVERNING TRANSPORT IN THE ALGORITHMIC AGE – © OECD/ITF 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 5 Figures Figure 1. Generic algorithmic system function................................................................................... 17 Figure 2. Types of Artificial Intelligence............................................................................................ 21 Figure 3. Generic algorithmic process: Stopping an automated vehicle at a stop sign.............................. 29 Figure 4. Machine learning image recognition vulnerabilities................................................................ 31 Figure 5. Explainability in machine learning...................................................................................... 57 Boxes Box 1. Unchained: A story of love, loss, and blockchain.....................................................................
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